American Independent Party

Wallace's 1969 AIP party card, showing annual dues of $3.00 for the organization

In 1967, the AIP was founded by Bill Shearer and his wife, Eileen Knowland Shearer. It nominated George C. Wallace (Democrat) as its presidential candidate and retired U.S. Air Force General Curtis E. LeMay as the vice-presidential candidate. Wallace ran on every state ballot in the election, though he did not represent the American Independent Party in all fifty states: in Connecticut, for instance, he was listed on the ballot as the nominee of the "George Wallace Party." The Wallace/LeMay ticket received 13.5 percent of the popular vote and 46 electoral votes from the states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia, and Alabama. No third-party candidate has won more than one electoral vote since the 1968 election.[8][9]

In 1969, representatives from forty states established the American Party as the successor to the American Independent Party. In some places, such as Connecticut, the American Party was constituted as the American Conservative Party. (The modern American Conservative Party, founded in 2008, is unrelated to the Wallace-era party.) In March 1969, the party ran a candidate in a special election in Tennessee's 8th congressional district in northwestern Tennessee, where Wallace had done well the previous November, to replace Congressman Robert "Fats" Everett, who had died in office. Their candidate, William J. Davis, out-polled Republican Leonard Dunavant, with 16,375 votes to Dunavant's 15,773; but the race was carried by moderate Democrat Ed Jones, with 33,028 votes (47% of the vote).

The party flag, adopted on August 30, 1970, depicts an eagle holding a group of arrows in its left talons, over a compass rose, with a banner which reads "The American Independent Party" at the eagle's base.

The American Party had gained ballot access in Tennessee in 1970 as the result of George Wallace's strong (second-place) showing in the state in 1968, easily crossing the 5 percent threshold required, and held a primary election which nominated a slate of candidates including businessman Douglas Heinsohn for governor. However, neither Heinsohn nor any other candidate running on the American Party line achieved the 5 percent threshold in the 1970 Tennessee election, and it likewise failed to do so in 1972, meaning that the party lost its newfound ballot access, which as of 2021 it has never regained.[10]

In 1972, the American Party nominated Republican Congressman John G. Schmitz of California for president and Tennessee author Thomas Jefferson Anderson, both members of the John Birch Society, for vice president, winning the party over 1.1 million votes, the highest vote share the party has ever achieved since Wallace's run.[11] In that election, Hall Lyons, a petroleum industry executive from Lafayette, Louisiana, and a former Republican, ran as the AP U.S. Senate nominee but finished last in a four-way race dominated by the Democratic nominee, J. Bennett Johnston, Jr.

In 1976, the American Independent Party split into the more moderate American Party, which included more northern conservatives and Schmitz supporters, and the American Independent Party, which focused on the Deep South. Both parties have nominated candidates for the presidency and other offices. Neither the American Party nor the American Independent Party has had national success, and the American Party has not achieved ballot status in any state since 1996.

In the early 1980s, Bill Shearer led the American Independent Party into the Populist Party. From 1992 to 2008, the American Independent Party was the California affiliate of the national Constitution Party, formerly the U.S. Taxpayers Party, whose founders included the late Howard Phillips.

A split in the American Independent Party occurred during the 2008 presidential campaign, one faction recognizing Jim King as chairman of the AIP with the other recognizing Ed Noonan as chairman. Noonan's faction claims the old AIP main website while the King organization claims the AIP's blog. King's group met in Los Angeles on June 28–29, elected King to state chair.[12] Ed Noonan's faction, which included 8 of the 17 AIP officers, held a convention in Sacramento on July 5, 2008. Issues in the split were U.S. foreign policy and the influence of Constitution Party founder Howard Phillips on the state party.[13]

The King group elected to stay in the Constitution Party and supported its presidential candidate, Chuck Baldwin. It was not listed as the "Qualified Political Party" by the California Secretary of State and Baldwin's name was not printed on the state's ballots.[14] King's group sued for ballot access[15] and their case was dismissed without prejudice.[16]

The Noonan group voted to pull out of the Constitution Party and join a new party called America's Party, put together by perennial candidate and former United Nations Ambassador Alan Keyes as a vehicle for his own presidential campaign.[13] Since Noonan was on record with the California Secretary of State as (outgoing) party chairman, Keyes was added to the state ballots as the AIP candidate.[17] This group elected Markham Robinson as its new chair at the convention.

