XXII Corps (Union Army)

XXII Corps was a corps in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was created on February 2, 1863, to consist of all troops garrisoned in Washington, D.C.,[2] and included three infantry divisions and one of cavalry (under Judson Kilpatrick, which left to join the Army of the Potomac during the Gettysburg Campaign). Many of its units were transferred to the Army of the Potomac during Grant's Overland Campaign.[2]

Not to be confused with XXII Corps (United States).
XXII Corps
Badge of the 3rd Division of the XXII Corps [1]
ActiveFebruary 2, 1863 – June 26, 1865
CountryUnited States
AllegianceUnion Army
TypeInfantry and Cavalry
Part ofDepartment of Washington
ColorsWhite background, red badge (1st Division)
Blue background, white badge (2nd Division)
White background, blue badge (3rd Division)
EngagementsEastern Theater:
• Valley Campaigns of 1864
• Battle of Fort Stevens
• Skirmishes with Mosby's Rangers
Commanders
First CommanderMajor General Samuel P. Heintzelman
Second CommanderMajor General Christopher C. Augur
Third CommanderMajor General John G. Parke

This Corps did not include the many regiments that passed through Washington, D.C., on the way to the front or away from it. Nor does it include the many regiments from the Army of the Potomac, Army of Georgia, and Army of the Tennessee that encamped in the area to participate in the Grand Review of the Armies.

History

Civil War Armies at the time took their name from the Department that it was born out of. This is the reason for the naming of the Army of the Potomac, born out of the Department of the Potomac.[3] At the time of the war, the Union named most of its departments, and thus its armies, after naturally occurring landmarks, specifically water courses, i.e. The Army of the Potomac, The Army of the James, The Army of the Gulf, etc. In opposition, the Confederacy named most of their Armies for geographic areas and states.

Department of the East

Comprising all of the United States east of the Mississippi River, about half of which became Confederate territory. Formed on January 1, 1861, there were many Departments formed within its borders, and finally destablished August 17, 1861. Its primary focus was to employ a chain of command to all units until the smaller departments could be formed. Headquartered in Albany, New York, it was commanded by Major General John E. Wool.[4]

Department of Washington, D.C.

Constituted April 9, 1861, to include Washington, D.C., to its original boundaries of Arlington, Virginia, and the state of Maryland as far as Bladensburg. It was formed to center on the defense of the national capital, and to differentiate it from the Department of the East. The department was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Charles F. Smith from April 10 through April 28, 1861, and Colonel (later Brigadier General) Joseph K. Mansfield from April 28, 1861, through the Department's dissolution on July 25, 1861.[5]

Department of the Potomac

The Department of the Potomac, formed July 25, 1861, and destablished August 16, 1861, provide for the defense of the city of Washington, D.C. This Department was entrusted with the duty of protecting the United States' capital, with the construction of fortifications. Before the dissolution of the Department of the Potomac, most of the fortifications in the Washington, D.C., area were constructed, mainly by the regiments that were garrisoned there, most of whom had gone on to form the Army of the Potomac. Commanded by Major General George B. McClellan.[6]

Military District of Washington

A Military District during the Civil War was a formation within a Department for the purpose of reporting directly to the department commander for administrative affairs.

The Military District of Washington was organized June 26, 1862, to include Washington, D.C.; Alexandria, Virginia; and Fort Washington, Maryland.[7] It was a District under the Department of the Potomac. It was incorporated into the Department of the Rappahanock from April 4, 1862, through June 26, 1862, when it again became an independent command. On February 2, 1863, it merged into the Department of Washington. Commanded by Brigadier General James S. Wadsworth.[5]

Department of the Rappahannock

The Department of the Rappahannock was formed April 4, 1862, from the original I Corps of the Army of the Potomac, to control the area east of the Blue Ridge Mountains to the Potomac River, the Fredericksburg and Richmond Rail Road and the District of Columbia expanded to include the area between the Potomac and Patuxent Rivers. It was merged into the Army of Virginia as III Corps on June 26, 1862, with Major General Irwin McDowell as its commander.[8]

Defenses of Washington, D.C.

