Timeline of Indianapolis

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Indianapolis, Indiana, United States.

19th century

1800s–1840s
  • 1816
    • The U.S. Congress authorizes a state government for Indiana and donates federal land to establish a permanent seat of government for the new state.[1]
  • 1818
  • 1820
    • On January 11 the Indiana General Assembly authorizes a selection committee to choose a permanent site for the new state capital. On June 7 the commissioners select four sections of land along west fork of the White River, on its eastern bank, two miles (3.2 km) northwest of Indiana's geographic center.[3][4]
  • 1821
    A line drawing of the original boundaries of Indianapolis
    Plat of the Town of Indianapolis from December 1821
    Sign on the Indianapolis City County Building commemorating the founding of Indianapolis.
    • On January 6 the Indiana General Assembly ratifies the site selection on the White River in central Indiana as the permanent state capital of Indiana and names it Indianapolis, the state's new seat of government.[5][6]
    • Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham are appointed to survey the site selected for the new state capital.[7]
    • The town's first two justices of the peace are appointed on January 9.[8]
    • Several hundred cases of illness and twenty-five fatalities, most of them children, are reported in Indianapolis after heavy rains fall during June, July, and August.[9]
    • The town's first property lots are offered for sale on October 8.[10]
    • Local residents erect the town's first log schoolhouse; however, the town's first permanent school is not established until 1824.[11]
    • A town cemetery is established near the White River. The site is renamed Greenlawn Cemetery in 1862.[12]
    • Marion County, Indiana, is established on December 31, 1821, with Indianapolis named as the county's seat of government.[13]
    • Issac Wilson builds a gristmill, a predecessor to the Acme-Evans Company, along the White River. Archer Daniels Midland acquires the company in 1988, and changes its name to the Acme-Evans/ADM Milling Company. Its downtown buildings are demolished in 1994, after the company moves to the city's south side.[14]
  • 1822
    • Indianapolis Gazette, the city's first newspaper, begins publication.[15][16]
    • Indianapolis's first postmaster is appointed.[17]
    • The first election of Marion County government officials is held.[18]
    • The state legislature appropriates funds to build state roads to Indianapolis, while the Marion County government begins construction of county roads.[19]
    • The first session of the Fifth Judicial Circuit Court in Marion County is held in a local resident's log home.[20]
    • A militia is organized in central Indiana.[21]
    • The town's first jail is built.[22]
    • Methodists organize their first Indianapolis congregation. They meet for worship services in a log structure until their new church is erected in 1829. Wesley Chapel is built in 1846. The congregation's Meridian Street Methodist Episcopal Church, dedicated in 1871, is destroyed by fire in 1904; its replacement is built at Meridian and Saint Clair streets.[23] The congregation merges with the Fifty-first Street Methodist Church in 1945, and the combined congregation erects Meridian Street Methodist Church, which opens in 1952.[24]
    • Baptists organize the city's first Baptist congregation on October 10. The group first meets in a log schoolhouse. The First Baptist Church is completed in 1831.[25][26][27] Two replacement churches are destroyed by fire, one in 1861 and the other in 1904. Their replacement, built at Meridian and Vermont streets, is dedicated in 1906;[28] it is vacated in 1960 and a new church is constructed at North College Avenue and 86th Street.[29]
  • 1823
    • The Western Censor and Emigrant's Guide begins publication. Its name is changed to the Indiana Journal in 1825. It becomes a permanent daily newspaper and is renamed the Indianapolis Daily Journal in 1854. The Journal merges with The Indianapolis Star on June 8, 1904.[30][31]
    • The Indiana Central Medical Society is formed to license physicians to practice medicine.[32][33]
    • The town's first theatrical performance takes place at a local tavern.[34]
    • Presbyterians establish Indianapolis's First Presbyterian Church congregation on July 23. Its first church is completed in 1824. The congregation merges with the Meridian Highlands Presbyterian Church in 1970, establishing the First-Meridian Highland Church congregation.[35][36][37][38]
    • The Indianapolis Sabbath School Union is established.[39]
  • 1824
    • Marion County courthouse is completed; it also houses the Indiana General Assembly until a new Indiana Statehouse is completed in 1835.[40]
    • The town's first training school for militia officers and soldiers is established.[41]
    • A series of severe spring storms flood waterways and set high water marks for Indianapolis.[42]
  • 1825
    • Indiana's state government relocates to Indianapolis from Corydon, Indiana, effective January 1.[40]
    • A U.S. District Court is established in the city; Benjamin Parke is its presiding judge.[43]
    • Indiana State Library is established.[44]
    • Indianapolis Journal newspaper begins publication.[15]
    • The first Marion County courthouse is completed in January.[45]
    • The first session of the state legislature in Indianapolis begins in January at the newly completed county courthouse.[46]
    • The Indiana State Library is founded.[47]
    • The Marion County Agricultural Society is organized.[48]
  • 1826
  • 1827
  • 1828
    • The town's first cavalry company is organized.[53]
    • The Indianapolis Steam Mill Company, the town's first incorporated business, builds a new mill along the White River. The mill is completed in 1831, but it proves unprofitable and closes in 1835.[54]
    • The Marion County Temperance Society is formed.[55]
  • 1829
    • Indiana Colonization Society is formed.[56]
  • 1830 – Indiana population estimate: 1,900.[57]
    • Indiana Historical Society is organized on December 11. Benjamin Parke serves as its first president.[58][59]
    • The Indiana Democrat begins publication and consolidates operations with the Gazette. The Democrat becomes the Indiana State Sentinel in 1841. The Sentinel becomes the town's first permanent daily newspaper in 1851; it is discontinued in 1906.[31]
    • The Indianapolis Female School, the town's first school for young women, opens in March.[60]
  • 1831
    A black and white line-drawing map of Indianapolis
    1831 map of Indianapolis in Marion County, originally drawn by surveyor B. F. Morris
    • Town officials appoint Indianapolis's first board of health when the town experiences its first case of smallpox.[58]
    • The steamboat Robert Hanna arrives in town on April 11. After it departs from Indianapolis the boat runs aground along the White River; no steamboat successfully returns to the capital city.[61]
  • 1832
    • The town is incorporated and local government is placed under the direction of five elected trustees.[62]
    • The first election for town officials is held in September. Samuel Henderson serves as first president of the town's board of trustees.[63]
    • The state legislature authorizes the establishment of the Marion County Seminary, which opens in 1834.[64][65]
    • The town's first foundry is established; it begins operations in 1833.[66]
  • 1833
    • The town's first market house is built. The structure becomes known as the Indianapolis City Market.[58][67]
    • The town's first Church of Christ (Disciples of Christ) congregation is organized. Its first church building is erected in 1837. Christian Chapel, completed in 1852, is renamed Central Christian Church in 1879.[68] The congregation dedicates a new church at Delaware and Walnut Street in 1893.[69]
  • 1834
    • The town's first brewery is established.[70]
    • The State Bank of Indiana is chartered and establishes its main office and one of its first sixteen branch locations in Indianapolis.[65]
    • Union Cemetery is established.[71] After additional acreage is acquired, the 25-acre (10 ha) cemetery becomes known as Greenlawn Cemetery in 1862.[72]
  • 1835
    • Construction of a Greek Revival-style Indiana Statehouse is completed.[73]
    • The Indiana State Board of Agriculture is established in February.[74]
    • The Marion County Board of Agriculture is formed in June. The first Marion County fair is held on October 30–31.[74]
    • The Indianapolis Benevolent Society is established in November.[75]
    • The town purchases its first hand engine for its volunteer firefighters.[76]
    • The Young Men's Literary Society is established; it is incorporated as the Union Literary Society in 1847.[77]
  • 1836
  • 1837
    • The National Road arrives in Indianapolis.[84]
    • Indianapolis Female Institute opens.[85]
    • Marion Guards become Indianapolis's first militia company.[86]
    • The town erects a new firehouse on the north side of the Circle.[70]
    • The First English Lutheran Church congregation (also known as Mount Pisgah Evangelical Lutheran Church) is organized. Its first church is erected in 1838.[87]
    • Holy Cross, the city's oldest Catholic parish, is formed in November. The Chapel of the Holy Cross, the parish's first church, is completed in 1840. Its second church, completed in 1850, is named Saint John the Evangelist Catholic Church. It is replaced with Saint John's Cathedral in 1871.[68][88]
    • The town's Episcopal congregation organizes and begins construction of its first Christ Church on the Circle. Christ Church Cathedral, completed in 1859, replaces the earlier church and is built on the same site.[89]
  • 1838
    • Indianapolis reincorporates with a new charter and a new town council formation.[90]
    • The city's Second Presbyterian Church congregation organizes on November 19. Its first church building is dedicated in 1840.[91]
  • 1839
    • The state's bankruptcy halts Central Canal construction after nine miles (14 km) are opened for traffic.[57]
    • The Indiana General Assembly appropriates funds to purchase a home at Illinois and Meridian streets to serve as the official governor's residence. It is sold in 1865 and later demolished.[92]
  • 1840 – Indianapolis population: 2,692.[57]
  • 1841
    • Zion's Church, the city's first German-speaking Evangelical congregation, is organized on April 18. Its first church is dedicated in 1845. The church is renamed Zion Evangelical United Church of Christ in 1957, when it merges with other congregations.[68]
  • 1842
    • Indianapolis's Methodists divide into two congregations. One group remains at the Methodist church on the Circle; the other establishes Roberts Chapel in 1843.[93]
  • 1843
    • Roberts Chapel becomes the city's eastside Methodist congregation. Its first church is dedicated in 1846. The congregation dedicates its new church, named Robert Park Methodist Episcopal Church, in 1876.[68]
  • 1844
    • The state government assumes responsibility for William Willard's private school for the deaf, established in 1843,[57][85] and renames it the Indiana State Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb. Construction of its new facility in Indianapolis is completed in 1850.[94][95]
    • Saint Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church, a German Lutheran congregation, is organized. Its first church is dedicated in 1845.[96]
    • The city's first United Brethren Church is organized.[29]
    • The town's first Universalist Church Society is organized, but it exists only briefly.[97]
    • The Indiana Freeman, an antislavery newspaper, appears in November.[98]
    • The Marion County Library is established in the basement of the county courthouse.[99][100]
  • 1845
    • July 4: Lynching of John Tucker occurs near the intersection of Illinois and Washington streets.
    • The city's first Methodist congregation is divided a second time to create a western congregation, whose first church is known as Strange Chapel. The congregation erects Saint John's Methodist Episcopal Church in 1871.[101]
  • 1846
    • Second Baptist Church, the city's first African-American Baptist congregation, is organized. Its first church is built in 1849.[29][102][103]
  • 1847
    • Heavy rains from December 1846 cause record flooding in January, the city's most significant flood since 1824. In November 1847 a flood nearly equal to the one in January damages property in Indianapolis and West Indianapolis, the National Road, and the Indiana Central Canal.[104][105]
    • Samuel Henderson is elected the city's first mayor on April 24.[57][106]
    • Indianapolis voters approve a charter to make Indianapolis an incorporated city effective March 30.[57]
    • City voters approve taxes to establish free public schools.[107]
    • The Locomotive begins publication on August 16. It discontinues operations in 1861 and consolidates with the Sentinel.[108]
    • The Indiana Institute for the Education of the Blind opens in October. Construction of the main building on its new site is completed in 1853. It is demolished in 1909 to make space for a new facility.[85][109]
    • Construction is completed on the main building of the Indiana Hospital for the Insane.[85][110]
    • Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, the first steam railroad in Indiana, begins operations and arrives in Indianapolis on October 1.[57]
  • 1848
    • The Central Plank Road Company is chartered to construct plank roads connecting Indianapolis to nearby towns.[111]
    • The city's first telegraph lines link Indianapolis to Dayton, Ohio.[112]
    • The Indiana Volksblatt, the city's first German-language newspaper, begins publication in September.[15][57] It is discontinued in 1907.[113][114]
    • Indianapolis and Bellefontaine Railroad in operation.[115]
    • Free Soil Banner begins publication.[116]
    • The Indiana Central Medical College is organized on November 1.[117]
    • Another smallpox scare alarms city residents.[118]
  • 1849
    • The First German Methodist Episcopal Church congregation organizes. Its first church is built in 1850.[101][119]

