Tamahaq language
Tamahaq also known as (Tahaggart Tamahaq or Tamahaq Tahaggart) is the only known Northern Tuareg language, spoken in Algeria, western Libya and northern Niger. It varies little from the Southern Tuareg languages of the Aïr Mountains, Azawagh and Adagh. The differences mostly consist of sound substitutions, such as Tamahaq instead of Tamajaq or Tamasheq. This language is “one of the sister languages spoken by the inhabitants of many districts of the Atlas range of mountains from Egypt to the Western shores of Morocco, and which are all included in the general term Berber.”[2]
| Tamahaq | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Algeria, Libya, Niger |
| Region | Sahara |
| Ethnicity | Tuaregs |
Native speakers | 130,000 (2020–2022)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | thv |
| Glottolog | taha1241 |
| ELP | Tahaggart Tamahaq |
Orthography
The Tuareg write from right to left, like other abjads such as Hebrew and Arabic.[3] The alphabet is called “Tifinagh” and contains 25 letters[3]
Phonology
vowels
| Tifinagh | IPA equivalent | Arabic equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| ⴰ (tegherit) | æ | ١ |
| ⵢ (yey) | ʝ | ي |
| ⵓ(yaw) | ʊ | و |
Consonants
| Tifinagh | IPA equivalent | Arabic equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| ⴱ (yeb) | β | ب |
| ⵜ (Yet) | θ | ت |
| ⵊ (yej) | ʒ | ج |
| ⴶ (yeg) | ɡ | |
| ⵆ (yokh) | χ | خ |
| ⴷ (yed) | ð | د |
| ⵔ (yer) | ɺ | ر |
| ⵣ(yez) | z | ز |
| ⵟ (yeṭ) | ʈˤ | ط |
| ⴾ (Yec) | k | ك |
| ⵍ (yel) | ɫ | ل |
| ⵎ (Yem) | m | م |
| ⵏ (Yen) | n | ن |
| ⵥ (yedh) | ðˤ | ظ |
| ⵚ (yeṣ) | Sˤ | ص |
| ⴹ (yedh) | ðˤ | ض |
| ⵗ (Yegh) | ɣ | |
| ⴼ(Yef) | f | ف |
| ⵈ (Yoq) | q | ق |
| ⵙ (Yes) | s | س |
| ⵛ (Yesh) | ʃ | ش |
| ⵂ (Yeh) | h | ه |
| ⴳ (yeg’) | ɡ |
There are 8 double letters, which help with pronunciation, because short vowels are not indicated in written Tamashek, and they aid in being able to discern whether there are long or short vowels:[4]
| Tifeenagh | Compound of | IPA equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Yenk | ⵏ and ⴾ | nk |
| Yend | ⵏ and ⴷ | nð |
| Yemt | ⵎand ⵜ | mθ |
| Yelt | ⵍ and ⵜ | ɫθ |
| Yert | ⵔ and ⵜ | ɺθ |
| Yest | ⵙ and ⵜ | sθ |
| Yent | ⵏ and ⵜ | nθ |
| Yōt | ⵓ and ⵜ | ʊθ |
Grammar
Nouns
Tamachek nouns belong to two noun classes, traditionally called masculine and feminine, each potentially inflecting for two numbers: singular and plural.[5]
General rules of Thumb:
- Singular Masculine nouns begin with one of the vowel sounds : a, i, ou, e.[5]
- Plural masculine nouns begin with the sound i.[5]
- Feminine singular and plural nouns begin a T.[5]
There are a few exceptions to these rules:[6]
- Certain masculine names, no matter whether plural or singular, begin with a consonant e.g. ⵢⵜ (ti) – father [6]
- Some singular Masculine names begin with ou and this sound follows through in the plural nouns too e.g. ⵓ (oul) - heart [6]
- If a masculine singular noun begins with a short sound, it may be represented as é, and this rule follows through to the plural: e.g. ⵓ (élou) sing.- ⵏⵓⵍ (élouan). [6]
- Some plural masculine names begin with the sound a: e.g. ⵏⵓⵔ (araouen) (new born babies) [6]
- Some feminine names (plural or singular) don’t begin with a t: e.g. ⴰⵎⵜⵓ (oult ma) – sister / ⴰⵎ (ma)- mother [6]
We can also obtain feminine names by adding a T to the beginning and end of a masculine name (although this is not always the case, there are exceptions). [6]
Varieties
There are three main varieties of Tamahaq:[7]
- Tahaggart, spoken around the Ahaggar Mountains in southern Algeria by the Kel Ahaggar confederation
- Ajjer, spoken by the Kel Ajjer confederation
- Ghat, spoken around Djanet in southeast Algeria and Ghat in Libya.
According to Blench (2006), Tahaggart and Ghat are distinct Tuareg languages.
References
- Tamahaq at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
- Freeman, Henry Stanhope (1862). A grammatical sketch of the Temahuq or Towarek language. Harrison. p. 6.
- Freeman, Henry Stanhope (1862). A grammatical sketch of the Temahuq or Towarek language. Harrison. p. 7.
- Freeman, Henry Stanhope (1862). A grammatical sketch of the Temahuq or Towarek language. Harrison. p. 8.
- Hanoteau, Adolphe (1860). Essai De Grammaire De La Langue Tamachek' Renfermant Les Pricipes Du Langage Parlé Par Les Imouchar' Ou Touareg (in French). Paris: Imprimerie impériale. p. 15.
- Hanoteau, Adolphe (1860). Essai De Grammaire De La Langue Tamachek' Renfermant Les Pricipes Du Langage Parlé Par Les Imouchar' Ou Touareg (in French). Paris: Imprimerie impériale. pp. 16–18.