The Defenses of Washington D.C. was a short lived command, from September 2, 1862, through February 2, 1863. used for the consolidation of all the defenses of the area including and surrounding Washington, D.C. Its main focus was on the maintaining of the fortifications in extending in a ring around Washington, D.C.[5]

Department of Washington

On February 2, 1863, the Department of Washington was re-formed to encompass the area from north of the Potomac from Piscataway Creek to Annapolis Junction (near present-day Fort Meade), west to the Monocacy River, south to the Bull Run Mountains by way of Goose Creek, then east to Occoquan River. The size of it would expand throughout the war to include the entirety of the counties in the surrounding states of Maryland and Virginia.[5]

The Quartermaster Department of the Department of Washington was the largest Quartermaster Department in the Union Army. Duties as varied as building, maintenance of fortifications, supplies, road building, transportation, and ordnance testing as well as many other duties were taken over by the quartermasters of the Washington Department.[9] Washington, D.C., also served as a transship point for supplies and materiel destined to both the Army of the Potomac and Army of the James.

XXII Corps
The blue Pentagon Cross served as the badge of the 3rd Division, XXII Corps [1]

A Corps is a grouping of two to six divisions, providing a level of the chain of command typically commanded by a major general. Corps were first created by an Act of Congress on July 17, 1862, but Major General George B. McClellan had instituted them in the spring of 1862. Before this time, the formations were known as either "Wings" or "Grand Divisions". Most Corps came under the operational command of an Army, but the XXII Corps did not.

XXII Corps was formed as a Corps under the Department of Washington on February 2, 1863. As was tradition, its commanders doubled as commanders of the Department of Washington. During its time, many of the regiments that were fought out arrived to reconstitute and would then be transferred back out, most of them from or to the Army of the Potomac.

Battles

Mosby's Raids

During the time of existence of the 43rd Battalion Virginia Cavalry, better known as Mosby's Rangers, Mosby's Command, or Mosby's Raiders, commanded by Colonel John S. Mosby, made many forays in the area known as Mosby's Confederacy which extended from Loudoun County to Fairfax County, Virginia. Many of the raids it performed came into the area protected by XXII Corps, and many skirmishes with Brigadier General William Gamble's Cavalry Division,[10] as well as various other XXII Corps units.[11] During its reign, Mosby's Raiders captured Brigadier General Edwin H. Stoughton (then commanding the 2nd Vermont Brigade), cut telegraph wires during Early's Valley Campaign and numerous raids against rail lines and supply stations.[12]

Battle of Fort Stevens
See also: Battle of Fort Stevens

The corps took part in the defense of Washington during Jubal Early's Washington Raid of 1864, playing a major role in the defense of Fort Stevens on July 11, 1864. Hardin's Division held the skirmish lines and engaged in small engagements, suffering 73 killed and wounded.[2] The following day, Early found the works held by veteran soldiers of Major General Horatio Wright's VI Corps and Brevet Brigadier General William Emory's XIX Corps. After making a small fight, Early would withdraw, crossing back into Virginia the next day.

Command history
Major General Samuel P. Heintzelman February 2, 1863 – October 13, 1863 [2][13][14]
Major General Christopher C. Augur October 13, 1863 – June 11, 1865 [2][13][15][16]
Major General John G. Parke June 7, 1865 – June 26, 1865 [2][13][17][18]

