Tokin (headwear)

The tokin (頭襟、兜巾、頭巾、ときん) is a small, black, box-shaped hat traditional to Japan, which yamabushi (mountain ascetic hermits) of shugendō wear on their foreheads. The tokin has been worn since the Kamakura period (1185–1333) or the Muromachi period (1336–1573).[1][2]

The appearance of yamabushi. Various items which yamabushi usually wear and bear are shown in this image, such as tokin, suzukake, yuigesa, horagai, kyahan, oi, katabako, irataka nenju and shakujō.

Yamabushi and tengu
Statue of a karasu-tengu as a yamabushi wearing a tokin

The tokin is one of the standard items which yamabushi wear as a uniform. When practising shugendō in the deep mountains, they wear suzukake, yuigesa on the body, irataka nenju on the side, a tokin on the head, kyahan on the calves, hold metal shakujō in hand, wear oi and katabako on their back, and blow a horagai (conch-shell horn). These sacred items may guard them from the malicious spirits, thus they are safe in the deep forests. This style was established in the Kamakura or Muromachi period, and the contemporary yamabushi keep this tradition today.[2]

Tengu, dangerous yet protective spirits of the mountains and forests, are depicted in the style of yamabushi, and are also shown wearing the tokin.[2][3]

Forms and symbolism

The tokin is usually a small, black box-shaped hat, which is made of lacquered and hardened cloth or wood. The top of the tokin looks like a small round tower. It has the pentagonal box shape, and twelve folds surround this pentagon.

Its pentagonal form represents gochi no hōkan, the jeweled crown of the five wisdoms, which is the crown of the buddha Vairocana.[4] Twelve folds represent jūni-innen (Twelve Nidānas); the color black represents the kleshas of human beings.[2]

There are also different forms of tokin. Large-type tokin cover the head entirely.[2][1]

Tokin and zukin

In common and modern Japanese, the word tokin is rendered in kanji like the word zukin (頭巾), another type of Japanese headgear that mainly wraps or folds cloth to cover the head and face;[5] however, despite being written identically, tokin and zukin are quite different.

References
  1. (ja) Kotobank Kokugo-Daijiten (retrieved 09 June 2022)
  2. (ja) Kotobank Sekai-Daihyakkajiten (retrieved 09 June 2022)
  3. (ja) Kotobank Tengu (retrieved 09 June 2022)
  4. (ja) Kotobank, gochi no hōkan (retrieved 9 June 2022)
  5. (ja) digital daijisen (retrieved 09 June 2022)
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