Abortion law

Abortion laws vary widely among countries and territories, and have changed over time. Such laws range from abortion being freely available on request, to regulation or restrictions of various kinds, to outright prohibition in all circumstances. Many countries and territories that allow abortion have gestational limits for the procedure depending on the reason; with the majority being up to 12 weeks for abortion on request, up to 24 weeks for rape, incest, or socioeconomic reasons, and more for fetal impairment or risk to the woman's health or life. As of 2022, countries that legally allow abortion on request or for socioeconomic reasons comprise about 60% of the world's population.

Legality of abortion by country or territory
Legal on request:
 No gestational limit
 Gestational limit after the first 17 weeks
 Gestational limit in the first 17 weeks
 Unclear gestational limit
Legally restricted to cases of:
 Risk to woman's life, to her health*, rape*, fetal impairment*, or socioeconomic factors
 Risk to woman's life, to her health*, rape, or fetal impairment
 Risk to woman's life, to her health*, or fetal impairment
 Risk to woman's life*, to her health*, or rape
 Risk to woman's life or to her health
 Risk to woman's life
 Illegal with no exceptions
 No information
* Does not apply to some countries or territories in that category
Note: In some countries or territories, abortion laws are modified by other laws, regulations, legal principles or judicial decisions. This map shows their combined effect as implemented by the authorities.

Abortion continues to be a controversial subject in many societies on religious, moral, ethical, practical, and political grounds. Though it has been banned and otherwise limited by law in many jurisdictions, abortions continue to be common in many areas, even where they are illegal. According to a 2007 study conducted by the Guttmacher Institute and the World Health Organization, abortion rates are similar in countries where the procedure is legal and in countries where it is not,[1][2] due to unavailability of modern contraceptives in areas where abortion is illegal.[3] Also according to the study, the number of abortions worldwide is declining due to increased access to contraception.[1][2]

History

Abortion has existed since ancient times, with natural abortifacients being found amongst a wide variety of tribal people and in most written sources. The earliest known records of abortion techniques and general reproductive regulation date as far back as 2700 BC in China, and 1550 BC in Egypt.[4] Early texts contain little mention of abortion or abortion law. When it does appear, it is entailed in concerns about male property rights, preservation of social order, and the duty to produce fit citizens for the state or community. The harshest penalties were generally reserved for a woman who procured an abortion against her husband's wishes, and for slaves who produced abortion in a woman of high status. Religious texts often contained severe condemnations of abortion, recommending penance but seldom enforcing secular punishment. As a matter of common law in England and the United States, abortion was illegal anytime after quickening—when the movements of the fetus could first be felt by the woman. Under the born alive rule, the fetus was not considered a "reasonable being" in rerum natura; and abortion was not treated as murder in English law.

In the 19th century, many Western countries began to codify abortion laws or place further restrictions on the practice. Anti-abortion movements, also referred to as "pro-life" movements, were led by a combination of groups opposed to abortion on moral grounds, and by medical professionals who were concerned about the danger presented by the procedure and the regular involvement of non-medical personnel in performing abortions. Nevertheless, it became clear that illegal abortions continued to take place in large numbers even where abortions were rigorously restricted. It was difficult to obtain sufficient evidence to prosecute the women and abortion doctors, and judges and juries were often reluctant to convict. For example, Henry Morgentaler, a Canadian pro-choice advocate, was never convicted by a jury. He was acquitted by a jury in the 1973 court case, but the acquittal was overturned by five judges on the Quebec Court of Appeal in 1974. He went to prison, appealed, and was again acquitted. In total, he served 10 months, suffering a heart attack while in solitary confinement. Many were also outraged at the invasion of privacy and the medical problems resulting from abortions taking place illegally in medically dangerous circumstances. Political movements soon coalesced around the legalization of abortion and liberalization of existing laws.

By the first half of the 20th century, many countries had begun to liberalize abortion laws, at least when performed to protect the woman's life and in some cases on the woman's request. Under Vladimir Lenin, the Soviet Union became the first modern state in legalizing abortions on request—the law was first introduced in the Russian SFSR in 1920, in the Ukrainian SSR in July 1921, and then in the whole country.[5][6] The Bolsheviks saw abortion as a social evil created by the capitalist system, which left women without the economic means to raise children, forcing them to perform abortions. The Soviet state initially preserved the tsarist ban on abortion, which treated the practice as premeditated murder. However, abortion had been practiced by Russian women for decades and its incidence skyrocketed further as a result of the Russian Civil War, which had left the country economically devastated and made it extremely difficult for many people to have children. The Soviet state recognized that banning abortion would not stop the practice because women would continue using the services of private abortionists. In rural areas, these were often old women who had no medical training, which made their services very dangerous to women's health. In November 1920 the Soviet regime legalized abortion in state hospitals. The state considered abortion as a temporary necessary evil, which would disappear in the future communist society, which would be able to provide for all the children conceived.[7] In 1936, Joseph Stalin placed prohibitions on abortions, which restricted them to medically recommended cases only, in order to increase population growth after the enormous loss of life in World War I and the Russian Civil War.[8][9][6] In the 1930s, several countries (Poland, Turkey, Denmark, Sweden, Iceland, Mexico) legalized abortion in some special cases (pregnancy from rape, threat to mother's health, fetal malformation). In Japan, abortion was legalized in 1948 by the Eugenic Protection Law,[10] amended in May 1949 to allow abortions for economic reasons.[11] Abortion was legalized in 1952 in Yugoslavia (on a limited basis), and again in 1955 in the Soviet Union on request. Some Soviet allies (Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Romania) legalized abortion in the late 1950s under pressure from the Soviets.[12]