Notable officers
Name Unit Dates Served
Major General John G. Barnard Chief Engineer, Department of Washington July 1, 1862 — June 5, 1864 [19][20]
Major General Silas Casey Commanded Casey's Division (Provisional Brigade) and served as an administrative officer June 1862 — May 1863 [21]
Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan Commanded Department of the Potomac July 25, 1861 — August 16, 1861 [6]
Major General Montgomery C. Meigs Quartermaster General of the Union Army and commander of War Department clerks during the Battle of Fort Stevens May 15, 1861 — June 30, 1865 [22]
Brigadier General John Joseph Abercrombie Commanded Abercrombie's Division October 1862 — June 26, 1863[23]
Brigadier General Barton S. Alexander Chief Engineer of the Defenses of Washington, D.C. July 1, 1862 — April 7, 1863[24]
Brigadier General Robert Cowdin Commanded 1st and 2nd Brigade, Abercrombie's Division October, 1862 — March 30, 1863[25]
Brigadier General Gustavus Adolphus DeRussy Commander of DeRussy's Division, stationed south of Washington, D.C. May 25, 1863 — August 20, 1865 [2][26]
Brigadier General Martin Davis Hardin Commander of Haskin's Division, stationed north of Washington, D.C. July 8, 1864 — August 2, 1865[2][27][28]
Brigadier General Joseph Abel Haskin Commander of Haskin's Division, stationed north of Washington, D.C., later Chief of Artillery February 2, 1863 — April 10, 1866[2][29][30]
Brigadier General William Gamble Commanded Cavalry Division December 21, 1863 — July 17, 1865 [10]
Brigadier General Rufus King Commanded King's Division July 15, 1863 — October 20, 1863[31]
Brigadier General Joseph K. Mansfield Commanded the original Department of Washington April 28, 1861 — March 15, 1862[32][33]
Brigadier General Edwin H. Stoughton Commander, 2nd Vermont Brigade December 7, 1862 — March 9, 1863
Colonel John Baillie McIntosh Commander of Cavalry Division January 2, 1864 — May 2, 1864[34]
Chief Aeronaut Thaddeus S. C. Lowe Commander of the Union Army Balloon Corps October 1861 — August 1863[35][36]

Components of XXII Corps

Many Regiments and Brigades serving in the XXII Corps were only temporarily assigned to it. Some mainly served during times when they were reconstituting due to battle casualties, while others were trained in the vicinity of Washington before going into the field. Yet others were heavy artillery regiments assigned to the fortifications surrounding the capital. Many units, including heavy artillery regiments, left when more soldiers were needed during Grant's Overland Campaign and continued through the Richmond-Petersburg Campaign until the end of the war. Some units began serving before the XXII Corps was formed.

Famed Brigades in XXII Corps

The California Brigade was formed by Oregon Senator and Colonel Edwin Baker to have a California presence in the Eastern Theater. After the death of Colonel Baker at the Battle of Balls Bluff, the brigade was redesignated the Philadelphia Brigade. Made up of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 5th California Infantry. After redesignation as the Philadelphia Brigade, it consisted of the 69th, 71st, 72nd, and 106th Pennsylvania Infantry.[37]

The First New Jersey Brigade was a Brigade formed by the state of New Jersey while defending Washington, D.C. This was the first brigade in the Civil War to be formed with the intention of encompassing regiments from one state. It consisted of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 10th New Jersey Infantry. By the end of the war, at different it would have up to eight New Jersey regiments.[38]

The Pennsylvania Reserve Division was formed out of an overflow of volunteers over the amount requested by the Department of War. After the Secretary of War declined to accept the new units into Federal Service, they were formed, equipped and maintained by the State of Pennsylvania. During its service in Washington, D.C., it was composed of the 3rd, 4th, and 8th Pennsylvania Reserves.[39][40]

Vermont gave two brigades to the defenses of Washington, D.C. The 1st Vermont Brigade, composed of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 6th Vermont Infantry. It was brigaded together through the efforts of Colonel William F. "Baldy" Smith who went to his West Point classmate and friend, Major General George B. McClellan.[41]

The 2nd Vermont Brigade, composed of 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th Vermont Infantry, all nine-month regiments, was formed October 27, 1862.[42]

The Iron Brigade was the only named brigade to come from varied states, the 2nd, 6th, and 7th Wisconsin Infantry, along with the 19th Indiana Infantry and was formed on October 1, 1861. Although at the time, it wasn't known by this name, simply known as 3rd Brigade, I Corps. It wouldn't earn the moniker for almost a year, during the Battle of South Mountain during the Antietam Campaign.[43]

