Tiflis Governorate
The Tiflis Governorate[lower-alpha 1] was a province (guberniya) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire with its administrative center in Tiflis (present-day Tbilisi). In 1897, it constituted 44,607 sq. kilometres in area and had a population of 1,051,032 inhabitants.[1] The Tiflis Governorate bordered the Elizavetpol Governorate to the southeast, the Erivan Governorate to the south, the Kars Oblast to the southwest, the Batum Oblast to the west, the Kutaisi Governorate to the northwest, the Terek Oblast to the north, the Dagestan Oblast to the northeast, and after 1905, the Zakatal Okrug to the east. The governorate covered areas of central and southeastern Georgia, the partially recognised state of South Ossetia, most of the Lori Province of Armenia, small parts of northwestern Azerbaijan, and a minuscule southern part of Ingushetia within Russia.
Tiflis Governorate
Тифлисская губернія | |
|---|---|
 Coat of arms | |
 Administrative map of the Tiflis Governorate | |
| Country | Russian Empire |
| Viceroyalty | Caucasus |
| Established | 1846 |
| Abolished | 1917 |
| Capital | Tiflis (present-day Tbilisi) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 40,861.03 km2 (15,776.53 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 5,034 m (16,516 ft) |
| Population (1916) | |
| • Total | 1,473,308 |
| • Density | 36/km2 (93/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 40.90% |
| • Rural | 59.10% |
| History of Georgia საქართველოს ისტორია |
|---|
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 History of Georgia |
History
Tiflis Governorate was established in 1846 along with the Kutaisi Governorate, after the dissolution of the Georgia-Imeretia Governorate. It was initially formed from uezds of Tiflis, Gori, Telavi, Signakh, Elizavetpol, Erivan, Nakhichevan and Alexandropol and the okrugs of Zakatal, Ossetian and Tushino-Pshavo-Khevsurian. In 1849, uezds of Erivan, Nakhichevan and Alexandropol were attached to Erivan Governorate. In 1859, the Ossetian Okrug became part of Gori district and Tushino-Pshavo-Khevsurian Okrug was renamed to Tionety Okrug. In 1867, the northern part of Tiflis uezd was separated into the Dusheti uezd, while Akhaltsikhe uezd which was created after ceding from Ottoman Empire to Russian Empire in 1829, was detached from Kutaisi Governorate and part of Tiflis one. In 1868 Elizavetpol uezd (in the same decree, the Kazakh uezd was formed from it) became a part of the Elizavetpol Governorate. In 1874, the southern part of Akhaltsikhe uezd became the Akhalkalaki uezd, and the Tionety okrug was elevated to an uezd. Finally, the southern part of Tiflis uezd was detached to become the Borchaly uezd.
The Tiflis Governorate lasted within these boundaries for some 50 years until the Russian Revolution and subsequent founding of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in 1918.[2] The governorate and its counties were soon abolished after its incorporation into the Soviet Union and reorganised into the raions (counties) of the Georgian SSR by 1930.
Administrative divisions
The counties (uezds) of the Tiflis Governorate in 1917 were as follows:[3][4]
| Name | Capital | Population | Area | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1897 | 1916 | |||
| Akhalkalaki uezd (Ахалкалакскій уѣздъ) | Akhalkalaki | 72,709 | 107,173 | 2,407.00 square versts (2,739.32 km2; 1,057.66 sq mi) |
| Akhaltsikhe uezd (Ахалцихскій уѣздъ) | Akhaltsikhe | 68,837 | 96,947 | 2,331.88 square versts (2,653.82 km2; 1,024.65 sq mi) |
| Borchaly uezd (Борчалинскій уѣздъ) | Shulavery (Shaumiani) | 128,587 | 169,351 | 6,046.96 square versts (6,881.82 km2; 2,657.08 sq mi) |
| Gori uezd (Горійскій уѣздъ) | Gori | 191,091 | 241,016 | 6,007.56 square versts (6,836.98 km2; 2,639.77 sq mi) |