In the United Kingdom, the Abortion Act of 1967 clarified and prescribed abortions as legal up to 28 weeks (later reduced to 24 weeks). Other countries soon followed, including Canada (1969), the United States (1973 in most states, pursuant to Roe v. Wade—the U.S. Supreme Court decision which legalized abortion nationwide), Tunisia and Denmark (1973), Austria (1974), France and Sweden (1975), New Zealand (1977), Italy (1978), the Netherlands (1984), and Belgium (1990). However, these countries vary greatly in the circumstances under which abortion was to be permitted. In 1975, the West German Supreme Court struck down a law legalizing abortion, holding that they contradict the constitution's human rights guarantees. In 1976, a law was adopted which enabled abortions up to 12 weeks. After Germany's reunification, despite the legal status of abortion in former East Germany, a compromise was reached which deemed most abortions up to 12 weeks legal, but this law was struck down by the Federal Constitutional Court and amended to only remove the punishment in such cases, without any statement to legality. In jurisdictions governed under sharia law, abortion after the 120th day from conception (19 weeks from LMP) is illegal, especially for those who follow the recommendations of the Hanafi legal school, while most jurists of the Maliki legal school "believe that ensoulment occurs at the moment of conception, and they tend to forbid abortion at any point [similar to the Roman Catholic Church]. The other schools hold intermediate positions. [...] The penalty prescribed for an illegal abortion varies according to particular circumstances involved. According to sharia, it should be limited to a fine that is paid to the father or heirs of the fetus."[13]

Timeline

The table below lists in chronological order the United Nations member states that have legalized abortion on request in at least some initial part of the pregnancy, or that have fully decriminalized abortion. As of October 2022, 66 countries have legalized or decriminalized abortion on request.

Notes

Where a country has legalized abortion on request, prohibited it, and legalized it again (e.g., former Soviet Union, Romania), only the later year is included. Countries that result from the merger of states where abortion on request was legal at the moment of unification show the year when it became legal across the whole national territory (e.g., Germany, Vietnam). Similarly, countries where not all subnational jurisdictions have legalized abortion on request are not included (e.g., leading to the exclusion of Australia, Mexico, the United Kingdom and the United States). Countries are counted even if they were not yet independent at the time. The year refers to when the relevant law or judicial decision came into force, which may be different from the year when it was approved.

Year legalized Countries CpY CC
1955( Armenia  Azerbaijan  Belarus  Estonia  Georgia  Kazakhstan  Kyrgyzstan  Latvia  Lithuania  Moldova  Russia  Tajikistan  Turkmenistan  Ukraine  Uzbekistan as part of the Soviet Union)1515
1957 China[14][lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2]116
1965 Cuba117
1973 Denmark  Tunisia[18]219
1974 Singapore  Sweden221
1975 Austria  France[lower-alpha 3]  Vietnam[lower-alpha 4]324
1977( Bosnia and Herzegovina  Croatia  Montenegro  North Macedonia  Serbia  Slovenia as part of Yugoslavia)630
1978 Italy  Luxembourg232
1979 Norway[lower-alpha 5][lower-alpha 6]133
1983 Turkey134
1984 Netherlands[lower-alpha 7]135
1986 Cape Verde  Greece237
1987( Czech Republic  Slovakia as part of Czechoslovakia)[lower-alpha 8]239
1988 Canada140
1989 Mongolia[25]141
1990 Belgium  Bulgaria  Romania344
1992 Germany[lower-alpha 9]145
1993 Guinea-Bissau[26][27]146
1995 Guyana147
1996 Albania[lower-alpha 10]148
1997 Cambodia  South Africa250
2002 Nepal  Switzerland252
2007 Portugal153
2010 Spain154
2012 São Tomé and Príncipe[29]  Uruguay256
2015 Mozambique[lower-alpha 11]157
2018 Cyprus158
2019 Iceland  Ireland[lower-alpha 12]260
2020 New Zealand161
2021 Argentina[lower-alpha 13]  South Korea  Thailand364
2022 Colombia  San Marino266

International law

There are no international or multinational treaties that deal directly with abortion but human rights law and International criminal law touch on the issues.

The Nuremberg Military Tribunal decided the case of United States v Greifelt and Others (1948) on the basis that abortion was a crime within its jurisdiction according to the law defining crimes against humanity and thus within its definition of murder and extermination.[33]

The Catholic Church remains highly influential in Latin America, and opposes the legalisation of abortion.[34] The American Convention on Human Rights, which in 2013 had 23 Latin American parties, declares human life as commencing with conception. In Latin America, abortion on request is only legal in Cuba (1965), Uruguay (2012),[35] Argentina (2021),[32] Colombia (2022)[36] and in parts of Mexico.[37][38] Abortions are completely banned in the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua, and only allowed in certain restricted circumstances in most other Latin American nations.[34]

In the 2010 case of A, B and C v Ireland, the European Court of Human Rights found that the European Convention on Human Rights did not include a right to an abortion.

In 2005, the United Nations Human Rights Committee (UN HRC) ordered Peru to compensate a woman (known as K.L.) for denying her a medically indicated abortion; this was the first time a United Nations Committee had held any country accountable for not ensuring access to safe, legal abortion, and the first time the committee affirmed that abortion is a human right.[39] K.L. received the compensation in 2016.[39] In the 2016 case of Mellet v Ireland, the UN HRC found Ireland's abortion laws violated International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights because Irish law banned abortion in cases of fatal fetal abnormalities.