1850s–1890s
  • 1850 – Indianapolis population: 8,091[120]
    • Construction on the Grand Lodge of the Free Masons, the city's first public hall, is completed.[121]
    • North Western Christian University, renamed Butler University in 1877, receives its charter from the state legislature. The university opens for classes in 1855. The school relocates to Irvington in 1875–76, and moves to a new location, known as Fairview Park, in 1928.[122][123][124]
    • The city's first United Brethren in Christ congregation is organized. Its first church opens in 1851.[125]
    • Indianapolis Business University is established.[44]
    • The Union Track Railway Company Company is organized to erect a connecting line between railroads serving Indianapolis.[111][126]
  • 1851
    • Indianapolis's first gasworks is completed.[127]
    • Indianapolis Gas Light and Coke Company is chartered by the state legislature in March. The company begins supplying city residents with natural gas for lighting in 1852.[128][129]
    • The Indianapolis Turngemeinde, the first of the city's German clubs and cultural societies, is established on July 28. It merges with other German clubs and becomes known as the Indianapolis Social Turnverein, or Turners.[130][131]
    • The Indiana Female College, established by the city's Methodists, receives its charter from the state legislature.[132]
    • The Indianapolis Widows and Orphans Friends' Society, predecessor to the Children's Bureau of Indianapolis, is incorporated. The Society erects the first Indianapolis Widows' and Orphans' Asylum in 1855. It is renamed the Indianapolis Orphans' Asylum in 1875. The orphanage is closed in 1941.[133][134]
    • Several members of the city's First Presbyterian Church establish the Third Presbyterian Church congregation, whose first church building is dedicated in 1859. Renamed Tabernacle Presbyterian Church in 1883, the congregation begins construction on a new church in 1886, and in 1921 relocates to 34th Street and Central Avenue, where a new church is dedicated in 1929.[135]
    • Members of the city's Second Presbyterian Church organize the Fourth Presbyterian Church congregation, whose first church building is dedicated in 1857. The congregation dedicates a new church in 1874, and erects a new church at Nineteenth and Alabama streets in 1895.[136]
  • 1852
    • The City Guards militia is organized.[137]
    • The Center Township Library opens in the Center Township Trustee's office.[138]
    • The McLean Female Seminary, a boarding and day school for girls, is established. In 1865 its facility is sold to the Indiana Female Seminary.[139][140]
    • The first Indiana State Fair is held on October 19–25, on the grounds of what becomes known as Military Park, west of downtown Indianapolis.[112][120]
    • Indiana and Illinois Central Railway is established.[141]
    • The First German Reformed Church of Indianapolis congregation is organized. Their first church is dedicated on June 24.[142]
  • 1853
    • The Mechanic Rifles militia is organized.[137]
    • Indianapolis's first Union Depot, the first of its kind in the United States to serve competing railroad lines, opens on September 28.[143][144] It is demolished in 1887 to make space for the Indianapolis Union Station, a new passenger depot that is completed in 1888.[145]
    • Indianapolis and Cincinnati Railroad in operation.
    • Indianapolis Union Railway in operation.
    • Voters approve a new city charter that provides for an elected mayor and a fourteen-member city council.[90]
    • Freie Presse von Indiana, a weekly German-language newspaper, begins publication in Indianapolis.[146]
    • The city's free public schools establish operations under a common school system and open for enrollment. The city's first free public high school opens in the old Marion County Seminary;[147] however, it closes in 1858, when the Indiana Supreme Court declares the local school tax unconstitutional.[148]
    • The first Bates House hotel opens for business.[149] It is replaced at the turn of the century.[150]
    • A new Universalist church congregation is organized in the city. The congregation's First Universalist Church is erected in 1860.[97][151][152]
    • Construction begins on Odd Fellows Hall.[85][153] It is completed in 1855.[132]
    • The city contracts with the Indianapolis Gas Light and Coke Company to illuminate several blocks of Washington Street with gaslight street lamps.[154]
  • 1854
    • The city council establishes Indianapolis's first regular, paid police department.[155]
    • Indianapolis YMCA is organized.[155]
    • The Indianapolis Maennerchor, the city's oldest German-language musical club, is established.[156]
    • The Society of Friends (Quakers) organizes the First Friends Church of Indianapolis. The Society builds its first meetinghouse and school in 1856.[157][158]
  • 1855
  • 1856
    • The Indiana Republican Party holds its first state convention in Indianapolis.[120]
    • The Indianapolis National Guards organize.[137]
    • A Hebrew cemetery is established on three acres (1.2 ha), three miles (4.8 km) south of the city's center.[162]
    • The Indianapolis Hebrew Congregation organizes on November 2. Its East Market Street temple is dedicated in 1868. A new temple at Saint Joseph (Tenth) and Delaware streets is dedicated in 1899;[163] its Meridian Street temple is dedicated in 1958.[162][164][165]
    • Saint Marienkirche, the city's first German-language Catholic parish, is established. Its first church and school open in 1858.[166]
  • 1857
    • The Metropolitan Theater, the first in the city to be built for that purpose, is completed. The theater opens in 1858 and is later renovated and renamed the Park.[167]
    • The City Grays militia is organized.[137]
    • Plymouth Congregational Church, the city's first Congregational church, is organized. Its church is dedicated in 1871. The congregation merges with North Congregational Church in 1906 and Mayflower Congregational Church in 1908. The consolidated congregation is renamed the First Congregational Church.[168][169]
  • 1858
    • The Indianapolis Female Institute, a Baptist-affiliated boarding school and day school for girls, is established. It opens for classes in 1859 and closes in 1872.[170][171]
    • After the Supreme Court of Indiana declares a local school tax is unconstitutional, the city's public schools struggle for funding and suspend operations until 1861.[172][173]
  • 1859
  • 1860 – Indianapolis population: 18,611[120]
    • A rapidly moving tornado passes through southeast Indianapolis on May 29; however, the most significant destruction occurs east and west of the city.[181]
    • The city's Independent Zouaves and Zouave Guards militia are organized.[137][176]
    • A new location for the state fairgrounds is established on approximately 38 acres (15 ha) along Alabama Street, north of the city.[182]
    • The city's second Universalist church is organized.[183]
    • Land for a Catholic cemetery, which becomes the Holy Cross and St. Joseph cemeteries, is acquired south of the city.[184]
  • 1861
    • On February 12 Abraham Lincoln makes a stop in Indianapolis en route to Washington, D.C. to be sworn in as the sixteenth president of the United States.[185]
    • The Indianapolis National Guards, City Grays, Independent Zouaves, Zouave Guards, and one additional group from Indianapolis are assigned to the Eleventh Regiment during the Civil War.[186]
    • Camp Morton is set up as a mustering ground for Union troops on the state fairgrounds at Alabama Street. The camp's first soldiers arrive on April 17.[187]
    • A local manufacturer begins production of ammunition near the Indiana Statehouse. The arsenal is relocated about one and a half miles (2.4 km) east of downtown Indianapolis.[188]
    • Indianapolis Public Schools, the city's free public school system, reorganizes. Its elementary schools reopen in 1862; however, the city's public high school remains closed until 1864. In December 1867 the school board purchases the former Second Presbyterian Church building on the Circle and uses it as the city's public high school.[107][189]
    • Hebrew Benevolent Society is organized.[190]
    • Gilbert Van Camp founds Van Camp Packing Company, a canning business in the city. The company merges with Stokely Brothers and Company in 1933 to become Stokely-Van Camp, and establishes its corporate headquarters in Indianapolis. The company incorporates in 1994, but it no longer operates in the city.[191]
  • 1862
    • Camp Morton is converted to a prisoner-of-war camp for Confederate soldiers. The site returns to its original purpose as a fairgrounds after the war.[187]
    • Congress passes legislation to establish a permanent federal arsenal at Indianapolis.[188] Approximately 76 acres (31 ha) of land are purchased east of town in 1863. Construction on the facility is completed in 1868.[175]
    • The Indiana Sanitary Commission establishes its headquarters in Indianapolis.[192]
    • Eighteen acres (7.3 ha) of land is purchased to establish Saint John Catholic Cemetery, two miles (3.2 km) south of the city. It is renamed Holy Cross Cemetery in 1891.[193]
    • Young Men's Literary and Social Union is organized.[190]
    • Indiana State Museum is established.
    • Indianapolis and Madison Railroad is in operation.
  • 1863
    • The Battle of Pogue's Run, a political confrontation at the state's Democratic convention, occurs in May.[194]
    • Kingan Brothers, renamed Kingan and Company in 1875, opens its first packing facility in Indianapolis.[195]
    • The city's first central watch tower and alarm bell, an early fire warning system, is established.[196] The city's first electric fire alarm system is installed in 1868.[197]
    • An Indianapolis Home for Friendless Women is initially built on seven acres (2.8 ha) of donated land south of the city; however, it is never completed. The home is reestablished closer to the city's center in 1867.[198]
    • Crown Hill Cemetery is established.[44] The site is dedicated on June 1, 1864.[199]
    • Indianapolis, Rochester and Chicago Railroad in operation.
  • 1864
    • Indianapolis Board of Trade is organized.[85]
    • Indianapolis, Peru and Chicago Railway is in operation.
    • Indianapolis High School, renamed Shortridge High School in 1897, opens in two rooms of a ward (elementary) school.[116][200]
    • The Citizen's Street and Railway Company begins operating the city's first mule-drawn streetcar line from the Union railway depot in June.[201]
    • Saint Peter's Catholic parish is established. Its first church opens in 1865. It is renamed Saint Patrick's parish in 1870 and construction begins on a new church that is completed in 1871. The parish maintains separate parochial schools for boys and girls.[202][203]
    • Formation of the Twenty-Eighth Colored Infantry, which begins in Indianapolis and becomes known as the 28th Regiment U.S. Colored Troops, is mustered into the U.S. Army on March 31.[204]
  • 1865
    • April 30 – Lincoln funeral train arrives in Indianapolis.[205]
    • The state legislature establishes the Criminal Circuit Court of Marion County in Indianapolis on December 20.[206]
    • The German-language Taglicher Telegraph, a weekly newspaper, and the Spottsvigel, a Sunday edition of the Telegraph, begin publication. The Telegraph becomes the city's first daily German-language newspaper in 1866.[15][207][208][209]
    • Indianapolis and Vincennes Railroad is in operation.
    • Construction begins on a boys' school at Saint John the Evangelist Catholic Church. In 1867 the school opens under the direction of the Brothers of the Sacred Heart. It closes in 1929, and its building is demolished in 1979.[210]
  • 1866
    • Jeffersonville, Madison and Indianapolis Railroad in operation.
    • Citizens Gaslight and Coke Company is established.[211]
    • City Hospital is equipped and staffed to begin treatment of civilian patients.[159]
    • The Allen African Methodist Episcopal Church congregation is organized and occupies its first church building.[212]
    • Saint Paul's Episcopal Church parish is organized. Its first church building is dedicated in 1869.[89][213]