| Dusheti uezd (Душетскій уѣздъ) | Dushet (Dusheti) | 67,719 | 66,430 | 3,411.80 square versts (3,882.84 km2; 1,499.17 sq mi) |
| Signakh uezd (Сигнахскій уѣздъ) | Signakh (Signagi) | 102,313 | 153,864 | 5,291.79 square versts (6,022.39 km2; 2,325.26 sq mi) |
| Telavi uezd (Телавскій уѣздъ) | Telav (Telavi) | 66,767 | 67,955 | 2,162.91 square versts (2,461.53 km2; 950.40 sq mi) |
| Tiflis uezd (Тифлисскій уѣздъ) | Tiflis (Tbilisi) | 234,632 | 521,222 | 4,004.08 square versts (4,556.89 km2; 1,759.43 sq mi) |
| Tionety uezd (Тіонетскій уѣздъ) | Tioneti (Tianeti) | 34,153 | 49,350 | 4,250.06 square versts (4,836.83 km2; 1,867.51 sq mi) |
| Zakatal okrug (Закатальскій округъ) | Zakataly (Zaqatala) | 84,224 | [lower-alpha 2] | 3,502.24 square versts (3,985.77 km2; 1,538.91 sq mi) |
Demographics
Russian Empire Census
According to the Russian Empire Census, the Tiflis Governorate had a population of 1,051,032 on 28 January [O.S. 15 January] 1897, including 575,447 men and 475,585 women. The plurality of the population indicated Georgian to be their mother tongue, with significant Armenian, Tatar,[lower-alpha 3] Russian, and Ossetian speaking minorities.[3]
| Language | Native speakers | % |
|---|---|---|
| Georgian | 465,537 | 44.29 |
| Armenian | 196,189 | 18.67 |
| Tatar[lower-alpha 3] | 107,383 | 10.22 |
| Russian | 79,082 | 7.52 |
| Ossetian | 67,268 | 6.40 |
| Avar-Andean | 34,130 | 3.25 |
| Greek | 27,118 | 2.58 |
| Turkish | 24,722 | 2.35 |
| German | 8,340 | 0.79 |
| Dargin | 7,565 | 0.72 |
| Ukrainian | 6,443 | 0.61 |
| Polish | 6,282 | 0.60 |
| Jewish | 5,188 | 0.49 |
| Kurdish | 2,538 | 0.24 |
| Chechen | 2,207 | 0.21 |
| Persian | 1,991 | 0.19 |
| Assyrian | 1,570 | 0.15 |
| Imeretian | 1,546 | 0.15 |
| Lithuanian | 1,263 | 0.12 |
| Kyurin | 1,149 | 0.11 |
| Mingrelian | 498 | 0.05 |
| French | 356 | 0.03 |
| Kist | 296 | 0.03 |
| Italian | 259 | 0.02 |
| Belarusian | 247 | 0.02 |
| Czech | 229 | 0.02 |
| Romanian | 198 | 0.02 |
| Kazi-Kumukh | 197 | 0.02 |
| Talysh | 152 | 0.01 |
| Chuvash | 148 | 0.01 |
| Latvian | 123 | 0.01 |
| Other | 818 | 0.08 |
| TOTAL | 1,051,032 | 100.00 |
| Faith | Male | Female | Both | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | |||
| Eastern Orthodox | 319,930 | 264,891 | 584,821 | 55.64 |
| Armenian Apostolic | 113,399 | 96,762 | 210,161 | 20.00 |
| Muslim | 104,500 | 84,528 | 189,028 | 17.98 |
| Armenian Catholic | 10,363 | 9,853 | 20,216 | 1.92 |
| Old Believer | 8,156 | 8,053 | 16,209 | 1.54 |
| Roman Catholic | 8,630 | 2,914 | 11,544 | 1.10 |
| Judaism | 5,642 | 4,068 | 9,710 | 0.92 |
| Lutheran | 4,221 | 4,257 | 8,478 | 0.81 |
| Baptist | 142 | 122 | 264 | 0.03 |
| Reformed | 44 | 31 | 75 | 0.01 |
| Karaite | 10 | 5 | 15 | 0.00 |
| Anglican | 2 | 7 | 9 | 0.00 |
| Buddhist | 3 | 2 | 5 | 0.00 |
| Mennonite | 2 | 3 | 5 | 0.00 |
| Other Christian denomination | 183 | 10 | 193 | 0.02 |
| Other non-Christian denomination | 220 | 79 | 299 | 0.03 |
| TOTAL | 575,447 | 475,585 | 1,051,032 | 100.00 |
Kavkazskiy kalendar
According to the 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar, the Tiflis Governorate had a population of 1,473,308 on 14 January [O.S. 1 January] 1916, including 780,010 men and 693,298 women, 1,255,176 of whom were the permanent population, and 218,132 were temporary residents:[4]
| Nationality | Urban | Rural | TOTAL | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Georgians | 62,627 | 14.64 | 580,009 | 55.47 | 642,636 | 43.62 |
| Armenians | 197,916 | 46.28 | 213,831 | 20.45 | 411,747 | 27.95 |
| Russians | 94,885 | 22.19 | 57,924 | 5.54 | 152,809 | 10.37 |
| Sunni Muslims[lower-alpha 4] | 6,353 | 1.49 | 61,164 | 5.85 | 67,517 | 4.58 |
| Asiatic Christians | 19,560 | 4.57 | 36,410 | 3.48 | 55,970 | 3.80 |
| North Caucasians | 2,714 | 0.63 | 45,037 | 4.31 | 47,751 | 3.24 |