National laws

While abortions are legal at least under certain conditions in almost all countries, these conditions vary widely. According to a United Nations (UN) report with data gathered up to 2019,[40] abortion is allowed in 98% of countries in order to save a woman's life. Other commonly-accepted reasons are preserving physical (72%) or mental health (69%), in cases of rape or incest (61%), and in cases of fetal impairment (61%). Performing an abortion because of economic or social reasons is accepted in 37% of countries. Performing abortion only on the basis of a woman's request is allowed in 34% of countries, including in Canada, most European countries and China.[40]

The exact scope of each legal ground also varies. For example, the laws of some countries cite health risks and fetal impairment as general grounds for abortion and allow a broad interpretation of such terms in practice, while other countries restrict them to a specific list of medical conditions or subcategories. Many countries that allow abortion have gestational limits for the procedure depending on the reason; with the majority being up to 12 weeks for abortion on request, up to 24 weeks for social, economic, rape, or incest reasons, and more for fetal impairment or threats to the woman's health or life.[40]:26

In some countries, additional procedures must be followed before the abortion can be carried out even if the basic grounds for it are met. For example, in Finland, where abortions are not granted based merely on a woman's request, approval for each abortion must be obtained from two doctors (or one in special circumstances).[41] The vast majority, 90% of abortions in Finland are performed for socio-economic reasons.[42] How strictly all of the procedures dictated in the legislation are followed in practice is another matter. For example, in the United Kingdom, a Care Quality Commission's report in 2012 found that several NHS clinics were circumventing the law, using forms pre-signed by one doctor, thus allowing abortions to patients who only met with one doctor.[43]

Summary tables

Legend
permittedIn many cases, abortion is permitted only up to a certain gestational age.
If this limit is known and does not vary by subdivision, it is shown instead of "permitted".
permitted, with complex legality or practice
varies by subdivision
prohibited, with complex legality or practice
prohibited
unknown or unclear

Countries

The table below summarizes the legal grounds for abortion in all United Nations member states and United Nations General Assembly observer states and some countries with limited recognition. This table is mostly based on data compiled by the United Nations up to 2019,[44] with some updates, additions and clarifications citing other sources.