    • The city's Second Christian Church, its first African American Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) congregation, is founded. It is renamed Light of the World Christian Church in 1982.[29]
    • The first Union soldiers' bodies that had been buried elsewhere in the city during the Civil War are reinterred in a tract of land at Crown Hill Cemetery.[214]
    • Indianapolis hosts the first national Grand Army of the Republic encampment in November.[215]
  • 1867
    • State Law Library is founded.[216]
    • Indianapolis, Cincinnati and Lafayette Railway is in operation.
    • Indianapolis and St. Louis Railroad in operation.
    • The German Protestant Orphan Asylum is organized. A new orphanage is erected on the south bank of Pleasant Run in 1869.[217]
    • Governor's Circle is renamed Circle Park.[218]
  • 1868
  • 1869
    • Indianapolis, Bloomington and Western Railway is in operation.
    • John H. Holliday founds the Indianapolis News, an evening daily newspaper. Its first issue appears on December 7.[220][221][222]
    • The city establishes its first sewage system.[223]
    • The Waterworks Company of Indianapolis is incorporated.[128]
    • Mayflower Congregational Church, the city's second Congregational church, is organized. Its church is dedicated in 1870. The congregation consolidates with Plymouth Congregational Church in 1908.[224]
    • South Street Baptist Church is organized.[166]
    • The Indiana Medical College is organized.[225]
    • The city's first German Reform Church congregation is organized.[226]
    • The Indianapolis Library Association, a private, subscription–based library, is formed on March 18. In 1872 the association offers to transfer its collection of more than 4,000 books to help create a free public library in the city.[227] A new main public library opens on April 9, 1873, and its first branch library opens in 1896.[228]
  • 1870 – Indianapolis population: 48,244.[222]
    • The city's first Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) branch is organized.[229]
    • A Lutheran cemetery is established south of the city on twenty-five acres (10 ha) of land.[226]
    • The Society of Friends (Quakers) establishes the Indianapolis Asylum for Friendless Colored Children, the state's only orphanage for African American children.[230]
    • Irvington, an eastside residential suburb, is platted. It is annexed to Indianapolis in 1902.[231][232]
  • 1871
    • Indianapolis YMCA builds a new facility on North Illinois Street; a new building was constructed at the same location in 1887.[85][222]
    • The Water Works Company of Indianapolis, chartered in 1869 and acquired by Indianapolis Water Company in 1881, delivers the first water supplied from a central waterworks to city residents.[233]
  • 1872
    • Indianapolis, Delphi and Chicago Railroad in operation.
    • A free public Library is established in the city. Its first library opens in the city's high school in 1873.[234] The library moves to larger quarters in 1875 and in 1880. A new main library opens in 1893. Its first four branches open in 1896. A new main library building is dedicated in 1917.[235][236]
    • Woodruff Place, a new suburban development, is established on October 2. The community is annexed to Indianapolis in 1962.[237][238]
    • Lyman S. Ayres acquires controlling interest in N.R. Smith and Ayres, the successor to the N.R. Smith and Company, Trade Palace. The dry goods store first appears as L. S. Ayres and Company in 1874. By 2006 the final stores in the Ayres department store chain are either sold, converted to Macy's stores, or closed.[239]
  • 1873
  • 1875
  • 1876
    • The Indianapolis Benevolent Society is founded. It is reorganized as the Charity Organization Society in 1879.[245][246]
    • Colonel Eli Lilly establishes a pharmaceutical manufactory on Pearl Street that becomes Eli Lilly and Company.[247]
    • The Flower Mission is organized; it is incorporated in 1892.[248]
    • Citizens Gas Light and Coke Company begins operation, but its gasworks explodes in 1877.[249]
    • The Chevro Bene Jacob Orthodox Hebrew congregation is founded. Its name is changed to Sharah Tefilla in 1882. The group merges with Knesses Israel and Ezras Achim congregations in 1962 to form the United Orthodox Hebrew Congregation.[250]
  • 1877
    • Robert Bruce Bagby elected as first African American to serve on the Indianapolis City Council.[251]
    • Indianapolis and Sandusky Railroad in operation.
    • Regal Manufacturing Company, formerly Emil Wulschner and Son, a music dealer, is in business.[252][253]
    • Indianapolis's first telephone service begins operations.[254]
    • The Union Railroad Transfer and Stock Yards Company opens. Its name is changed to the Indianapolis Belt Railroad and Stockyard Company in 1881. Renamed Indianapolis Stockyards Company, Inc., it moves to another site in the city in 1961.[255]
    • Central Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church, a consolidation of Trinity and Massachusetts Avenue Methodist churches, is organized.[256]
    • The Indianapolis Literary Club is founded.[257]
  • 1878
    • Indianapolis's Belt Railroad, established in 1873, is completed.[258]
  • 1879
    • Woman's Temperance Publishing Association is formed.
    • Boston School of Elocution and Expression is established.[44]
    • Indiana Bee Keepers' Association is formed.[44]
    • Indianapolis and Danville Railroad in operation.
    • Members of the city's German community establish the Independent Turnverein.[259] The group remodels the former Third Presbyterian Church into a meeting hall, which is dedicated in 1885. A new building is erected on an adjacent lot in 1897.[260]
    • The Benjamin D. Bagby and Company begin publishing the Indianapolis Leader in August; it is discontinued in 1890.[258][261]
    • The city's Charity Organization Society is formed with the merger of several Indianapolis charities.[262]
  • 1880 – Indianapolis population: 75,056.[258]
    • The English Opera House, a lavishly decorated theater on the Circle, opens on September 27.[116][167]
    • Indianapolis and Evansville Railroad in operation.
    • Indianapolis and Ohio State Line Railway in operation.
    • Chicago and Indianapolis Air Line Railway in operation.
    • Saint Bridget, an Irish Catholic parish, is organized and construction is completed on its church. The parish's parochial school is erected in 1881.[263][264]
  • 1881
    • Eli Lilly and Company is incorporated.
    • Garfield Park is created.
    • William R. Holloway establishes The Indianapolis Times, a morning daily newspaper. The first issue appears on July 15.[265]
    • The Indianapolis Brush Electric Light and Power Company is the first to provide the city with electricity for lighting and power.[266] The city's first incandescent light is used in 1888. In 1892 the Indianapolis Light and Power Company is established with the merger of the Brush Electric Company and the Marmon-Perry Light Company.[267]
    • The Daughters of Charity of the St. Vincent de Paul Society establish St. Vincent's Infirmary, later renamed St. Vincent Hospital.[268]
    • The fifteenth national Grand Army of the Republic encampment is held in the city in June.[269]
    • Saint Francis de Sales parish is established.[270]
  • 1882
    • May Wright Sewall and her husband, Theodore Lovell Sewell, establish the Girls' Classical School. The college preparatory school continues operations until 1907.[271]
  • 1883
  • 1884
    • The city's German community establishes an industrial training program in the German-English School. The Indianapolis Public Schools establishes its vocational training program at Shortridge High School in 1888.[276]
    • William Hayden English completes the first section of a grand hotel adjacent to the English Opera House. The hotel's second section is added in 1896.[277]
    • Congregation Ohev Zedek organizes. The Hungarian Hebrew congregation purchases the Indianapolis Hebrew Congregation's temple on Market Street in 1899. The congregation merges with the Beth-El congregation in 1927; the Market Street temple is demolished in 1933.[278]
  • 1885
    • Chess Club and Hendricks Club is organized.[44]
  • 1886
    • Indianapolis City Market opens.[279]
    • Saint Anthony Catholic parish is established; its first church is dedicated in 1891; construction of a new church is completed in 1904.[280]
  • 1887
  • 1888
    • Consumers Gas Company begins operation.[282]
    • The city's first Seventh-day Adventist Church congregation is organized. The congregation dedicates a new church erected at Central Avenue and East Twenty-Third Street in 1905. In 1962 the congregation moves to Rural Avenue and East 62nd streets, where the church becomes known as the Glendale Church.[283]
    • The Indianapolis Propylaeum, a women's cultural organization, is incorporated on June 6. The group erects a meeting hall in 1889.[284][285]
    • Construction is completed on a Renaissance Revival-style Indiana Statehouse to replace an earlier structure built at the same location.[286]
    • Construction on the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument begins. Its installation is completed in 1902. The monument is dedicated on May 15, 1902.[287]
    • The Sun begins publication on March 12. It is renamed the Indiana Daily Times in 1914.[288] It was renamed the Indianapolis Times in 1922.
    • Indianapolis Freeman newspaper begins publication.
    • Indianapolis, Decatur and Western Railway in operation.
    • Columbia Club is organized. The Republican-oriented private membership club, incorporated in 1889, opens its new ten-story building on the Circle in 1925.[289]
  • 1889
    • Indiana School of Art is established on the northwest corner of the Circle and Market Street.[290] It closes in 1897, when the Art Association of Indianapolis begins plans to establish the John Herron Art Institute on Talbott Street.[291]
    • A Salvation Army establishes a chapter in the city.[292]
    • The city's first Church of Christ, Scientist group is organized. In 1897 it is formally established as the First Church of Christ, Scientist, in Indianapolis.[293]
    • Knesses Israel, a Russian Orthodox Hebrew congregation organizes.[294]
  • 1890 – Indianapolis population: 105,436[295]
    • The Commercial Club of Indianapolis is organized. The club becomes the Indianapolis Chamber of Commerce in 1912.[296]
    • The city's first electric-powered streetcar service begins on June 18.[297]
    • Indianapolis Natural Gas Company is formed with the merger of the Indianapolis Gas Light and Coke Company and the Indianapolis Natural Gas Company.[298]
    • Arthur C. Newby, Edward C. Fletcher, and Glenn G. Howe establish the Indianapolis Chain and Stamping Company, a bicycle chain manufacturer that becomes known as the Diamond Chain Company.[299]
  • 1891
    • Saint Anthony Catholic parish is established.[280]
    • Indianapolis Country Club, the city's first country club, is formed.[300]
  • 1892
  • 1893
    • Construction begins on the Das Deutsche Haus (The German House), the city's center for German culture.[303] The east wing is completed in 1894. The remainder is completed over the next four years.[260] The finished building is dedicated in 1898, and renamed the Athenæum during World War I.[304]
    • The Southside Turnverein is established.[259] The group dedicates its new Prospect Street facility in 1901.[260]
    • John H. Holliday founds the Union Trust Company. It merges with the Indiana National Bank in 1950.[305]
  • 1894
  • 1895
  • 1896
    • George P. Stewart and William H. Porter establish the Indianapolis Recorder.[309]
    • William H. Block founds a retail department store on Washington Street.[310] The business is incorporated in 1907. Construction begins on a new eight-story building in 1910.[311]
    • A new Holy Cross Catholic parish is established on Indianapolis's east side, reviving the name of the city's first Catholic church.[312]
  • 1897
  • 1898
    • The Catholic Diocese of Vincennes is renamed the Catholic Diocese of Indianapolis.[218] It is elevated to the Archdiocese of Indianapolis in 1944.[313]
    • Flanner Guild, an African American social services agency, is established. It is incorporated in 1903 and renamed Flanner House in 1912.[314]
    • The Newby Oval, a local quarter-mile oval bicycling track is built.[315]
  • 1899

