Viewliner

The first production Viewliners were built in 1995–1996 by Amerail (now Alstom)/Morrison-Knudsen. Amtrak's original intention in the 1980s was to order 500–600 new cars, of which 100 would be sleepers and the rest coaches, diners, and lounges. This would have enabled Amtrak to replace its remaining Heritage Fleet equipment and run trains with solid Viewliner consists.[1] Ultimately, Amtrak awarded a contract for 50 sleeping cars with an option for 227 cars of various types to Morrison-Knudsen, who were also building the new California Cars based on the Superliner design.[7][8] Morrison-Knudsen unveiled the first Viewliner shell at its Chicago plant on October 26, 1994.[9] The first entered service on the Lake Shore Limited in November 1995.[10] All Viewliner I cars were alphabetically named in the "View" series to signify their uniqueness as a new car type, starting with American View and finishing with Winter View. Prototype sleeper 2301 was renumbered to 62091 and given the name Eastern View at this time as well.

After Morrison-Knudsen was placed in bankruptcy, the outstanding orders were completed by Amerail with final delivery in 1996 alongside the California Car fleet. After the first 50 cars were delivered, none of the remaining 177 options were exercised. The 50 Viewliners arrived just in time to retire most of Amtrak's remaining Heritage sleeping cars, which were coming under increasing environmental pressure due to their use of non-retention toilets. Since 1995, Viewliner sleepers have operated on East Coast single-level trains in concert with Amfleet coaches and Heritage diners (and eventually Viewliner diners).[11]

When Amtrak decided on the names for the new Viewliner II sleeping cars, they also announced new names for the Viewliner I sleepers. The View series was to be replaced by the new River series, named alphabetically after major rivers east of the Mississippi. Starting with Altamaha River and finishing with Pearl River, they were to match the incoming cars.[12] Amtrak had removed the "View" series names from the Viewliner I cars in the mid 2000's, however, only two would be renamed into the "River" series; 62014 was renamed Croton River from Imperial View and 62043 was renamed New River from Sunset View.[13] New River is also the only Viewliner I sleeper painted in Amtrak's Phase IIIB paint scheme.

Pair of Viewliner IIs brings up the rear of a Silver Service train at Wilmington, DE, March 19, 2021.

On July 23, 2010, Amtrak ordered 130 Viewliner II cars – 55 baggage cars, 25 dining cars, 25 sleepers, and 25 baggage-dormitories – with an option for up to 70 additional cars.[5] The five-year order, worth $298.1 million, was placed with CAF USA in Elmira, New York, a fully owned subsidiary of Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles.[14] According to former Amtrak president Joseph Boardman, CAF was selected over Alstom, the only other bidder, due to CAF's lower bid and it being able to construct the entire car at its factory, rather than relying on subcontractors.[15] In August 2014, the order was modified by swapping 15 baggage-dormitories for 15 baggage cars, changing their totals to 10 and 70, respectively.[16]

The interior of a Viewliner I sleeping car bedroom with the lower bed down

The first car from the order was originally scheduled to roll off the assembly line in October 2012, but was delayed by more than a year, with field testing beginning in June 2014.[17][18] CAF had multiple issues, including failure to detect defects in the baggage cars, and quality issues with initial construction of the diner and sleeping cars.[16] Amtrak also experienced project management challenges in addressing these faults.[16] While all 130 cars were originally expected to be delivered by the end of 2015,[19] by December 2016 only the baggage cars and one diner were in service.[20] The final cars were delivered in August 2021.[21]

Viewliner II cars feature an updated version of Amtrak's older Phase III paint scheme, known as Phase IIIB.[22] The baggage cars are numbered 61000–61069 and the baggage-dormitories are numbered 69000–69009.[23] The dining cars, numbered 68000–68024, are named alphabetically after the first 25 state capitals east of the Mississippi River starting with Albany and finishing with Tallahassee. Prototype Viewliner I diner 8400 was rebuilt and named Indianapolis.[12] The sleeping cars (62500–62524) are alphabetically named after major rivers east of the Mississippi, starting with Portage River and finishing with Westfield River. This continues from the planned renaming of the Viewliner I sleepers.[12] Unlike the roomettes on Viewliner I sleepers, the Viewliner II roomettes do not have in-room toilets; instead, there are two shared restrooms. Because of this, the Viewliner II sleepers have one fewer roomette than the Viewliner I sleepers – 11 versus 12.[24]

Both prototype sleepers would be rebuilt into company inspection cars in the 2010's. In March 2014,[23] number 2301 (which had been renumbered to 62091 and renamed Eastern View)[25] was converted into an inspection car and renumbered 10004 as well as given the name American View.[26] This inspection car has rear-facing seats and a large glass window at the end that allows passengers to observe the tracks.[27] American View is used by maintenance crews to visually inspect the tracks for defects and by the Amtrak president and other executives for official purposes. Number 2300 was rebuilt into a track-geometry car in October 2020.[28]

In 2022, Amtrak announced that they would be replacing all of their current Superliner, Amfleet II, and Viewliner I passenger cars used for long-distance service by 2032.[29] Amtrak issued a request for information from ten manufacturers in December 2022. Request for proposals are planned for 2023.[30]