Connecticut
Unit Duration Destination
1st Connecticut Cavalry April 29, 1865 — August 2, 1865 Mustered out [44]
1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery August 27, 1862 — May 13, 1864 Overland Campaign [45]
2nd Connecticut Heavy Artillery November 23, 1863 — May 13, 1864 Overland Campaign [45]
2nd Connecticut Heavy Artillery June 3, 1865 — August 18, 1865 Mustered out[45]
2nd Connecticut Light Artillery October 15, 1862 — June, 1863 Gettysburg Campaign [45]
2nd Connecticut Light Artillery October 12, 1863 — January, 1864 Transfer to New Orleans, Louisiana [45]
5th Connecticut Infantry May 20, 1865 — July 19, 1865 Mustered out [46]
14th Connecticut Infantry May 15, 1865 — May 21, 1865 Mustered out [46]
19th Connecticut Infantry September 16, 1862 — November 23, 1863 Redesignated 2nd Connecticut Heavy Artillery [46]
22nd Connecticut Infantry October 3, 1862 — April 14, 1863 Siege of Suffolk [46]
29th Connecticut Infantry (Colored) April 18, 1865 — May 28, 1865 Transfer to Brownsville, Texas [46]

Delaware
Unit Duration Destination
Nield's Independent Battery Light Artillery September, 1862 — April 18, 1863 Transfer to Norfolk, Virginia[47]
1st Delaware Infantry May 12, 1865 - July 12, 1865 Mustered out [48]
3rd Delaware Infantry May 12, 1865 — June 3, 1865 Mustered out [48]
4th Delaware Infantry May 12, 1865 — June 3, 1865 Mustered out [48]
8th Delaware Infantry May 12, 1865 — June 3, 1865 Mustered out [48]

District of Columbia
Unit Duration Destination
1st District of Columbia Cavalry June, 1863 — January, 1864 Transfer to Yorktown, Virginia[49]
2nd District of Columbia Infantry September 22, 1862 — September 12, 1865 Mustered out [49]

Illinois
Unit Duration Destination
8th Illinois Cavalry January 31, 1864 — July 1, 1865 Transfer to Chicago, Illinois, to be mustered out [50]

Indiana
Unit Duration Destination
16th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery October 1, 1862 — June, 1865 Transfer to Indiana to be mustered out [51]
19th Indiana Infantry August 5, 1861 — March, 1862 Bull Run Campaign (Part of the Iron Brigade) [43][52]
28th Indiana Infantry (Colored) April 26, 1864 — July 1, 1864 [53]
63rd Indiana Infantry May 27, 1862 — August 16, 1862 Bull Run Campaign[54]

Maine
Unit Duration Destination
1st Maine Heavy Artillery August 25, 1861 — May 15, 1864 Overland Campaign[55][56][57]
2nd Maine Light Artillery November 5, 1863 — April 25, 1864 Overland Campaign[55][56][57]
3rd Maine Light Artillery September, 1862 — July 5, 1864 Richmond-Petersburg Campaign[55][56][57]
7th Maine Light Artillery February 2, 1864 — April 25, 1864 Overland Campaign[55][56][57]
15th Maine Infantry April 23, 1865 — May 31, 1865 Transfer to Savannah, Georgia[56][57][58]
23rd Maine Infantry October 19, 1862 — June 17, 1863 Transfer to Maine to muster out (9 month regiment) [56][57][58]
25th Maine infantry October 18, 1862 — June 30, 1863 Transfer to Maine to muster out (9 month regiment) [56][57][58]
27th Maine Infantry October 20, 1862 — July 4, 1863 Transfer to Maine to muster out (9 month regiment) [56][57][59][60]
31st Maine Infantry April 19, 1864 — May 3, 1864 Overland Campaign[56][57][59]
32nd Maine Infantry April 21, 1864 — May 3, 1864 Overland Campaign[56][57][59]