20th century

1900s–1940s

1950s–1990s

21st century

2000s

2010s

2020s

Images
  • Advertisements, 1862
    Advertisements, 1862
  • Indiana State Fair, Indianapolis, 1874
    Indiana State Fair, Indianapolis, 1874
  • G.A.R. Review, 1893
    G.A.R. Review, 1893
  • Map of part of Indianapolis, 1908
    Map of part of Indianapolis, 1908
  • Map of part of Indianapolis, 1916
    Map of part of Indianapolis, 1916

See also

Notes
  1. A. C. Howard (1857). A. C. Howard's Directory for the City of Indianapolis: Containing a Correct List of Citizens' Names, Their Residence and Place of Business, with a Historical Sketch of Indianapolis from its Earliest History to the Present Day. Indianapolis: A. C. Howard. p. 3.
  2. Howard, p. 2.
  3. M. Teresa Baer (2012). Indianapolis: A City of Immigrants (PDF). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-87195-299-8.
  4. Howard, p. 1.
  5. Howard, p. 4.
  6. Jacob Piatt Dunn (1910). Greater Indianapolis: The History, the Industries, the Institutions, and the People of a City of Homes. Vol. I. Chicago: The Lewis Publishing Company. p. 26.
  7. William A. Browne Jr. (Summer 2013). "The Ralston Plan: Naming the Streets of Indianapolis". Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History. Indianapolis, Ind.: Indiana Historical Society. 25 (3): 8.
  8. Ignatius Brown (1868). Logan's History of Indianapolis from 1818. Indianapolis: Logan and Company. p. 4.
  9. Berry R. Sulgrove (1884). History of Indianapolis and Marion County Indiana. Philadelphia: L. H. Everts and Company. p. 30.
  10. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 31–32.
  11. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 90–91.
  12. Doublas A. Wissing (2013). Crown Hill: History, Spirit, and Sanctuary. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780871953018.
  13. David J. Bodenhamer and Robert G. Barrows, ed. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 1479. ISBN 0-253-31222-1.
  14. Geib, Indianapolis, p. 180, and Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 230.
  15. "US Newspaper Directory". Chronicling America. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
  16. Howard, p. 15.
  17. Howard, p. 13.
  18. Howard, p. 14.
  19. Max R. Hyman, ed. (1902). The Journal Handbook of Indianapolis: An Outline History. Indianapolis, Ind.: The Indianapolis Journal Newspaper Company. p. 10.
  20. Brown, p. 8–10.
  21. W. R. Holloway (1870). Indianapolis: A Historical and Statistical Sketch of the Railroad City, A Chronicle of its Social, Municipal, Commercial and Manufacturing Progress with Full Statistical Tables. Indianapolis, Ind.: Indianapolis Journal. p. 20.
  22. Hyman, The Journal Handbook of Indianapolis, p. 80.
  23. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 86, 593–94; Sulgrove, p. 52, 399, and 402; and Brown, p. 14.
  24. Daniel F. Evans (1996). At Home in Indiana for One Hundred and Seventy-Five Years, 1821–1996. Indianapolis: Guild Press of Indiana. pp. 27, 38–39, and 63. ISBN 1878208799.
  25. Alvah C. Waggoner (1947). One Hundred Twenty-Five Years: Issued on the Occasion of the Celebration of the One Hundred Twenty Fifth Anniversary of the Organization of the First Baptist Church of Indianapolis. Indianapolis, Ind.: First Baptist Church. pp. 8–10.
  26. Harold R. Hoffman (1966). A Light in the Forest: A History of the First Baptist Church of Indianapolis, Indiana, 1822–2003. Carmel, Ind.: UN Communications. pp. 17–20 and 79–80.
  27. Holloway, p. 216–17.
  28. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 86, 567 and 571; Brown, p. 82; Esarey, v. III, p. 154; and Sulgrove, p. 389–91.
  29. David G. Vanderstel; Robert Cole; Michelle Hale (1998). Faith and Community: A Historic Walking Tour. Indianapolis: The Polis Center at Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis.
  30. Esarey, p. 129, and Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 741
  31. John W. Miller (1982). Indiana Newspaper Bibliography: Historical Accounts of All Indiana Newspapers Published from 1804 to 1980 and Locational Information for All Available Copies, Both Original and Microfilm. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. p. 274.
  32. Sulgrove, p. 53.
  33. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 545.
  34. Historical Committee; Indiana Centennial Celebration Committee (1920). Centennial History of Indianapolis: An Outline History. Indianapolis, Ind.: Max R. Hyman. p. 26.
  35. Rev. James Greene (1878). Manual of the First Presbyterian Church of Indianapolis, together with a history of the same, from its organization in July, 1823, to November 12, 1876. Indianapolis, Ind.: John G. Doughty. p. 5.
  36. Centennial Memorial, First Presbyterian Church, Indianapolis, Indiana: A Record of the Anniversary Services, June Tenth to Seventeenth, 1923, Celebrating the One Hundredth Anniversary of the Founding of the First Presbyterian Church, Together with Historical Materials, Session Records, Sermons, Addresses and Correspondence Relating to its Life and Work during the Century. Greenfield, Ind.: William Mitchell Printing Co. 1925. p. 179.
  37. Historical Sketches of Eight-Eight Churches. Indianapolis, Ind.: The History Committee, Whitewater Valley Presbytery. 1976. pp. 82–83.
  38. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 90–91, 575, and 580.
  39. Sulgrove, p. 394.
  40. Howard, p. 26.
  41. Brown, p. 13.
  42. Brown, p. 19.
  43. Holloway, p. 263, and Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 967.
  44. Indianapolis City Directory for 1888. Indianapolis: R.L. Polk & Co. 1888.
  45. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 62.
  46. Hester Ann Hale (1987). Indianapolis, The First Century. Indianapolis, Ind.: Marion County Historical Society. p. 13.
  47. S. L. Berry (2011). Stacks: A History of the Indianapolis-Marion County Public Library. Indianapolis, Ind.: Indianapolis Marion County Public Library Foundation. p. 8. ISBN 9780615445021.
  48. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 96.
  49. Historical Committee, Indiana Centennial Celebration Committee, p. 39.
  50. Brown, p. 16.
  51. Sulgrove, p. 26.
  52. Hale, p. 14–15
  53. Brown, p. 20
  54. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 48.
  55. Hale, p. 16.
  56. W. R. Holloway (1870), Indianapolis: A historical and statistical sketch of the railroad city, Indianapolis: Indianapolis Journal Print., OCLC 2486218, OL 7229155M
  57. Bodenhamer and Barrows, p. 1480.
  58. Brown, p. 23.
  59. Bodenhamer and Barrows, p. 739.
  60. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 121.
  61. Edward A. Leary (1971). Indianapolis: The Story of a City. Indianapolis, Ind.: Bobbs-Merrill. p. 35.
  62. Esarey, Logan; Milner Rabb, Kate; Herschell, William, eds. (1924). History of Indiana From Its Exploration to 1922; Also An Account of Indianapolis and Marion County. Vol. III (2nd ed.). Dayton, Ohio: Dayton Historical Publishing Company. pp. 42–43 and 201.
  63. Esarey, p. 201.
  64. Esarey, p. 45 and 47.
  65. Hyman, The Journal Handbook of Indianapolis, p. 22.
  66. Brown, p. 27.
  67. Sulgrove, p. 110.
  68. The History of Nine Urban Churches. Indianapolis, Ind.: The Riley-Lockerbie Ministerial Association of Downtown Indianapolis.
  69. 125 Significant Years: The Story of Central Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Indianapolis, Indiana, 1833–1958. Indianapolis: Central Christian Church. 1958. p. 14.
  70. Brown, p. 31.
  71. Brown, p. 45; Sulgrove, p. 385; and Holloway, p. 261.
  72. Douglas A. Wissing; Marianne Tobias; Rebecca W. Dolan; Anne Ryder (2013). Crown Hill: History, Spirit, and Sanctuary. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780871953018.
  73. The Indiana State Capitol Building: A Centennial Restoration, 1888–1988. Indianapolis: State of Indiana. 1988. p. 3.
  74. Esarey, p. 194.
  75. Hale, p. 16 and 41.
  76. Sulgrove, p. 117.
  77. Brown, p. 34; Sulgrove, p. 106; and Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 921.
  78. Indianapolis, A Walk Through Time: A Self-Guided Tour of Historic Sites in the Mile Square Area. Indianapolis, Ind.: Marion County-Indianapolis Historical Society. 1996. p. 13.
  79. Hale, p. 21.
  80. Esarey, p. 61.
  81. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 360.
  82. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 115–16.
  83. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 603.
  84. Baer, p. 11.
  85. Indianapolis illustrated, Indianapolis, Ind: Consolidated Publishing Co., 1893, OL 22883340M
  86. Sulgrove, p. 120.
  87. Holloway, p. 243.
  88. William F. Stineman & Jack W. Porter (1986). Saint John the Evangelist Church: A Photographic Essay of the Oldest Catholic Church in Indianapolis and Marion County. Indianapolis: Saint John the Evangelist Church. p. 33. ISBN 0961613408.
  89. Brown, p. 40.
  90. Historical Committee, Indiana Centennial Celebration Committee, p. 30.
  91. George W. Geib (1987). Lives Touched by Faith: Second Presbyterian Church, 150 Years. Indianapolis, Ind.: Mallory Lithography, Inc. pp. 135, 140, and 143. ISBN 0961935103.
  92. Hyman, The Journal Handbook of Indianapolis, p. 19.
  93. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 593.
  94. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 110.
  95. Brown, p. 43–44.
  96. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 614.
  97. Holloway, p. 246.
  98. Miller, p. 273.
  99. Sulgrove, p. 439.
  100. Berry, p. 9.
  101. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 597.
  102. L. C. Rudolph (1995). Hoosier Faiths: A History of Indiana's Churches and Religious Groups. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 590. ISBN 0-253-32882-9.
  103. Hale, p. 111.
  104. Brown, p. 46.
  105. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 13.
  106. Brown, p. 46 and 49.
  107. Brown, p. 50.
  108. Miller, p. 272.
  109. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 111.
  110. Historical Committee, Indiana Centennial Celebration Committee, p. 37.
  111. Brown, p. 60.
  112. Esarey, p. 234.
  113. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 395.
  114. Hale, p. 108.
  115. Kemper, General William Harrison (1908). A Twentieth Century History of Delaware County, Indiana. Lewis Publishing Company. p. 90.
  116. "Digital Collections". Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
  117. Sulgrove, p. 279.
  118. Brown, p. 59.
  119. Sulgrove, p. 404.
  120. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 1481.
  121. Indianapolis, A Walk Through Time, p. 4.
  122. Milestones 2000: A 20th Century Retrospective. Indianapolis, Ind.: Indianapolis Business Journal. 1999. p. 15B.