Legal grounds on which abortion is permitted in independent countries
CountryRisk to lifeRisk to healthRapeFetal impairmentEconomic or socialOn request
 Abkhazia[45]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Afghanistanpermitted[lower-alpha 14]prohibitedprohibitedprohibited[lower-alpha 14]prohibited[lower-alpha 14]prohibited
 Albania[28]22 weeks22 weeks22 weeksno limit22 weeks12 weeks
 Algeria[52]permittedpermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Andorraprohibited[lower-alpha 15]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Angola[lower-alpha 16]permittedpermitted16 weekspermittedprohibitedprohibited
 Antigua and Barbuda[57]permitted[lower-alpha 17]prohibited[lower-alpha 18]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Argentina[32]no limitno limitno limit14 weeks14 weeks14 weeks
 Armenia[60]permittedpermittedpermittedpermitted22 weeks12 weeks
 Artsakh[61]permitted22 weeks12 weeks12 weeks22 weeks12 weeks
 Australia [subdivisions]no limitno limitpermittedno limitpermittedvaries[lower-alpha 19]
 Australian Capital Territory[64][65]no limitno limitno limitno limitno limitno limit
 Christmas Island[lower-alpha 20]no limitno limit20 weeksno limit20 weeks20 weeks
 Cocos Islands[lower-alpha 21]no limitno limit20 weeksno limit20 weeks20 weeks
 Jervis Bay Territory[lower-alpha 22]no limitno limitno limitno limitno limitno limit
 New South Wales[69]no limitno limitno limitno limitno limit22 weeks
 Norfolk Island[lower-alpha 23]no limitno limitno limitno limitno limit22 weeks
 Northern Territory[71]no limitno limitno limitno limitno limitprohibited[lower-alpha 24]
 Queensland[72]no limitno limitno limitno limitno limit22 weeks
 South Australia[73]no limitno limit22 weeks and 6 daysno limit22 weeks and 6 days22 weeks and 6 days
 Tasmania[74]no limitno limitno limitno limitno limit16 weeks
 Victoria[75]no limitno limitno limitno limitno limit24 weeks
 Western Australia[76]no limitno limit20 weeksno limit20 weeks20 weeks
 Austria[77]no limitno limit 3 months[lower-alpha 25]no limit 3 months[lower-alpha 25] 3 months[lower-alpha 25]
 Azerbaijan[78]no limitno limitpermittedpermitted22 weeks12 weeks
 Bahamas[79]permittedpermitted[lower-alpha 26]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Bahrainpermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 27]prohibited[lower-alpha 27]prohibited[lower-alpha 27]prohibited[lower-alpha 27]prohibited[lower-alpha 27]
 Bangladeshno limitprohibited[lower-alpha 28]prohibited[lower-alpha 28]prohibited[lower-alpha 28]prohibited[lower-alpha 28]prohibited[lower-alpha 28]
 Barbados[82]no limitno limit12 weeksno limit12 weeksprohibited
 Belarus[lower-alpha 29]no limitno limit22 weeksno limit22 weeks12 weeks
 Belgium[86]no limitno limit14 weeks[lower-alpha 30]no limit14 weeks[lower-alpha 30]14 weeks[lower-alpha 30]
 Belizeno limitno limitprohibitedno limitpermittedprohibited
CountryRisk to lifeRisk to healthRapeFetal impairmentEconomic or socialOn request
 Benin[88]permittedpermittedpermittedpermitted12 weeksprohibited
 Bhutan[lower-alpha 31] 180 days 180 days[lower-alpha 32] 180 days 180 days[lower-alpha 32]prohibitedprohibited
 Bolivia22 weeks22 weeks22 weeks22 weeks[lower-alpha 33]prohibitedprohibited
 Bosnia and Herzegovina [subdivisions]no limitno limitpermittedpermittedpermitted10 weeks
 Brčko District[lower-alpha 34]no limitno limit20 weeks20 weeks10 weeks10 weeks
 Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina[lower-alpha 34]no limitno limit20 weeks20 weeks10 weeks10 weeks
 Republika Srpska[94]no limitno limitno limitno limitno limit10 weeks
 Botswana[95]16 weeks16 weeks16 weeks16 weeksprohibitedprohibited
 Brazil22 weeks[lower-alpha 35]prohibited22 weeks[lower-alpha 35]prohibited[lower-alpha 35]prohibitedprohibited
 Brunei[100]permittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Bulgaria[101]no limit20 weekspermittedno limit12 weeks12 weeks
 Burkina Faso[102]no limitno limit14 weeksno limitprohibitedprohibited
 Burundipermittedpermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited[lower-alpha 36]prohibited
 Cambodia[104]no limit12 weeksno limitno limit12 weeks12 weeks
 Cameroon[105]permitted28 weeks28 weeksprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Canada[lower-alpha 37] [subdivisions]permittedpermittedpermittedpermittedpermittedpermitted
 Albertapermittedpermittedpermittedpermittedpermitted20 weeks
 British Columbiapermittedpermittedpermittedpermittedpermitted23 weeks and 6 days
 Manitobapermittedpermittedpermittedpermittedpermitted19 weeks and 6 days
 New Brunswickpermittedpermittedpermittedpermittedpermitted16 weeks
 Newfoundland and Labradorpermittedpermittedpermittedpermittedpermitted15 weeks
 Northwest Territoriespermittedpermittedpermittedpermittedpermitted19 weeks and 6 days
 Nova Scotiapermittedpermittedpermittedpermittedpermitted16 weeks
 Nunavutpermittedpermittedpermittedpermittedpermitted12 weeks
 Ontariopermittedpermittedpermittedpermittedpermitted23 weeks and 6 days
 Prince Edward Islandpermittedpermittedpermittedpermittedpermitted12 weeks and 6 days
 Quebecpermittedpermittedpermittedpermittedpermitted23 weeks and 6 days
 Saskatchewanpermittedpermittedpermittedpermittedpermitted18 weeks and 6 days
 Yukonpermittedpermittedpermittedpermittedpermitted12 weeks and 6 days
 Cape Verde[108]no limitno limit12 weekspermitted12 weeks12 weeks
 Central African Republic8 weeksprohibited[lower-alpha 38]8 weeks8 weeksprohibitedprohibited
 Chadpermittedpermittedpermittedpermittedprohibitedprohibited
 Chile[110]no limitprohibited12 weeks[lower-alpha 39]permittedprohibitedprohibited
 China[lower-alpha 1][111][112][lower-alpha 2]permittedpermittedpermittedpermittedpermittedpermitted
 Colombiano limit[lower-alpha 40]no limit[lower-alpha 40]no limit[lower-alpha 40]no limit[lower-alpha 40]24 weeks[lower-alpha 40]24 weeks[lower-alpha 40]
 Comoros[115]permittedpermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
CountryRisk to lifeRisk to healthRapeFetal impairmentEconomic or socialOn request
 Congopermitted[lower-alpha 41]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Costa Ricapermittedpermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 42]prohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Croatia[119]no limitno limitno limitno limit10 weeks10 weeks
 Cuba[120][121]no limit22 weeksno limit35 weeks22 weeks12 weeks
 Cyprus[122]permittedpermitted19 weekspermitted12 weeks12 weeks
 Czech Republic[123][124]no limitpermitted[lower-alpha 43]12 weeksno limit12 weeks12 weeks
 Democratic Republic of the Congopermitted[lower-alpha 44]permitted[lower-alpha 45]permitted[lower-alpha 45]permitted[lower-alpha 45]prohibitedprohibited
 Denmark[128]no limitno limitno limitno limitno limit12 weeks[lower-alpha 46]
 Djibouti[129][130][131]permittedpermitted[lower-alpha 26]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Dominica[132]permittedprohibited[lower-alpha 47]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Dominican Republic[134]prohibited[lower-alpha 48]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 East Timor[lower-alpha 49]no limitprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Ecuadorpermittedpermittedpermitted[lower-alpha 50]prohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Egypt[142][143]permittedpermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 El Salvador[144]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Equatorial Guinea[145]12 weeks12 weeks12 weeks12 weeksprohibitedprohibited
 Eritrea[146]permittedpermittedpermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 51]prohibited[lower-alpha 51]prohibited[lower-alpha 51]
 Estonia[147]22 weeks22 weeks12 weeks[lower-alpha 52]22 weeks12 weeks[lower-alpha 52]12 weeks[lower-alpha 52]
 Eswatini[148]permittedpermittedpermittedpermittedprohibitedprohibited
 Ethiopia[149][150][151]28 weeks28 weeks28 weeks28 weeksprohibited[lower-alpha 53]prohibited
CountryRisk to lifeRisk to healthRapeFetal impairmentEconomic or socialOn request
 Fiji[153]no limitno limit20 weeksno limitprohibitedprohibited