Maryland
Unit Duration Destination
Battery "D" Maryland Light Artillery June, 1864 — June 25, 1865 Mustered out [61][62]
Baltimore Independent Battery Light Artillery January, 1865 — June 17, 1865 Mustered out [61]

Massachusetts
Unit Duration Destination
2nd Massachusetts Cavalry July 29, 1863 — July 14, 1864 Pursuit of Early[63][64][65][66]
3rd Massachusetts Cavalry April 20, 1865 — June 14, 1865 Transfer to St. Louis, Missouri[63]
5th Massachusetts Cavalry May 8, 1864 — May 12, 1864 Petersburg - Richmond Campaign[63]
5th Massachusetts Cavalry June 30, 1864 — March, 1865 Transfer to Richmond, Virginia[63]
1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery January 1, 1862 — May 15, 1864 Overland Campaign[67]
1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery May 23, 1865 — August 17, 1865 Mustered out [67]
3rd Massachusetts Heavy Artillery August, 1864 — September 18, 1865 Mustered out [67]
4th Massachusetts Heavy Artillery November 12, 1864 — June 17, 1865 Mustered out [67]
7th Massachusetts Light Artillery July 22, 1863 — August 18, 1863 New York Draft Riots[67]
7th Massachusetts Light Artillery September 11, 1863 — January 24, 1864 Transfer to New Orleans, Louisiana[67]
9th Massachusetts Light Artillery September 4, 1862 — June 25, 1863 Gettysburg Campaign[67]
10th Massachusetts Light Artillery October 17, 1862 — June 24, 1863 Gettysburg Campaign[67]
11th Massachusetts Light Artillery November 4, 1862 — May 25, 1863 Transfer to Boston, Massachusetts, to be mustered out (9 month regiment) [67]
11th Massachusetts Light Artillery (Reorganized) February 6, 1864 — April 9, 1864 Overland Campaign[67]
16th Massachusetts Light Artillery April 18, 1864 — July 1, 1865 Transferred to Massachusetts, to be mustered out [67]
40th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry September 8, 1862 — April 15, 1863 Transferred with division to Department of Virginia and North Carolina

New Hampshire
Unit Duration Destination
14th New Hampshire Infantry October, 1862 — March, 1864 [68]

New Jersey
Unit Duration Destination
2nd New Jersey Cavalry October 25, 1864 — November 9, 1863
10th New Jersey Infantry December 26, 1861 — April, 1863

New York
Unit Duration Destination
9th New York Heavy Artillery September, 1862 — May 18, 1864 [69][70]
11th New York Infantry May 7, 1861 — July 15, 1861 [70][71][72]

Ohio
Unit Duration Destination
131st Ohio Infantry (Detachments from) May 15, 1864 — August 19, 1864 [73][74]

Pennsylvania
Unit Duration Destination
2nd Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery February 26, 1862 — May 28, 1864 [75][76][77]
5th Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery September 14, 1864 — June 30, 1865 [77]
6th Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery September 15, 1864 — June 15, 1865 [77]

Vermont
Unit Duration Destination
10th Vermont Infantry September 8, 1862 — June 22, 1863 [78]
11th Vermont Infantry September 22, 1862 — May 15, 1864 [79]
12th Vermont Infantry October 10, 1862 — June 25, 1863 [80]
13th Vermont Infantry October 13, 1862 — June 25, 1863 [81]
14th Vermont Infantry October 25, 1862 — June 25, 1863 [82]
15th Vermont Infantry October 26, 1862 — June 25, 1863 [83]
16th Vermont Infantry October 27, 1862 — June 25, 1863 [84]

United States Volunteers
Unit Duration Destination
Veteran Reserve Corps [56][85]
1st Battalion, Veteran Reserve Corps
2nd Battalion, Veteran Reserve Corps
Union Army Balloon Corps October, 1861 — August, 1863 [35][36]