  123. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 131–32.
  124. Holloway, p. 179.
  125. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 631–32.
  126. Holloway, p. 90.
  127. Brown, p. 61.
  128. Esarey, p. 209.
  129. Holloway, p. 93.
  130. Hale, p. 107.
  131. George T. Probst & Eberhard Reichmann (1989). The Germans in Indianapolis 1840–1918. Indianapolis: German-American Center and Indiana German Heritage Society. p. 22 and 70.
  132. Sulgrove, p. 142.
  133. Maire Gurevitz (December 2009). "Children's Bureau of Indianapolis Records, 1855–1997 Collection Guide" (pdf). Indiana Historical Society. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
  134. Weintraut and Associates Historians, Inc. (2000). For the Children's Sake: A History of the Children's Bureau of Indianapolis, Inc. Indianapolis: Children's Bureau of Indianapolis, Inc. pp. 5–6, 15, 29–31, 36 and 41.
  135. Sulgrove, p. 390; Holloway, p. 210; Esarey, p. 155; Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 584–85; and 125th Anniversary Celebration 1851-1976. Indianapolis: Tabernacle Presbyterian Church. 1976.
  136. Sulgrove, p. 396; Holloway, p. 211; and Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 585.
  137. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 219.
  138. Berry, p. 10.
  139. Holloway, p. 98.
  140. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 128–29.
  141. Organization of the Indiana and Illinois Central Railway Company, Indianapolis: The Company, 1853, OCLC 35908306, OL 23323807M
  142. Holloway, p. 224.
  143. Esarey, p. 233.
  144. Brown, p. 53.
  145. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 153 and 263.
  146. Miller, p. 268.
  147. Sulgrove, p. 20, 142, 303, and 423.
  148. Laura Sheerin Gaus (1985). Shortridge High School, 1864–1981, in Retrospect. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. p. 9. ISBN 9780871950031.
  149. Sulgrove, p. 271.
  150. George W. Geib (1981). Indianapolis: Hoosiers' Circle City. American Portrait Series. Tulsa, Okla.: Continental Heritage Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 9780932986191.
  151. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 622.
  152. Sulgrove, p. 389.
  153. Brown, p. 66.
  154. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 817.
  155. Brown, p. 68.
  156. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 202.
  157. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 130 and 627.
  158. Holloway, p. 225.
  159. Esarey, p. 168.
  160. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 443.
  161. Brown, p. 70.
  162. The Temple Centennial: Indianapolis Hebrew Congregation, 1856–1956. Indianapolis, Ind.: Indianapolis Hebrew Congregation. 1956. p. 2.
  163. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 628–30; Hyman, The Journal Handbook of Indianapolis, p. 118; and Esarey, v. III, p. 161.
  164. Ethel Rosenberg & David Rosenberg (1979). To 120 Year!: A Social History of the Indianapolis Hebrew Congregation, 1856–1976. Indianapolis: Indianapolis Hebrew Congregation. p. 95.
  165. Baer, p. 29.
  166. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 616–17.
  167. Hale, p. 43.
  168. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 604.
  169. Rudolph, p. 189.
  170. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 130.
  171. Holloway, p. 110–11 and 180.
  172. Holloway, p. 166.
  173. Laura Sheerin Gaus (1985). Shortridge High School, 1864–1981, in Retrospect. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. p. 9. ISBN 9780871950031.
  174. Historical Committee, Indiana Centennial Celebration Committee, p. 40.
  175. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 175.
  176. Sulgrove, p. 303–4.
  177. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 209 and 214.
  178. Holloway, p. 182.
  179. Stineman and Porter, p. 35 and 38.
  180. Sulgrove, p. 407; Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 616; and Holloway, p. 240.
  181. Holloway, p. 113.
  182. Holloway, p. 112.
  183. Sulgrove, p. 389, and Holloway, p. 246.
  184. Holloway, p. 262, and Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 393.
  185. Brown, p. 93.
  186. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 220.
  187. Hattie Lou Winslow & Joseph R.H. Moore (1995). Camp Morton 1861–1865: Indianapolis Prison Camp. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. p. 4 and 19. ISBN 0-87195-114-2.
  188. Hale, p. 24.
  189. Sulgrove, p. 134, 424–26.
  190. Indianapolis city directory and business mirror for 1864. Buell & Williams. 1864.
  191. Geib, Indianapolis, p. 214, and Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 1300–1
  192. Hyman, The Journal Handbook of Indianapolis, p. 35.
  193. Stineman and Porter, p. 35.
  194. Geib, Indianapolis, p. 34.
  195. Brown, p. 58.
  196. Sulgrove, p. 150.
  197. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 288.
  198. Holloway, p. 196.
  199. Wissing, p. 17.
  200. Gaus, p. 19 and 59.
  201. Brown, p. 80.
  202. Sulgrove, p. 407.
  203. Brown, p. 98.
  204. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 251, and Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 442.
  205. Lafayette and Indianapolis Railroad (1865), Indianapolis to Chicago, [Indianapolis]: [s.n.], OCLC 16721510, OL 24342544M
  206. Esarey, p. 163.
  207. Holloway, p. 159.
  208. Probst and Reichmann, p. 56.
  209. Miller, p. 284 and 286.
  210. Stineman and Porter, p. 34 and 38.
  211. Sulgrove, p. 138.
  212. Holloway, p. 238.
  213. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 612.
  214. Wissing, p. 33 and 35.
  215. Leary, p. 126.
  216. Davies Project. "American Libraries before 1876". Princeton University. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
  217. Sulgrove, p. 382–83.
  218. Hale, p. 40.
  219. Holloway, p. 222, and Frances D. Elliott; Charles Millard Fillmore; Charles M. Fillmore (1943). A History of the Third Christian Church of Indianapolis, Indiana. Indianapolis: Ladies' Society, Third Christian Church. pp. 9, 13, 34, and 89.
  220. Sulgrove, p. 246.
  221. Hyman, The Journal Handbook of Indianapolis, p. 240.
  222. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 1482.
  223. Holloway, p. 130–31.
  224. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 595.
  225. Holloway, p. 252.
  226. Probst and Reichmann, p. 73.
  227. Berry, p. 11–12 and 14.
  228. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 789–90, and Esarey, v. III, p. 71.
  229. Holloway, p. 251.
  230. Weintraut and Associates Historians, p. 11 and 14.
  231. Paul Diebold (1997). Greater Irvington: Architecture, People and Places on the Indianapolis Eastside. Indianapolis, Ind.: Irvington Historical Society. p. 16.
  232. Geib, Indianapolis, p. 41
  233. Hyman, The Journal Handbook of Indianapolis, p. 141; Esarey, v. III, p. 209; and Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 813.
  234. Catalogue of the Public Library of Indianapolis, Indianapolis: Press of printing and publishing house, 1873, OL 7097303M
  235. Geib, Indianapolis, p. 106.
  236. Berry, p. 20, 25, 27, 46, 48, 70 and 77.
  237. Geib, Indianapolis, p. 40.
  238. Hale, p. 26, 30–31.
  239. Kenneth L. Turchi (2012). L. S. Ayres and Company: The Store at the Crossroads of America. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. p. 8 and 272. ISBN 9780871953001.
  240. Dunn Greater Indianapolis, p. 617.
  241. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 761.
  242. Hyman, The Journal Handbook of Indianapolis, p. 117.
  243. Stineman and Porter, p. 36.
  244. Esarey, v. III, p. 74–75.
  245. Sulgrove, p. 380.
  246. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 606.
  247. James H. Madison (2006). Eli Lilly: A Life, 1885–1977 (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-87195-197-7.
  248. Sulgrove, p. 380, and Bodenhamer and Barrows, p. 585.
  249. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 817–18.
  250. Judith E. Endelman (1984). The Jewish Community of Indianapolis, 1849 to the Present. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 61–62 and 243. ISBN 9780253331502.
  251. Warren, Stanley; Blair, Lyndsey D. (2021) [1994]. "Robert Bruce Bagby". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
  252. Manufacturing and mercantile resources of Indianapolis, Indiana, 1883, OCLC 10931342, OL 24181574M
  253. The Journal Handbook of Indianapolis: An Outline of History, Indianapolis Journal Newspaper Co., 1902, OCLC 14765954, OL 23508292M
  254. Sulgrove, p. 483.
  255. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 1299.
  256. Hyman, The Journal Handbook of Indianapolis, p. 112; Sulgrove, p. 404; and "Central Avenue Methodist Church (Indianapolis, Ind.) Collection, Ca. 1952–1983, Collections Guide" (PDF). Indiana Historical Society. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
  257. Esarey, p. 79.
  258. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 1483, and Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 257.
  259. Hyman, The Journal Handbook of Indianapolis, p. 180.
  260. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 215.
  261. Miller, p. 278.
  262. Weintraut and Associates Historians, Inc. (2000). For the Children's Sake: A History of the Children's Bureau of Indianapolis, Inc. Indianapolis: Children's Bureau of Indianapolis, Inc. p. 15.
  263. Sulgrove, p. 408.
  264. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 618.
  265. Miller, p. 287.
  266. Esarey, p. 211.
  267. Hyman, The Journal Handbook of Indianapolis, p. 135; Milestones 2000, p. 54B; and Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 802.
  268. Sulgrove, p. 409; Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 711; and Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 621.
  269. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 635.
  270. Stineman and Porter, p. 37, and Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 619.
  271. Milestones 2000: A 20th Century Retrospective. Indianapolis, Ind.: Indianapolis Business Journal. 1999. p. 32B.
  272. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 212 and 266.
  273. Art Association of Indianapolis: A Record, 1883–1906. Indianapolis: Art Association of Indianapolis, Indiana. 1906. p. 5–6.
  274. Weintraut and Associates Historians, p. 16.
  275. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 326.
  276. Probst and Reichmann, p. 100–1.
  277. Leary, p. 138.
  278. Endelman, p. 51 and 63.
  279. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 1484.
  280. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 619, and Hale, p. 103.