 Finland[41][lower-alpha 54]20 weeks20 weeks12 weeks24 weeks12 weeksprohibited
 France[155][lower-alpha 55]no limitno limit16 weeks[lower-alpha 56]no limit16 weeks[lower-alpha 56]16 weeks[lower-alpha 56]
 Gabon[159]10 weeksprohibited[lower-alpha 57]10 weeks10 weeksprohibitedprohibited
 Gambia[160][161][162]permittedprohibitedprohibitedpermittedprohibitedprohibited
 Georgia[163][164]22 weeks22 weeks22 weeks22 weeks12 weeks12 weeks
 Germanyno limitno limit12 weeks12 weeks[lower-alpha 58]12 weeks[lower-alpha 58]12 weeks[lower-alpha 58]
 Ghana28 weeks28 weeks28 weeks28 weeksprohibitedprohibited
 Greece[167]no limitno limit19 weeks24 weeks12 weeks[lower-alpha 59]12 weeks[lower-alpha 59]
 Grenada[168]permittedpermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Guatemala[169][170]permittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Guineapermittedpermittedpermittedpermittedprohibitedprohibited
 Guinea-Bissau[26][171]permittedpermittedpermittedpermittedpermittedpermitted
 Guyana[172]no limitno limit16 weeks16 weeks8 weeks[lower-alpha 60]8 weeks[lower-alpha 60]
 Haiti[lower-alpha 61]permitted[lower-alpha 62]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Honduras[175]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Hungaryno limit12 weeks[lower-alpha 63]12 weeks[lower-alpha 63]20 weeks[lower-alpha 64]12 weeks[lower-alpha 63]prohibited
 Iceland[177]no limitno limitpermittedno limitpermitted22 weeks
 India[178][179]no limit24 weeks24 weeks24 weeks[lower-alpha 65]24 weeksprohibited
 Indonesia[180]no limitprohibited6 weeksno limitprohibitedprohibited
CountryRisk to lifeRisk to healthRapeFetal impairmentEconomic or socialOn request
 Iran[181][182][183] 4 months 4 monthsprohibited[lower-alpha 66] 4 monthsprohibitedprohibited
 Iraqpermitted[lower-alpha 67]prohibited[lower-alpha 68]prohibitedprohibited[lower-alpha 68]prohibitedprohibited
 Ireland[189]viability[lower-alpha 69]viability[lower-alpha 69]12 weekspermitted12 weeks12 weeks
 Israelpermittedpermittedpermittedpermittedpermitted[lower-alpha 70]prohibited[lower-alpha 70]
 Italy[191]no limitviability 90 days 90 days 90 days 90 days
 Ivory Coastpermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 71]permittedprohibited[lower-alpha 71]prohibitedprohibited
 Jamaicapermitted[lower-alpha 72]permitted[lower-alpha 73]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Japan[198]22 weeks22 weeks22 weeksprohibited22 weeksprohibited
 Jordan[199]permittedpermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Kazakhstan[200][201]no limitno limit22 weeksno limit22 weeks12 weeks
 Kenya[202][203]permittedpermittedpermitted[lower-alpha 74]prohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Kiribati[206]permittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Kosovo[207]permittedpermittedpermittedpermittedpermitted10 weeks
 Kuwait[208]permitted 4 monthsprohibited 4 monthsprohibitedprohibited
 Kyrgyzstan[209][210]no limitno limit22 weeks22 weeks22 weeks12 weeks
 Laospermitted[lower-alpha 75]28 weeks[lower-alpha 75]28 weeks[lower-alpha 75]28 weeks[lower-alpha 75]28 weeks[lower-alpha 75]prohibited[lower-alpha 75]
 Latvia[214][215]permitted24 weeks12 weeks12 weeks12 weeks12 weeks
 Lebanon[216]permittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Lesotho[217]permittedpermittedpermittedpermittedprohibitedprohibited
 Liberia[218]24 weeks24 weeks24 weeks24 weeksprohibitedprohibited
CountryRisk to lifeRisk to healthRapeFetal impairmentEconomic or socialOn request
 Libya[219][220]permittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Liechtenstein[221]permittedpermittedpermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Lithuania[222]no limitno limit12 weeks[lower-alpha 76]no limit12 weeks[lower-alpha 76]12 weeks[lower-alpha 76]
 Luxembourg[223]no limitno limit14 weeksno limit14 weeks14 weeks
 Madagascarprohibited[lower-alpha 77]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Malawi[227]permittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Malaysia[228]22 weeks22 weeksprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Maldives[lower-alpha 78]no limitprohibited 120 days 120 days[lower-alpha 79]prohibitedprohibited
 Mali[233][234]permittedpermitted[lower-alpha 26]permittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Maltaprohibited[lower-alpha 80]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Marshall Islandspermitted[lower-alpha 62]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Mauritania[237][238]permitted[lower-alpha 62]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Mauritius[239]no limitno limit14 weeksno limitprohibitedprohibited
 Mexico[240] [subdivisions]varies[lower-alpha 81]varies[lower-alpha 82]permitted[lower-alpha 83]varies[lower-alpha 82]varies[lower-alpha 82]varies[lower-alpha 82]
 Aguascalientes[243]permittedprohibited[lower-alpha 82]permittedprohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]
 Baja California[244]permittedpermittedpermittedpermitted12 weeks12 weeks
 Baja California Sur[245]permittedpermittedpermittedpermitted12 weeks12 weeks
 Campeche[246]permittedpermitted12 weeks[lower-alpha 83]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]
 Chiapas[247]permittedprohibited[lower-alpha 82] 90 days[lower-alpha 83]permittedprohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]
 Chihuahua[248]permittedpermitted90 days[lower-alpha 83]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]
 Coahuila[249]permittedpermitted[lower-alpha 84] 90 days[lower-alpha 83]permittedpermitted[lower-alpha 84]permitted[lower-alpha 84]
 Colima[250]permittedpermittedpermittedpermitted12 weeks12 weeks
 Durango[251]permittedprohibited[lower-alpha 82]permittedprohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]
 Guanajuato[252]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]permittedprohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]
 Guerrero[253]permittedpermittedpermittedpermitted12 weeks12 weeks
 Hidalgo[254]permittedpermittedpermittedpermitted12 weeks12 weeks
 Jalisco[255]permittedpermittedpermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]
 Mexico City[256][257]permittedpermittedpermittedpermitted12 weeks12 weeks
 Mexico State[258]permittedprohibited[lower-alpha 82]permittedpermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]
 Michoacán[259]permittedpermitted12 weeks[lower-alpha 83]permitted12 weeksprohibited[lower-alpha 82]
 Morelos[260]permittedprohibited[lower-alpha 82]permittedpermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]
 Nayarit[261]permittedpermittedpermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]
 Nuevo León[262]permittedpermittedpermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]
 Oaxaca[263]permittedpermittedpermittedpermitted12 weeks12 weeks
 Puebla[264]permittedprohibited[lower-alpha 82]permittedpermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]
 Querétaro[265]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]permittedprohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]
 Quintana Roo[266][267]permittedpermitted12 weeks[lower-alpha 83]permitted12 weeks12 weeks
 San Luis Potosí[268]permittedprohibited[lower-alpha 82]permittedprohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]
 Sinaloa[269]permittedpermittedpermittedpermitted13 weeks13 weeks
 Sonora[270]permittedprohibited[lower-alpha 82]permittedprohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]
 Tabasco[271]permittedprohibited[lower-alpha 82]permittedprohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]
 Tamaulipas[272]permittedpermittedpermittedprohibitedprohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]
 Tlaxcala[273]permittedpermittedpermittedpermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]
 Veracruz[274]permittedpermittedpermittedpermitted12 weeks12 weeks
 Yucatán[275]permittedprohibited[lower-alpha 82]permittedpermittedpermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 82]
 Zacatecas[276]permittedpermittedpermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]prohibited[lower-alpha 82]