See also

Notes
  1. The 1st Division badge consisted of an identical badge in red, 2nd Division in white with a blue background.
  2. "History — XXII Corps". Archived from the original on 2006-03-30. Retrieved 2005-03-18.
  3. History — Army of the Potomac
  4. Boatner, p.257
  5. Boatner, p. 893
  6. Boatner, p. 664
  7. General Orders No. 12
  8. Boatner, p.680
  9. Maintenance of the Defenses of Washington, D.C.
  10. Biography — William Gamble
  11. History — 5th Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery
  12. Boatner, p. 571
  13. Eicher, p. 862
  14. Boatner, p. 392
  15. Biography — Major General C.C. Augur
  16. Boatner, p. 34
  17. "Biography — Major General J.G. Parke". Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2008-02-16.
  18. Boatner, p. 618-619
  19. Boatner, p. 44-45
  20. Mapping of Washington D.C.
  21. Boatner, p. 131
  22. Boatner, p. 542
  23. Boatner, p. 1
  24. Boatner, p. 6
  25. Boatner, p. 205
  26. Boatner, p. 237
  27. Boatner, p. 375
  28. Biography — Brigadier General M.D. Hardin
  29. Boatner, p. 383
  30. Biography — Brigadier General J.A. Haskin
  31. Boatner, p. 463
  32. Boatner, p. 508
  33. Biography of Brigadier General J.K.F. Mansfield
  34. Sheridan's Lieutenants: Phil Sheridan, His Generals, and the Final Year of the Civil War
  35. Biography — T.S.C. Lowe
  36. Early Balloon Flight in the United States Archived November 21, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  37. California and the Civil War - California Brigade
  38. Boatner, p. 436
  39. Boatner, p. 634-635
  40. History — Pennsylvania Brigade
  41. Army Life in Virginia: The Civil War Letters of George C. Benedict
  42. History — Vermont Brigade
  43. History — Iron Brigade
  44. History - Connecticut Cavalry
  45. War Department (1880), p. 847.
  46. War Department (1880), p. 852.
  47. History — Neild's Independent Battery Light Artillery
  48. History — Maryland Infantry
  49. History — District of Columbia Cavalry and Infantry
  50. War Department (1880), p. 945.
  51. History — Indiana Artillery
  52. History — Indiana Infantry (Part II)
  53. History — 28th US Colored Troops Infantry
  54. History — Indiana Infantry (Part V)
  55. History — Maine Artillery
  56. Maine Civil War Regimental Records Archived 2008-03-14 at the Wayback Machine
  57. Maine Civil War
  58. History — Maine Infantry (Part II)
  59. History — Maine Infantry (Part III)
  60. History — 27th Maine Infantry
  61. History — Maryland Artillery
  62. History — Battery "D" Maryland Light Artillery
  63. History — Massachusetts Cavalry
  64. History - Massachusetts Civil War Regiments
  65. History — 2nd Massachusetts Cavalry Regiment
  66. History - California Companies in the 2nd Massachusetts Cavalry
  67. History — Massachusetts Artillery
  68. History — 14th New Hampshire Volunteer Regiment
  69. History — Fort Foote
  70. History — New York Civil War Regiments
  71. Boatner, p. 594
  72. "Tiger! Zouave!". Archived from the original on 2007-11-20. Retrieved 2008-02-18.
  73. History — 131st Ohio Infantry
  74. 131st Ohio Infantry in the Civil War
  75. History of the 2nd Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery
  76. "Regimental History — 2nd Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery". Archived from the original on 2006-10-26. Retrieved 2008-02-18.
  77. History — 2nd Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery
  78. History — 10th Vermont Infantry
  79. History — 11th Vermont Regiment
  80. History — 12th Vermont Infantry
  81. History — 13th Vermont Infantry
  82. History — 14th Vermont Infantry
  83. History — 15th Vermont Infantry
  84. History — 16th Vermont Infantry
  85. "History — Veteran's Reserve Corps". Archived from the original on 2007-08-14. Retrieved 2008-02-14.

References
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