| Shia Muslims[lower-alpha 5] | 9,434 | 2.21 | 29,548 | 2.83 | 38,982 | 2.65 |
| Other Europeans | 12,058 | 2.82 | 12,845 | 1.23 | 24,903 | 1.69 |
| Jews | 14,296 | 3.34 | 4,948 | 0.47 | 19,244 | 1.31 |
| Kurds | 2,279 | 0.53 | 3,653 | 0.35 | 5,932 | 0.40 |
| Yazidis | 4,697 | 1.10 | 0 | 0.00 | 4,697 | 0.32 |
| Roma | 851 | 0.20 | 269 | 0.03 | 1,120 | 0.08 |
| TOTAL | 427,670 | 100.00 | 1,045,638 | 100.00 | 1,473,308 | 100.00 |
Governors
The administration tasks in the governorate were executed by a governor. Sometimes, a military governor was appointed as well. The governors of Tiflis Governorate were[9]
- 1847–1849 Sergei Nikolayevich Yermolov, governor;
- 1849–1855 Ivan Malkhazovich Andronnikov (Andronikashvili), military governor;
- 1855–1857 Nikolay Yevgenyevich Lukash, military governor;
- 1858–1860 Alexander Khristianovich Kapger, military governor;
- 1860–1876 Konstantin Ivanovich Orlovsky, governor;
- 1876–1878 Maximilian von der Osten-Sacken, governor;
- 1878–1883 Konstantin Dmitriyevich Gagarin, governor;
- 1883–1887 Alexander Ignatyevich Grosman, governor;
- 1887–1889 Karl Leo Sissermann, governor;
- 1889–1897 Georgy Dmitriyevich Shervashidze (Giorgi Shervashidze), governor;
- 1897–1899 Fyodor Alexandrovich Bykov, governor;
- 1899–1905 Ivan Nikolayevich Svechin, governor;
- 1905–1907 Paul Bernhard Demetrius Rausch von Traubenberg, governor;
- 1907–1911 Mikhail Alexandrovich Lyubich-Yarmolovich-Lozina-Lozinsky, governor;
- 1911–1914 Andrei Gavrilovich Chernyavsky, governor;
- 1914–1916 Ivan Mikhaylovich Strakhovsky, governor;
- 1916–1917 Alexander Nikolayevich Mandrika, acting governor.
Notes
- The Zakatal Okrug was detached from the Tiflis Governorate in 1905 to be administered separately. As a special administrative okrug, Zakatal's population in 1916 was 92,608.
- Before 1918, Azerbaijanis were generally known as "Tatars". This term, employed by the Russians, referred to Turkic-speaking Muslims of the South Caucasus. After 1918, with the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and "especially during the Soviet era", the Tatar group identified itself as "Azerbaijani".[5][6]
- Primarily Turco-Tatars.[8]
- Primarily Tatars.[8]
References
- Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopaedia: Tiflis Governorate (in Russian)
- Coats of Arms of the Cities of the Georgia-Imeretia Governorate of the Russian Empire Archived 2008-01-06 at the Wayback Machine
- "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
- Кавказский календарь на 1917 год, pp. 206–213.
- Bournoutian 2018, p. 35 (note 25).
- Tsutsiev 2014, p. 50.
- "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
- Hovannisian 1971, p. 67.
- Н. Ф. Самохвалов, ed. (2003). Губернии Российской Империи. История и руководители. 1708-1917. Moscow: Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russian Federation. pp. 372–376, 467–468.
Bibliography
- Bournoutian, George A. (2018). Armenia and Imperial Decline: The Yerevan Province, 1900–1914. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-06260-2. OCLC 1037283914.
- Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971). The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918–1919. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520019843.
- Кавказский календарь на 1917 год [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.
- Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014). Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus (PDF). Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300153088. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2023.
Further reading
- William Henry Beable (1919), "Governments or Provinces of the Former Russian Empire: Tiflis", Russian Gazetteer and Guide, London: Russian Outlook – via Open Library
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 966.
