Timeline of early independent Vietnam

This is a timeline of Early Independent Vietnam, covering the period of Vietnamese history from the rise of the Tĩnh Hải circuit ruled by the Khúc clan (r. 905–923/930) to the kingdom of Đại Cồ Việt ruled by the Early Lê dynasty (980–1009).

Ngô dynasty ruling Tĩnh Hải circuit in 938
See also: Timeline of Vietnam under Chinese rule and Timeline of the Lý dynasty

10th century
YearDateEvent
906Khúc Thừa Dụ of the Khúc clan takes control of Annan as jiedushi governor of Tĩnh Hải circuit and establishes tributary relations with Later Liang[1]
907Khúc Thừa Dụ's son, Khúc Hạo succeed the title jiedushi and is recognized by Zhu Quanzhong[2]
908Khúc Hạo dies and is succeeded by his son, Khúc Thừa Mỹ[3]
911Khúc Hạo's son, Khúc Thừa Mỹ brings to Later Liang dynasty's court 500 Vietnamese bananas, seafoods, jades, gold and silver objects as tributes[4]
930Southern Han invades Annam and removes the Khúc clan from power; Khúc Thừa Mỹ lives out the rest of his days at the Southern Han court[5]
931Dương Đình Nghệ expels Southern Han from Đại La and declares himself governor[5]
937Dương Đình Nghệ is murdered by his subject, Kiều Công Tiễn, and Kiều Công Tiễn calls Southern Han for military assistance[6]
938DecemberBattle of Bạch Đằng: Southern Han's fleet led by Liu Hongcao to subdue Annam is defeated on Bạch Đằng River by Vietnamese general Ngô Quyền[6]
9391 FebruaryNgô Quyền establishes his monarchy at Cổ Loa Citadel, known in Vietnamese history texts as the Ngô dynasty[6]
94414 FebruaryNgô Quyền dies; his son Ngô Xương Ngập is ousted by Dương Tam Kha, who seizes the throne for himself[7]
950Dương Tam Kha is deposed by Ngô Xương Văn, who shares power with his brother Ngô Xương Ngập in a two-headed monarchy[7]
954Ngô Xương Ngập dies, after which Ngô Xương Văn declares himself a vassal of Southern Han[7]
965Ngô Xương Văn dies in battle against the rebellion of Đường Nguyễn; his son Ngô Xương Xí succeeds him but fails to retain control over the realm, resulting in the Anarchy of the 12 Warlords[7]
968Duke Đinh Bộ Lĩnh reunites the country under the Đinh dynasty and ends the Anarchy of the 12 Warlords[7]
972Đại Cồ Việt's independence is recognized by Song dynasty, establishing the nominate tributary relation[8]
979OctoberĐinh Bộ Lĩnh is assassinated by a eunuch and his infant son Đinh Phế Đế succeeds him; Dương Vân Nga becomes regent, however under the pressure of an impending Song dynasty invasion, she threw her support behind the commander-in-chief Lê Hoàn[7]
981Battle of Bạch Đằng (981): Song dynasty invades Đại Cồ Việt with initial success but is ambushed and the campaign ends with Lê Hoàn accepting Song suzerainty[9]
982Champa detains envoys from Đại Cồ Việt, resulting in an invasion by Lê Hoàn, and the death of the Cham king Paramesvaravarman I and the plundering of its capital, Vijaya[10]
986A Vietnamese merchant in Indrapura named Lưu Kỳ Tông (Lieou Ki-Tsong) takes the throne of Cham king Indravarman IV[11]
990Song dynasty sends emissary to Hoa Lư[8]
995SummerVietnamese troops and warships attacked Chinese border towns[8]
997Song Emperor gives Lê Hoàn the second title King of Nanping (南平王) in addition with King of Giao Chỉ (交趾郡王)[8]

11th century
YearDateEvent
1005Lê Hoàn dies, causing a succession dispute that saw Lê Trung Tông killed after ruling for only 3 days; Lê Long Đĩnh succeeds him as new ruler of the Vietnamese[12]
1006Lê Long Đĩnh receives hundred of Mahayana Buddhist sutras, Taoist books, Classic literature from Song dynasty and translate into Vietnamese[13]
1007Lê Long Đĩnh sends tributes to Song dynasty, and receives back clothes, sutras, buckle belts[8]
1009Lê Long Đĩnh dies from hemorrhoids; military leader Lý Công Uẩn replaces the Lê dynasty and establishes the Lý dynasty[14]
  • Map of China and Vietnam during 951–960. Annam locates in the south, bordered by light purple line.
    Map of China and Vietnam during 951–960. Annam locates in the south, bordered by light purple line.
  • Coins Thái Bình Hưng Bảo issued by emperor Đinh Tiên Hoàng in 970, the first Vietnamese native cash coins
    Coins Thái Bình Hưng Bảo issued by emperor Đinh Tiên Hoàng in 970, the first Vietnamese native cash coins
  • Nhật Tảo bronze bell cast in 948 by Hạ Từ Liêm blacksmith, contains Buddhist inscriptions and some earliest Vietnamese Nôm script characters
    Nhật Tảo bronze bell cast in 948 by Hạ Từ Liêm blacksmith, contains Buddhist inscriptions and some earliest Vietnamese Nôm script characters
  • Ceramic bowl originated from Abbasid Caliphate, dated 940s in Hanoi
    Ceramic bowl originated from Abbasid Caliphate, dated 940s in Hanoi
  • Mural paintings of one Buddhist saint Arhat in Liên Hoa cave, Hoa Lư, Ninh Bình
    Mural paintings of one Buddhist saint Arhat in Liên Hoa cave, Hoa Lư, Ninh Bình

Citations
  1. Taylor 2013, p. 44.
  2. Juzheng 1995, p. 53.
  3. Taylor 1983, p. 207.
  4. Juzheng 1995, p. 100.
  5. Taylor 2013, p. 45.
  6. Taylor 2013, p. 46.
  7. Taylor 2013, p. 47.
  8. History of Song, vol. 488
  9. Walker 2012, p. 211-212.
  10. Taylor 2013, p. 56.
  11. Champa : Vương triều Indrapura (thế kỳ thứ IX-XI)
  12. Taylor 2013, p. 58.
  13. Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục, Main/vol. 2
  14. Taylor 2013, p. 60.

References
  • Juzheng, Xue (1995), Old History of the Five Dynasties, Zhonghua Book Company, ISBN 7101003214
  • Crespigny, Rafe (2007), A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD), Brill
  • Taylor, Jay (1983), The Birth of the Vietnamese, University of California Press
  • Taylor, K.W. (2013), A History of the Vietnamese, Cambridge University Press
  • Twitchett, Denis (2008), The Cambridge History of China 1, Cambridge University Press
  • Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012), East Asia: A New History, AuthorHouse
  • Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN 978-0810860537
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