Year	Presidential nominee[18]	Home state	Previous positions	Vice presidential nominee	Home state	Previous positions	Votes	Ref.
1968	George Wallace (campaign)	Alabama	Governor of Alabama (1963–1967)	Curtis LeMay	California	Chief of Staff of the Air Force (1961–1965) Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force (1957–1961) Commander-in-Chief of the Strategic Air Command (1948–1957)	9,906,473 (13.5%) 46 EV	[19]
1972	John G. Schmitz	California	Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California's 35th district (1970–1973)	Thomas J. Anderson	Tennessee	Magazine publisher	1,099,482 (1.4%) 0 EV
1976	Lester Maddox	Georgia	Governor of Georgia (1967–1971) Lieutenant Governor of Georgia (1971–1975)	William Dyke	Wisconsin	Mayor of Madison (1969–1973) Candidate for Governor of Wisconsin (1974)	170,531 (0.2%) 0 EV
1980	John Rarick	Louisiana	Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Louisiana's 6th district (1967–1975)	Eileen Shearer	California	Co-founder of the American Independent Party	41,268 (<0.1%) 0 EV
1984	Bob Richards (Populist)	Texas	Retired Olympic athlete (1948; 1952; 1956)	Maureen K. Salaman	California	Writer, nutritionist	66,336 (0.1%) 0 EV
1988	James C. Griffin	Texas	Nominee for United States Senator from California (1980) Nominee for Governor of California (1982) Nominee for Lieutenant Governor of California (1986)	Charles Morsa			27,818 (<0.1%) 0 EV
1992	Howard Phillips (U.S. Taxpayers')	Virginia	Chairman of The Conservative Caucus Candidate for United States Senator from Massachusetts (1978)	Albion W. Knight	Florida	Presiding Bishop of the United Episcopal Church of North America (1989–1992)	43,369 (<0.1%) 0 EV
1996	Howard Phillips (U.S. Taxpayers')	Virginia	Chairman of The Conservative Caucus Candidate for United States Senator from Massachusetts (1978) Nominee for President of the United States (1992)	Herbert Titus	Oregon	Lawyer, writer	184,656 (0.2%) 0 EV
2000	Howard Phillips (Constitution)	Virginia	Chairman of The Conservative Caucus Candidate for United States Senator from Massachusetts (1978) Nominee for President of the United States (1992; 1996)	Curtis Frazier	Missouri	Candidate for United States Senator from Missouri (1998)	98,020 (0.1%) 0 EV	[20]
2004	Michael Peroutka (Constitution)	Maryland	Lawyer Founder of the Institute on the Constitution	Chuck Baldwin	Florida	Pastor, radio host	143,630 (0.1%) 0 EV
2008	Alan Keyes (America's Independent)	New York	Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs (1985–1987) Candidate for United States Senator from Maryland (1988; 1992) Candidate for President of the United States (1996; 2000) Candidate for United States Senator from Illinois (2004)	Wiley Drake	California	Minister, radio host	47,694 (<0.1%) 0 EV
2012	Tom Hoefling (America's)	Iowa	Activist	Robert Ornelas	California	Activist	40,641 (<0.1%) 0 EV
2016	Donald Trump (Republican)	New York	Businessman Chairman of The Trump Organization (1971–2017)	Mike Pence	Indiana	Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Indiana (2001–2013) Governor of Indiana (2013–2017)	62,984,825 (46.1%) 304 EV	[21]
2020	Rocky De La Fuente (Alliance; Reform)	California	Businessman and perennial candidate	Kanye West (Independent; Birthday)	Wyoming	Rapper, producer and fashion designer; 2020 presidential candidate	60,160 (0.34%) 0 EV	[22]

Since the fracture of the American Independent Party between the King and Noonan factions, control of the State Party, and thus the ballot line, has been in the hands of the Noonan faction. Attempts to nominate Chuck Baldwin (the 2008 Constitution nominee) or Virgil Goode (the 2012 Constitution nominee) were unsuccessful, as were their independent efforts to make it onto the California presidential ballot.