Turpan Khanate

The Turpan Khanate (Chinese: 吐魯番汗國), also known as the Eastern Moghulistan,[1] Kingdom of Uyghurstan[2] or Turfan Khanate,[3] was a Sunni Muslim Turco-Mongol khanate ruled by the descendants of Chagatai Khan. It was founded by Ahmad Alaq in 1487 based in Turpan as the eastern division of Moghulistan, itself an eastern offshoot of the Chagatai Khanate. Most territories of the Turpan Khanate were conquered by the Yarkent Khanate (the western offshoot of Moghulistan) in 1570.

Turpan Khanate
1487–1660?
Yarkent and Turpan khanates in 1517
Yarkent and Turpan khanates in 1517
CapitalTurpan
Common languagesChagatai language
Religion
Sunni Islam
GovernmentMonarchy
Khan 
 1487-1504 (first)
Ahmad Alaq
 1570 (last)
Muhammad Khan ibn Mansur Khan
History 
 Established
1487
 Disestablished
1660?
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Moghulistan
Yarkent Khanate
Today part ofChina

History

In 1487, Ahmad Alaq gained independence from his brother Mahmud,[4] and ruled the northern part of the Tarim Basin from Turpan in the east (present-day Gaochang District of Turfan City in Xinjiang).[5] Under Ahmad Araq and his eldest son Mansur, Turpan became more Islamic.[6]

Ahmad Alaq made peace with the Ming dynasty of China, which had been in conflict over the control of the Kara Del in Hami since the time of his father Yunus Khan, and exchanged envoys.[4] In the early 1500s, Ahmad Alaq was defeated and killed in a battle against Muhammad Shaybani of the Khanate of Bukhara.[4]

Mansur, who succeeded Ahmad Araq to the throne, occupied Turpan and Aksu.[7][8] Mansur defeated his brother Sultan Said Khan who ruled the western Moghulistan and exiled him. Mansur fought again with the Ming dynasty over the Hami-based Kara Del kingdom, and Mansur conquered the kingdom and brought the region under his control in 1513.[9] With the conquest Buddhists from the Hami area migrated to Ming-controlled territory, and Buddhists from areas west of Hami disappeared.[10] Historian Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat characterized Mansur's battle with the Ming dynasty over Hami as a "holy war".[10]

"Mughal embassy", seen by the Dutch visitors in Beijing in 1656. According to Lach & Kley (1993), modern historians (namely, Luciano Petech) think that the emissaries portrayed had come from Turpan, rather than all the way from the Moghul India.[11]

While Mansur was fighting against Ming China, Sultan Said Khan was under the protection of his cousin, Babur of the Timurid dynasty, in Kabul.[5] In response to Babur's capture of Samarkand, the Mir of Duglat captured the Ferghana Valley and presented it to Sultan Said Khan.[5] Using this as a foothold, Sultan Said Khan returned to Moghulistan and defeated Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat in Dughlat, and in 1514 declared himself Khan.[4][12] There was also a faction in the Duglat division that opposed Abu Bakr, and Mirza Muhammad Haidar and others supported Sultan Said Khan.[8]

At first, the brothers Mansur Khan and Sultan Said Khan were at odds, but eventually they reconciled,[13] and the Khans of Moghulistan existed side by side in the east and west.[12] Sultan Said attempted to advance into the steppe region to the west, but was blocked by the Uzbeks and Kazakhs, and ended up taking possession of the western Tarim Basin, centered on Kashgar and Yarkand. As a result, the government of Sultan Said Khan and his descendants came to be known as the Yarkent Khanate.[14]

The presumed Turpan "Mughal embassy" (group "3") at the Chinese court in 1656, together with the embassy from Holand ("Batavorum", group "2").

From the 16th century onwards, the leaders of the Khojas came to have a strong influence, replacing the Dughlat faction, which had traditionally had a strong influence in Moghulistan.[4][15]

The Turpan Khanate declined rapidly after Mansur's death under the reign of Shah Khan, and in 1570, the Turpan Khanate was invaded by an army led by Abduraim Sultan (brother of Abdul Karim Khan),[16] the governor of Khotan in the Yarkand Khanate. The monarch, Muhammad Khan ibn Mansur Khan was captured and taken prisoner, and the Turpan Khanate faded from historical texts. Quraish, who had rebelled, was subdued by the army sent by Abdul Karim Khan, and Turpan came under the control of the Yarkand Khanate.[8][16] The last thing heard of the Turpan Khanate were embassies sent from Turpan to Beijing in 1647 and 1657. The Qing dynasty of China regarded them as embassies from a genuine Chagatayid.[17]

List of rulers

# Name Reign
1 Ahmad Alaq 1487-1504
2 Mansur Khan 1503–1543
3 Barberchak 1543
4 Shah Khan 1545–1570
5 Muhammad Khan ibn Mansur Khan 1570

See also

References

  1. Carrington, Luther (1976). Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644, Volume 2. Columbia University Press. p. 1037. ISBN 9780231038331.
  2. Jeong, Su-il (2016). The Silk Road Encyclopedia. Seoul Selection. p. 908. ISBN 9781624120763.
  3. Carrington, Luther (1976). Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644, Volume 2. Columbia University Press. p. 1028. ISBN 9780231038331.
  4. 丸山 2009, p. 158
  5. 丸山 2014, p. 51
  6. 中見, 濱田 & 小松 2000, p. 299
  7. 佐口 1962, pp. 54–55
  8. 江上 1987, p. 425
  9. Jonathan D. Spence; John E. Wills, Jr.; Jerry B. Dennerline (1979). From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century China. Yale University Press. p. 177. ISBN 0-300-02672-2.
  10. 濱田 1998, p. 101
  11. Lach, Donald F. (Donald Frederick) (1965). Asia in the making of Europe. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-226-46733-7. Nieuhof's report of a Mughul embassy to Peking was taken at face value by C. B. K. Roa Sahib, "Shah Jehan's Embassy to China, 1656 a.d.," Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society, Silver Jubilee Number XXV (1934-35), 117-21. By examination of the Chinese sources, Luciano Petech concluded that Nieuhof was mistaken in this identification. He argues, quite convincingly, that these were probably emissaries from Turfan in central Asia. See Petech, "La pretesa ambascita di Shah Jahan alia Cina," Rivista degli studi orientali, XXVI (1951), 124-27.
  12. 中見, 濱田 & 小松 2000, p. 300
  13. 丸山 2014, p. 52
  14. 中見, 濱田 & 小松 2000, p. 301
  15. 川口 2005, pp. 334–335
  16. 丸山 2014, p. 53
  17. Grousset 1970, p. 499.

Bibliography

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