 Micronesiapermitted[lower-alpha 62]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Moldova[277]21 weeks21 weeks21 weeks21 weeks21 weeks12 weeks[lower-alpha 85]
 Monacono limitno limit12 weeksno limitprohibitedprohibited
 Mongolia23 weeks23 weekspermittedpermitted14 weeks14 weeks
 Montenegro[278]32 weeks32 weeks20 weeks20 weeks10 weeks10 weeks
 Morocco[lower-alpha 86]no limitpermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
CountryRisk to lifeRisk to healthRapeFetal impairmentEconomic or socialOn request
 Mozambiqueno limitno limit16 weeks24 weeks[lower-alpha 87]12 weeks12 weeks
 Myanmar[284][285]no limitprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Namibiapermittedpermittedpermittedpermittedprohibitedprohibited
 Nauru[286]no limitno limit20 weeks20 weeksprohibitedprohibited
 Nepal[287]28 weeks28 weeks28 weeks28 weeks12 weeks12 weeks
 Netherlands[lower-alpha 88]no limitno limit24 weeksno limit24 weeks24 weeks
 New Zealand[288]no limitno limitpermittedpermittedpermitted20 weeks
 Nicaraguaprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Nigerpermittedpermittedprohibitedpermittedprohibitedprohibited
 Nigeria [subdivisions]permittedprohibited[lower-alpha 89]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Abiapermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 89]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Adamawapermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Akwa Ibompermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 89]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Anambrapermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 89]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Bauchipermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Bayelsapermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 89]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Benuepermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Bornopermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Cross Riverpermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 89]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Deltapermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 89]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Ebonyipermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 89]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Edopermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 89]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Ekitipermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 89]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Enugupermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 89]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Federal Capital Territorypermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Gombepermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Imopermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 89]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Jigawapermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Kadunapermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Kanopermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Katsinapermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Kebbipermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Kogipermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Kwarapermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Lagospermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 89]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Nasarawapermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Nigerpermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Ogunpermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 89]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Ondopermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 89]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Osunpermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 89]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Oyopermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 89]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Plateaupermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Riverspermittedprohibited[lower-alpha 89]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Sokotopermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Tarabapermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Yobepermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
Zamfarapermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Northern Cyprus[291]permittedpermittedpermittedpermittedpermitted10 weeks
 North Koreapermitted[lower-alpha 90]permitted[lower-alpha 90]unclear[lower-alpha 90]permitted[lower-alpha 90]unclear[lower-alpha 90]unclear[lower-alpha 90]
 North Macedoniano limitno limit22 weeks[lower-alpha 91]22 weeks[lower-alpha 91]22 weeks[lower-alpha 91]12 weeks
 Norway[lower-alpha 5]no limitno limit22 weeks22 weeks22 weeks12 weeks
 Omanpermitted[lower-alpha 92]permitted[lower-alpha 92]prohibited 120 days[lower-alpha 92]prohibitedprohibited
 Pakistan[302][303]no limitorgan formation[lower-alpha 93]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Palaupermitted[lower-alpha 94]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Palestinepermitted[lower-alpha 95]prohibited[lower-alpha 95]prohibited[lower-alpha 95]prohibited[lower-alpha 95]prohibitedprohibited
 Panama[312][313]no limitprohibited 2 months24 weeksprohibitedprohibited
 Papua New Guinea[314]permittedprohibited[lower-alpha 96]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
CountryRisk to lifeRisk to healthRapeFetal impairmentEconomic or socialOn request
 Paraguay[318]permittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Peru[319]22 weeks22 weeksprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Philippines[320]prohibited[lower-alpha 97]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Poland[323]no limitno limit13 weeksprohibited[lower-alpha 98]prohibited[lower-alpha 99]prohibited
 Portugal[326]no limitno limit16 weeks24 weeks10 weeks10 weeks
 Qatar[327][328]no limit 4 monthsprohibited 4 monthsprohibitedprohibited
 Romania[329]no limitpermittedpermittedpermittedpermitted14 weeks
 Russia[330][331][332]permittedpermitted22 weeksno limit12 weeks12 weeks
 Rwanda[333]no limitno limit22 weeksno limitprohibitedprohibited
 Saint Kitts and Nevispermittedpermitted[lower-alpha 100]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Saint Lucia[336]no limitno limit12 weeksprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[337]permittedpermittedpermittedpermittedpermittedprohibited
 Samoa[338]20 weeks20 weeksprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 San Marino[339]viability[lower-alpha 101]viabilityviability12 weeks[lower-alpha 102]12 weeks12 weeks
 São Tomé and Príncipe[29]no limitno limitno limit16 weeks12 weeks12 weeks
 Saudi Arabia[340]no limit4 monthsprohibited[lower-alpha 103]prohibited[lower-alpha 103]prohibitedprohibited
 Senegal[343]permitted[lower-alpha 62]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Serbia[344][345]no limitno limitno limitno limit10 weeks10 weeks
 Seychelles12 weeks[lower-alpha 104]12 weeks[lower-alpha 104]12 weeks[lower-alpha 104]12 weeks[lower-alpha 104]prohibitedprohibited
 Sierra Leonepermitted[lower-alpha 105]permitted[lower-alpha 105]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
CountryRisk to lifeRisk to healthRapeFetal impairmentEconomic or socialOn request
 Singapore[355]no limitno limit24 weeks24 weeks24 weeks24 weeks
 Slovakia[356][357]no limitpermitted[lower-alpha 106]12 weeksno limit12 weeks12 weeks
 Slovenia[358]no limitno limit10 weeks10 weeks10 weeks10 weeks
 Solomon Islands[359]permittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Somalia[360][361][lower-alpha 107]permitted[lower-alpha 108]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 South Africano limit20 weeks20 weeksno limit20 weeks12 weeks
 South Korea[lower-alpha 109]permitted24 weeks24 weekspermittedpermitted[lower-alpha 110]permitted[lower-alpha 110]
 South Ossetia[367]permittedpermittedpermittedpermittedpermittedpermitted