  281. "American and Western Photographic Societies", International Annual of Anthony's Photographic Bulletin, New York: E. & H. T. Anthony & Company, 1890
  282. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 818.
  283. Bodenhamer and Barrow, eds., p. 1252, and Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 631.
  284. Hyman, The Journal Handbook of Indianapolis, p. 46 and 182.
  285. Geib, Indianapolis, p. 70.
  286. The Indiana State Capitol Building: A Centennial Restoration, 1888–1988. Indianapolis: State of Indiana. 1988. p. 5 and 8.
  287. James Philip Fadely (Winter 2006). "The Veteran and the Memorial: George J. Gangsdale and the Soldiers and Sailors Monument". Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. 18 (1): 33–35.
  288. Miller, p. 286.
  289. Geib, Indianapolis, p. 190.
  290. Indianapolis City Directory for 1894. Polk. 1894.
  291. Art Association of Indianapolis, p. 36.
  292. Rudolph, p. 408.
  293. Rudolph, p. 518, and Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 422.
  294. Endelman, p. 63.
  295. Bodenhamer and Barrows, p. 1485.
  296. George Geib & Miriam Geib (1994). Indianapolis First. Indianapolis, Ind.: Indianapolis Chamber of Commerce. p. 29. ISBN 0-9627335-0-4.
  297. Hale, p. 54.
  298. Hyman, The Journal Handbook of Indianapolis, p. 140.
  299. Geib, Indianapolis, p. 60.
  300. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 478.
  301. Hale, p. 89.
  302. Stineman and Porter, p. 37.
  303. Hyman, The Journal Handbook of Indianapolis, p. 46.
  304. Hale, p. 109–10.
  305. Milestones 2000, p. 32B, and Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 701.
  306. Leary, p. 140.
  307. Geib, Indianapolis, p. 75.
  308. Milestones 2000, p. 23B.
  309. Miller, p. 283.
  310. Geib, Indianapolis, p. 185.
  311. Milestones 2002, p. 32B.
  312. Hyman, The Journal Handbook of Indianapolis, p. 118.
  313. Milestones 2000, p. 13B.
  314. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 577.
  315. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 320 and 1047.
  316. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Indianapolis" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 427–428.
  317. Geib, Indianapolis, p. 79.
  318. Thornburg, David (2001). A Century of Service: The First One Hundred Years of Church of the Brethren in Indianapolis, 1901–2001. Indianapolis. p. 1–4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  319. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 1486.
  320. Milestones 2000, p. 23B, and Geib, Indianapolis, p. 114.
  321. Art Association of Indianapolis, p. 19–21.
  322. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 660–70.
  323. Miller, p. 285.
  324. Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 153.
  325. Rudolph, p. 351, and Endelman, p. 64.
  326. Rudolph, p. 518.
  327. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 966.
  328. Geib, Indianapolis, p. 79, and Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 812.
  329. Milestones 2000, p. 31B, and Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 592.
  330. Geib, Indianapolis, p. 106; Leary, p. 180; and Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 562.
  331. Geib, Indianapolis, p. 198 and 202, and Milestones 2000, p. 37B.
  332. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 847.
  333. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 157 and 414.
  334. Rudolph, p. 627.
  335. Milestones 2000, p. 42B, and Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 1134.
  336. Geib, Indianapolis, p. 80, and Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 314.
  337. Rudolph, p. 606–7.
  338. Milestones 2000, p. 10B.
  339. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 1487.
  340. Milestones 2000, p. 31B and 53B.
  341. "Statement of Receipts and Expenditures". Industrial Union Bulletin. Vol. 1, no. 26. August 24, 1907. p. 3.
  342. Leary, p. 182.
  343. Hale, p. 68–69.
  344. Milestones 2000, p. 40B.
  345. Rudolph, p. 603, and James J. Divita (1984). The Italians of Indianapolis: The Story of Holy Rosary Catholic Parish, 1909–1984. Indianapolis: Holy Rosary Parish. p. 15–16.
  346. Rudolph, p. 441–42; Milestones 2000, p. 53B; and Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 1086.
  347. Endelman, p. 66 and 243.
  348. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 1488.
  349. Eloise Batic & Angela Giacomelli (Spring 2013). "Wulf's Hall: Great Hope in the Midst of the Great Flood". Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. 25 (2): 4–11.
  350. Jacob Piatt Dunn (1919). Indiana and Indianans. Vol. III. Chicago & New York: American Historical Society. p. 1230.
  351. Leary, p. 181, and Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 989.
  352. Geib, Indianapolis, p. 128, and Milestones 2000, p. 42B and 44B.
  353. Endelman, p. 68–69.
  354. Nina Mjagkij (1994). Light in the Darkness: African Americans and the YMCA, 1852-1946. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2801-3.
  355. Geib, Indianapolis, p. 202.
  356. "Flag for the City of Indianapolis Adopted at Meeting of Council". The Indianapolis Star. John Shaffer. June 22, 1915. p. 6. Retrieved December 23, 2021.
  357. Esarey, v. III, p. 146.
  358. Endelman, p. 141–42.
  359. Geib, Indianapolis, p. 100.
  360. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 701.
  361. Esarey, V. III, p. 71, and Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., pp. 789–91.
  362. Rudolph, p. 431.
  363. Rudolph, p. 368, and Prisilla Pope-Levison (2004). Turn the Pulpit Loose: Two Centuries of American Women Evangelists. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 105.
  364. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 390, and Bill Shover & James Obergfell (1993). Cathedral, Seventy-five Years: "She's Still Dear Old Cathedral". Indianapolis: Guild Craft of Indiana. p. 1–2, 42, 230.
  365. Esarey, v. III, p. 176, and Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 1462.
  366. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 390., and Saint Rita Church, Indianapolis, Indiana: Golden Jubilee, 1919–1969. South Hackensack, New Jersey: Custombook. 1969. p. 12 and 21.
  367. Rudolph, p. 441, and Morris E. Golder (1973). History of the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World. Indianapolis: Pentecostal Assemblies of the World. p. 54.
  368. The Chattanooga News (July 14, 1919). "Shot During Riot: White Boys and Negroes Clash at Park In Indianapolis". The Chattanooga News. Chattanooga & Hamilton, Tennessee: News Pub. Co. pp. 1–12. ISSN 2471-1977. OCLC 12703770. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  369. Milestones 2000, p. 55B, and Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 513.
  370. Milestones 2000, p. 52B.
  371. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 819.
  372. Leary, p. 197.
  373. Milestones 2000, p. 53B.
  374. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 379.
  375. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 1489.
  376. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 998.
  377. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 762–63.
  378. Rudolph, p. 487, and Martha Peterson Tayson (1998). "Glory is A-Comin' Soon": A History of Mormonism in Indiana. Kokomo, Indiana: Old Richardville Publications. p. 77.
  379. Endelman, p. 143, and "Congregation Beth El Zedeck Records, 1899–2002" (PDF). Indiana Historical Society. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
  380. Rudolph, p. 351; Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 845 and 847; and "Jewish Federation of Greater Indianapolisl Records Addition, 1920–2005" (PDF). Indiana Historical Society. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
  381. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 373.
  382. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 997.
  383. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 1490.
  384. Rudolph, p. 537.
  385. Milestones 2000, p. 53B, and Bodenhamer and Barrows, p. 682.
  386. Geib, Indianapolis, p. 126.
  387. "City Council Will Have First Woman Member". The Indianapolis News. November 17, 1934. p. 17. Retrieved April 3, 2022.
  388. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 671–72.
  389. Geib, Indianapolis, p. 136, and Milestones 2000, p. 24B.
  390. Geib, Indianapolis, p. 128.
  391. Geib, Indianapolis, p. 136.
  392. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 820.
  393. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 636.
  394. A History of First Southern Baptist Church, Indianapolis, Indiana: On the Occasion of the 25th Anniversary. Indianapolis: First Southern Baptist Church. 1978.
  395. "Indiana F2". Tornado History Projects. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
  396. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 234 and 238.
  397. Paul S. Boyer, ed. (2001). Oxford Companion to United States History. Oxford University Press. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-19-508209-8.
  398. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 1492.
  399. Purcell, John M.; Croft, James A.; Monahan, Rich (2003). American City Flags: 150 Flags from Akron to Yonkers (PDF). North American Vexillological Association. pp. 175–177. ISBN 978-0-9747728-0-6. OCLC 1011001515. Retrieved December 23, 2021.
  400. Drabek, Thomas E. (1968). Disaster in Aisle 13: A Case Study of the Coliseum Explosion at the Indiana State Fairgrounds, October 31, 1963. Disaster Research Center Series. Columbus, Ohio: College of Administrative Science, The Ohio State University.
  401. West, Vickie J. (2021) [1994]. "Sylvia Likens Murder Case". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
  402. Vanderstel, David G. (2021) [1994]. "Indianapolis Early Music". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
  403. Ogden, R. Dale; Lopez, Danny (2021) [1994]. "Indiana Pacers". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
  404. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 1493.
  405. Mandusic McDonnell, Katherine; Fischer, Jessica Erin (2021) [1994]. "Indiana Medical History Museum". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
  406. Geib, Indianapolis, p. 142.
  407. Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990, US Census Bureau, 1998
  408. "What's the perfect size for a city?", The Guardian, April 2015
  409. Linda Weintraut & Jane R. Nolan (1994). Pioneers in Banking: A History of the Indiana National Bank. Indianapolis: NBD Bank, NA. p. 121 and 124.
  410. Herbers, John (May 27, 1971). "17‐NATION PARLEY FOCUSES ON CITIES". The New York Times. p. 52. Retrieved December 4, 2021.