 South Sudan[368]permittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Spain[369]22 weeks22 weeks14 weeks22 weeks[lower-alpha 111]14 weeks14 weeks
 Sri Lanka[370]permittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Sudan[371]no limitprohibited 90 days[lower-alpha 112]prohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Surinamepermitted[lower-alpha 113]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Sweden[373]no limitno limit18 weeks18 weeks18 weeks18 weeks
 Switzerland[374]no limitno limit12 weeks12 weeks12 weeks12 weeks
 Syria[375]permittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Taiwan[376][377]no limitno limit24 weeksno limit24 weeksprohibited
 Tajikistan[378]permitted22 weeks22 weeks22 weeks22 weeks12 weeks
 Tanzania[lower-alpha 114]no limitpermitted[lower-alpha 115]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Thailand[382][383]no limitno limitno limitno limit20 weeks20 weeks
CountryRisk to lifeRisk to healthRapeFetal impairmentEconomic or socialOn request
 Togo[384]permittedpermittedpermittedpermittedprohibitedprohibited
 Tongapermitted[lower-alpha 116]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Transnistria[387]no limitno limit22 weeks[lower-alpha 117]no limit22 weeks[lower-alpha 117]12 weeks[lower-alpha 117]
 Trinidad and Tobagopermitted[lower-alpha 118]permitted[lower-alpha 118]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Tunisia[18]no limitno limit 3 monthsno limit 3 months 3 months
 Turkey[391][392][393]no limit10 weeks20 weeksno limit10 weeks10 weeks
 Turkmenistan[394]no limitno limitpermittedpermitted22 weeks5 weeks
 Tuvalu[395]permittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Uganda28 weeks28 weeks28 weeks28 weeksprohibitedprohibited
 Ukraine[396]22 weeks22 weeks22 weeks22 weeks12 weeks[lower-alpha 119]12 weeks[lower-alpha 119]
 United Arab Emiratesno limitprohibitedprohibitedprohibited[lower-alpha 120]prohibitedprohibited
 United Kingdom [subdivisions]no limitno limitpermitted[lower-alpha 121]no limit24 weeks[lower-alpha 121]varies[lower-alpha 122]
 England[404]no limitno limitpermitted[lower-alpha 121]no limit24 weeks[lower-alpha 121]prohibited
 Northern Ireland[403]no limitno limitpermitted[lower-alpha 121]no limit24 weeks[lower-alpha 121]12 weeks
 Scotland[404]no limitno limitpermitted[lower-alpha 121]no limit24 weeks[lower-alpha 121]prohibited
 Wales[404]no limitno limitpermitted[lower-alpha 121]no limit24 weeks[lower-alpha 121]prohibited
 United States[405][406] [subdivisions]no limitvaries[lower-alpha 123]varies[lower-alpha 123]varies[lower-alpha 123]varies[lower-alpha 123]varies[lower-alpha 123]
 Alabama[407]no limitno limitprohibitedprohibited[lower-alpha 124]prohibited[lower-alpha 125]prohibited
 Alaskano limitno limitno limitno limitno limitno limit
 Arizona[409][410]no limitno limit[lower-alpha 126]15 weeks[lower-alpha 126]15 weeks[lower-alpha 126]15 weeks[lower-alpha 126]15 weeks[lower-alpha 126]
 Arkansas[411][412]no limitprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Californiano limitno limitviabilityviabilityviabilityviability
 Coloradono limitno limitno limitno limitno limitno limit
 Connecticutno limitno limitviabilityviabilityviabilityviability
 Delawareno limitno limitviabilityno limitviabilityviability
 District of Columbiano limitno limitno limitno limitno limitno limit
 Florida[413][414]no limitno limit15 weeks15 weeks[lower-alpha 127]15 weeks15 weeks
 Georgia[415][416][417]no limitno limit22 weeks[lower-alpha 128]no limitheartbeat[lower-alpha 129]heartbeat[lower-alpha 129]
 Hawaiino limitno limitviabilityviabilityviabilityviability
 Idaho[418][419][420][421]no limitno limit[lower-alpha 126]viabilityprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Illinoisno limitno limitviabilityviabilityviabilityviability
 Indiana[422]no limitno limit22 weeks[lower-alpha 128][lower-alpha 126]22 weeks[lower-alpha 128][lower-alpha 126]22 weeks[lower-alpha 128][lower-alpha 126]22 weeks[lower-alpha 128][lower-alpha 126]
 Iowano limitno limit22 weeks[lower-alpha 128]22 weeks[lower-alpha 128]22 weeks[lower-alpha 128]22 weeks[lower-alpha 128]
 Kansasno limitno limit22 weeks22 weeks22 weeks22 weeks
 Kentucky[423][424][425]no limitno limitprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Louisiana[426][427]no limitno limitprohibitedprohibited[lower-alpha 130]prohibitedprohibited
 Maineno limitno limitviabilityviabilityviabilityviability
 Marylandno limitno limitviabilityno limitviabilityviability
 Massachusettsno limitno limit24 weeksno limit24 weeks24 weeks
 Michiganno limitno limit[lower-alpha 126]viability[lower-alpha 126]viability[lower-alpha 126]viability[lower-alpha 126]viability[lower-alpha 126]
 Minnesotano limitno limitviabilityviabilityviabilityviability
 Mississippi[429][430][431]no limitprohibited20 weeksprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Missouri[432]no limitno limitprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Montanano limitno limitviabilityviabilityviabilityviability
 Nebraskano limitno limit22 weeks[lower-alpha 128]22 weeks[lower-alpha 128]22 weeks[lower-alpha 128]22 weeks[lower-alpha 128]
 Nevadano limitno limit24 weeks24 weeks24 weeks24 weeks
 New Hampshire[433]no limitno limit24 weeksno limit24 weeks24 weeks
 New Jerseyno limitno limitno limitno limitno limitno limit
 New Mexico[434]no limitno limitno limitno limitno limitno limit
 New Yorkno limitno limitviabilityviabilityviabilityviability
 North Carolina[435][436][437]no limitno limit20 weeks20 weeks20 weeks20 weeks
 North Dakota[438]no limitno limit[lower-alpha 126]22 weeks[lower-alpha 128]22 weeks[lower-alpha 128][lower-alpha 126]22 weeks[lower-alpha 128][lower-alpha 126]22 weeks[lower-alpha 128][lower-alpha 126]
 Ohio[439][440]no limitno limit22 weeks[lower-alpha 128][lower-alpha 126]22 weeks[lower-alpha 128][lower-alpha 126]22 weeks[lower-alpha 128][lower-alpha 126]22 weeks[lower-alpha 128][lower-alpha 126]
 Oklahoma[441][442][443]no limitprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Oregonno limitno limitno limitno limitno limitno limit
 Pennsylvaniano limitno limit24 weeks24 weeks24 weeks24 weeks
 Rhode Islandno limitno limitviabilityviabilityviabilityviability
 South Carolina[444][445]no limitno limit22 weeks[lower-alpha 128]no limit22 weeks[lower-alpha 128][lower-alpha 126]22 weeks[lower-alpha 128][lower-alpha 126]
 South Dakota[446]no limitprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Tennessee[447][448]no limitno limitprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Texas[449][450]no limitprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Utah[451][452][453]no limitno limitno limit18 weeks[lower-alpha 131][lower-alpha 126]18 weeks[lower-alpha 126]18 weeks[lower-alpha 126]
 Vermontno limitno limitno limitno limitno limitno limit
 Virginiano limitno limit 6 months6 months 6 months 6 months
 Washingtonno limitno limitviabilityviabilityviabilityviability
 West Virginia[454]no limitno limit11 weeks[lower-alpha 132]prohibited[lower-alpha 133]prohibitedprohibited
 Wisconsin[455][456]no limitprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Wyoming[457][458]no limitno limitviabilityviability[lower-alpha 126]viability[lower-alpha 126]viability[lower-alpha 126]
 Uruguay[459][460]no limitno limit14 weeks[lower-alpha 134]no limit12 weeks[lower-alpha 134]12 weeks
 Uzbekistan[462]permitted22 weeks22 weeks22 weeks22 weeks12 weeks
 Vanuatu[463]permittedpermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Vatican Cityprohibited[lower-alpha 135]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Venezuela[471][472]22 weeksprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Vietnam[473][474]permittedpermittedpermittedpermittedpermitted22 weeks[lower-alpha 136]
 Yemen[478]permittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Zambia[479]permittedpermittedpermittedpermittedpermittedprohibited
 Zimbabwe[480][481]22 weeks22 weeks22 weeks[lower-alpha 137]22 weeksprohibited[lower-alpha 138]prohibited[lower-alpha 138]
CountryRisk to lifeRisk to healthRapeFetal impairmentEconomic or socialOn request