  411. Darbee, Leigh; Fischer, Jessica Erin (2021) [1994]. "Eagle Creek Park". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
  412. Jensen, Joyce K.; Van Allen, Elizabeth (2021) [1994]. "Indiana Repertory Theatre". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
  413. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 1494.
  414. Cunningham, Joan; Opsahl, John (2021) [1994]. "Market Square Arena". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
  415. Lindquist, David (June 26, 2017). "Elvis Presley provoked cheers, jeers at final concert". The Indianapolis Star. Gannett Company. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
  416. "Indianapolis Sister Cities International". City of Indianapolis and Marion County. Archived from the original on May 6, 2015. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
  417. Knight, Jerold; Blair, Lyndsey D. (2021) [1994]. "White River State Park". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
  418. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 295.
  419. Gray, Ralph D. (2003). IUPUI—the Making of an Urban University. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-253-34242-3.
  420. James R. Hetherington (2002). American United Life Insurance Company: Progress Through Partnership, 1877–2002. Zionville, Indiana: Guild Press Emmis Publishing. pp. 85, 92–93 and 107. ISBN 9781578601165.
  421. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 1495.
  422. "Torch Will Lead Parade". The Indianapolis News. May 10, 1984. p. 25. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
  423. Trounstine, Philip J. (May 9, 1976). "Evans Woollen: Struggles of a 'Good Architect'". Indianapolis Star Magazine. Indianapolis, Indiana: 23. See also: Mary Ellen Gadski, "Woollen, Molzan and Partners" in David J. Bodenhamer and Robert G. Barrows, ed. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 1453–54. ISBN 0-253-31222-1.
  424. "Indiana Plane Crashes". The Indianapolis Star. April 1, 2002. Archived from the original on June 27, 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
  425. Hurst, Richard M.; Hillier-Geisler, Megan (2021) [1994]. "Indianapolis Zoo". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
  426. Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 1496.
  427. Lindquist, David (April 30, 2020). "Nuvo Founder Tells Supporters Publication Will Cease Operations". The Indianapolis Star. Gannett Company. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  428. Johnson, Dirk (April 9, 1990). "Ryan White Dies of AIDS at 18; His Struggle Helped Pierce Myths". The New York Times. Retrieved April 9, 2022.
  429. Kusmer, Ken (April 11, 1990). "1,500 Say Goodbye to AIDS Victim Ryan White". Associated Press. Retrieved April 9, 2022.
  430. Gilyeat, Robert F.; Verderame, Jyoti A. (2021) [1994]. "L. S. Ayres and Company". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
  431. "Electronic Town Hall for the City of Indianapolis & Marion County". Archived from the original on December 26, 1996 – via Internet Archive, Wayback Machine.
  432. "70 carrying Torch for Olympics". The Indianapolis Star. June 4, 1996. p. C7. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
  433. Indianapolis-Scarborough Sister City Committee (1996). "Scarborough, Canada Formal Documents — 2. Friendship Agreement (Memorandum Of Understanding)". digitalindy.org. Indianapolis-Marion County Public Library. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
  434. Wright, Delores J. (2021) [1994]. "Indianapolis/Scarborough Peace Games". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
  435. Andrews, Greg (March 19, 2021). "The inside story: How Indianapolis landed the NCAA headquarters". Indianapolis Business Journal. IBJ Media. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
  436. Spalding, Tom (June 6, 2001). "Memorial to honor sacrifices of fallen officers, firefighters". The Indianapolis Star. p. 17. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
  437. Penner, Diana; Schwartz, Matt (July 9, 2001). "Fans give the arena a hearty send-off". The Indianapolis Star. p. A4. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
  438. Penner, Diana (January 8, 2002). "City grabs ahold of Olympic baton". The Indianapolis Star. p. B1, B5. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
  439. Price, Nelson (2004). Indianapolis Then & Now. San Diego, California: Thunder Bay Press. p. 81. ISBN 1-59223-208-6.
  440. "Nature's Fury - The Central Indiana Tornadoes of 9/20/02 and the Louisville tornado of 10/4/02". weathermansworld.com. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
  441. Ogden, R. Dale; Wilson, Philip; Opsahl, Sam (2021) [1994]. "Indianapolis Colts". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
  442. "Central Library grand opening set for Dec. 9". Indianapolis Business Journal. October 5, 2007. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
  443. Blair, Lyndsey D. (July 2021). "Lucas Oil Stadium". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
  444. "IND Airport". AirportService.com. Retrieved March 26, 2016.
  445. Lindquist, David (June 20, 2010). "Nature & art intertwined: Indy's new art park is a cultural oasis offering a taste of two worlds". The Indianapolis Star. pp. A1 and A17. Retrieved September 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. Also billed as 100 Acres, the park — consisting of woodlands, wetlands and a meadow — opens today as the newest attraction at the IMA.
  446. Rapp, David. "Kurt Vonnegut Museum and Library Tackling Digitization". The Digital Shift. Library Journal. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
  447. Kightlinger, Cathy (February 13, 2011). "Marriott kickoff is a super start". The Indianapolis Star. p. G6. Retrieved September 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. After all, the hotel had just opened two days before on Feb. 4...
  448. Fischer, Jessica Erin (March 2021). "Citizens Energy Group". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
  449. Jack Nicas (April 12, 2012). "Faulty Planning, Stage Cited in Fair Collapse". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  450. Reason, Betsy (September 12, 2011). "Project 9/11 memorial rises along Downtown Canal". The Indianapolis Star. Gannett Company. p. B1. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
  451. Murray, Jon; Nichols, Mark (November 12, 2011). "Building a mayoral victory". The Indianapolis Star. Gannett Company. p. B1. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
  452. Sikich, Chris (November 12, 2011). "Council's goals might be limited". The Indianapolis Star. Gannett Company. p. B1. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
  453. Blandford, Rebecca (June 2021). "Richmond Hill Explosion". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
  454. Opsahl, Sam (June 2021). "Indy Eleven". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
  455. Harry, Lou (May 2, 2013). "Defining the Indianapolis Cultural Trail". Indianapolis Business Journal. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
  456. Opsahl, Sam; Smith, Andrew (June 2021). "Indy Fuel". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
  457. Russell, John (December 6, 2013). "Big move marks opening of Eskenazi Hospital". The Indianapolis Star. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
  458. Schoettle, Anthony (June 13, 2014). "Pacers get unexpected marketing bounce from bikeshare program". Indianapolis Business Journal. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
  459. Evans, Tim (November 4, 2015). "Hogsett cruises to victory with impressive win in Indy mayor's race". The Indianapolis Star. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
  460. Cavin, Curt (May 25, 2016). "IMS blackout lifted after Indy 500 sellout". The Indianapolis Star. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
  461. Tuohy, John (June 14, 2016). "5 things to know about that shiny new Transit Center". The Indianapolis Star. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
  462. Levenson, Eric (January 25, 2018). "How the Indy Star and Rachael Denhollander took down Larry Nassar". CNN. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
  463. Mejia Lutz, Elena (June 26, 2017). "Indy partners with Nigerian city for business, cultural exchange". The Indianapolis Star. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
  464. Brouk, Tim (February 7, 2019). "New IU Health shuttle bus system debuts". IUPUI. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
  465. Orr, Susan (November 6, 2019). "Free rides on IndyGo's Red Line extended through end of November". Indianapolis Business Journal. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
  466. "QuickFacts: Indianapolis city (balance), Indiana". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
  467. Bradley, Daniel; Shuey, Mickey (October 14, 2022). "Racing teams investing big in central Indiana". Indianapolis Business Journal. IBJ Media. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
  468. Davidson, Donald (2021) [1994]. "Indianapolis Motor Speedway". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
  469. "First case of coronavirus confirmed in Indiana". WRTV. March 6, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
  470. Sikich, Chris (March 23, 2020). "'Stay home': Holcomb elevates Indiana response by shutting down nonessential businesses". The Indianapolis Star. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
  471. Beard, Stephen (March 18, 2021). "How NCAA March Madness will look contained in Indianapolis". USA Today. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  472. Spells, Alta (April 16, 2021). "8 people killed after shooting at FedEx facility in Indianapolis, police say". CNN. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
  473. "Police: 8 killed in shooting at Indianapolis Fedex facility". Associated Press. April 16, 2021. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
  474. Dauphinais, Sydney (May 17, 2022). "Community Justice Campus officially opens in Twin Aire neighborhood". WFYI. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
  475. "Queretaro, Mexico to become Indy's 10th sister city". WTHR. January 20, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
  476. Fradette, Rachel (April 9, 2023). "NASA to broadcast 2024's total solar eclipse live from Speedway". The Indianapolis Star. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  477. Christopherson, Margaret (June 14, 2023). "IUPUI approved to be dissolved, two separate education entities created". Lafayette Journal & Courier. Retrieved June 19, 2023.

References
  • 125 Significant Years: The Story of Central Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Indianapolis, Indiana, 1833–1958. Indianapolis: Central Christian Church. 1958. p. 14.
  • 125th Anniversary Celebration, 1851–1976: Tabernacle Presbyterian Church, Indianapolis, Indiana. Indianapolis, Ind.: Tabernacle Presbyterian Church. 1976.
  • A History of First Southern Baptist Church, Indianapolis, Indiana: On the Occasion of the 25th Anniversary. Indianapolis: First Southern Baptist Church. 1978.
  • Baer, M. Teresa (2012). Indianapolis: A City of Immigrants (PDF). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. ISBN 978-0-87195-299-8.
  • Berry, S. L. (2011). Stacks: A History of the Indianapolis-Marion County Public Library. Indianapolis: Indianapolis Marion County Public Library Foundation. ISBN 9780615445021.
  • Bodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-31222-1.
  • Brown, Ignatius (1868). Logan's History of Indianapolis from 1818. Indianapolis, Ind.: Logan and Company.
  • Dunn, Jacob Piatt (1910). Greater Indianapolis: The History, the Industries, the Institutions, and the People of a City of Homes. Vol. I. Chicago: The Lewis Publishing Company.
  • Divita, James J. (1984). The Italians of Indianapolis: The Story of Holy Rosary Catholic Parish, 1909–1984. Indianapolis: Holy Rosary Parish. p. 15–16.
  • Dunn, Jacob Piatt (1919). Indiana and Indianans. Vol. III. Chicago and New York: American Historical Society.
  • Elliott, Frances D.; Charles Millard Fillmore; Charles M. Fillmore (1943). A History of the Third Christian Church of Indianapolis, Indiana. Indianapolis: Ladies’ Society, Third Christian Church. pp. 9, 13, 34, and 89.
  • Esarey, Logan; Rabb, Kate Milner; Herschell, William, eds. (1924). History of Indiana From Its Exploration to 1922; Also An Account of Indianapolis and Marion County (2nd ed.). Dayton, Ohio: Dayton Historical Publishing Company.
  • Evans, Daniel F. (1996). At Home in Indiana for One Hundred and Seventy-Five Years, 1821–1996. Indianapolis: Guild Press of Indiana. pp. 27, 38–39, and 63. ISBN 1878208799.
  • Fadely, James Philip (Winter 2006). "The Veteran and the Memorial: George J. Gangsdale and the Soldiers and Sailors Monument". Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. 18 (1): 33–35.
  • Gaus, Laura Sheerin (1985). Shortridge High School, 1864–1981, in Retrospect. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. ISBN 9780871950031.
  • Geib, George W. (1981). Indianapolis: Hoosiers' Circle City. American Portrait Series. Tulsa, Oklahoma: Continental Heritage Press. ISBN 9780932986191.
  • Geib, George & Miriam Geib (1994). Indianapolis First. Indianapolis, Ind.: Indianapolis Chamber of Commerce. ISBN 0-9627335-0-4.
  • Hale, Hester Ann (1987). Indianapolis, The First Century. Indianapolis, Ind.: Marion County Historical Society.
  • Historical Sketches of Eight-Eight Churches. Indianapolis, Ind.: The History Committee, Whitewater Valley Presbytery. 1976.
  • The History of Nine Urban Churches. Indianapolis: The Riley-Lockerbie Ministerial Association of Downtown Indianapolis.
  • Hoffman, Harold R. (1966). A Light in the Forest: A History of the First Baptist Church of Indianapolis, Indiana, 1822–2003. Carmel, Ind.: UN Communications.
  • Holloway, W. R. (1870). Indianapolis: A Historical and Statistical Sketch of the Railroad City, A Chronicle of its Social, Municipal, Commercial and Manufacturing Progress with Full Statistical Tables. Indianapolis: Indianapolis Journal.
  • Howard, A.C. (1857). A. C. Howard's Directory for the City of Indianapolis: Containing a Correct List of Citizens' Names, Their Residence and Place of Business, with a Historical Sketch of Indianapolis from its Earliest History to the Present Day. Indianapolis: A. C. Howard and Company.
  • Hyman, Max R., ed. (1902). The Journal Handbook of Indianapolis: An Outline History. Indianapolis, Ind.: The Indianapolis Journal Newspaper Company.
  • Indiana Centennial Celebration Committee; Historical Committee (1920). Centennial History of Indianapolis: An Outline History. Indianapolis: Max R. Hyman.
  • Indianapolis, A Walk Through Time: A Self-Guided Tour of Historic Sites in the Mile Square Area. Indianapolis: Marion County-Indianapolis Historical Society. 1996.
  • Milestones 2000: A 20th Century Retrospective. Indianapolis: Indianapolis Business Journal. 1999.
  • Miller, John W. (1982). Indiana Newspaper Bibliography: Historical Accounts of All Indiana Newspapers Published from 1804 to 1980 and Locational Information for All Available Copies, Both Original and Microfilm. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society.
  • Probst, George T. & Eberhard Reichmann (1989). The Germans in Indianapolis 1840–1918. Indianapolis: German-American Center and Indiana German Heritage Society.
  • Rosenberg, Ethel & David Rosenberg (1979). To 120 Year!: A Social History of the Indianapolis Hebrew Congregation, 1856–1976. Indianapolis: Indianapolis Hebrew Congregation.
  • Rudolph, L. C. (1995). Hoosier Faiths: A History of Indiana's Churches and Religious Groups. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32882-9.
  • Stineman, William F. & Jack W. Porter (1986). Saint John the Evangelist Church : A Photographic Essay of the Oldest Catholic Church in Indianapolis and Marion County. Indianapolis: St. John the Evangelist Church. ISBN 0961613408.
  • Sulgrove, Berry R. (1884). History of Indianapolis and Marion County Indiana. Philadelphia: L. H. Everts and Company.
  • Thornburg, David (2001). A Century of Service: The First One Hundred Years of Church of the Brethren in Indianapolis, 1901–2001. Indianapolis. p. 1–4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • David G. Vanderstel; Robert Cole; Michelle Hale (1998). Faith and Community: A Historic Walking Tour. Indianapolis: The Polis Center at Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis.
  • Waggoner, Alvah C. (1947). One Hundred Twenty-Five Years: Issued on the Occasion of the Celebration of the One Hundred Twenty Fifth Anniversary of the Organization of the First Baptist Church of Indianapolis. Indianapolis, Ind.: First Baptist Church. pp. 8–10.
  • Weintraut and Associates Historians, Inc. (2000). For the Children's Sake: A History of the Children's Bureau of Indianapolis, Inc. Indianapolis: Children's Bureau of Indianapolis.
  • White, Joseph M. (1997). An Urban Pilgrimage: A Centennial History of the Catholic Community of Holy Cross, Indianapolis, 1896–1996. Indianapolis: Joseph M. White.
  • Wissing, Douglas A. (2013). Crown Hill: History, Spirit, and Sanctuary. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. ISBN 9780871953018.

Further reading
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indianapolis, Indiana.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.