Autonomous jurisdictions

The table below summarizes the legal grounds for abortion in autonomous jurisdictions not included in the previous table.

Legal grounds on which abortion is permitted in other autonomous jurisdictions
JurisdictionRisk to lifeRisk to healthRapeFetal impairmentEconomic or socialOn request
 Akrotiri and Dhekelia[484]permittedpermittedprohibitedpermittedpermittedprohibited
 American Samoa[485]permittedpermittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Anguilla[486]no limit28 weeksprohibited28 weeksprohibitedprohibited
 Aruba[487]permitted[lower-alpha 139]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Bermuda[488]permittedpermittedpermittedpermittedprohibitedprohibited
 British Virgin Islands[489]no limit28 weeksprohibited28 weeksprohibitedprohibited
 Cayman Islands[490]permittedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Cook Islands[491][lower-alpha 140]permittedpermitted[lower-alpha 141]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Curaçao[495]permitted[lower-alpha 139]prohibited[lower-alpha 142]prohibited[lower-alpha 142]prohibited[lower-alpha 142]prohibited[lower-alpha 142]prohibited[lower-alpha 142]
 Falkland Islands[497]no limitno limitprohibitedno limit24 weeksprohibited
 Faroe Islands[498]no limitno limit16 weeks16 weeksprohibitedprohibited
 French Polynesia[lower-alpha 143]no limitno limit14 weeks[lower-alpha 144]no limit14 weeks[lower-alpha 144]14 weeks[lower-alpha 144]
 Gibraltar[501]no limitno limit12 weeks[lower-alpha 145]no limit12 weeksprohibited
 Greenland[503]no limitno limitno limitno limitno limit12 weeks
 Guam[504][505]no limitno limit[lower-alpha 146]26 weeks[lower-alpha 146]26 weeks[lower-alpha 146]13 weeks[lower-alpha 146]13 weeks[lower-alpha 146]
 Guernsey [subdivisions]permitted[lower-alpha 147]permitted[lower-alpha 147]prohibitedvaries[lower-alpha 148]varies[lower-alpha 148]prohibited
 Alderney[508]permitted[lower-alpha 147]permitted[lower-alpha 147]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Guernsey[509]no limitno limitprohibitedno limit24 weeksprohibited
 Sark[508]permitted[lower-alpha 147]permitted[lower-alpha 147]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Hong Kong[510]no limit24 weeks24 weeks24 weeks24 weeksprohibited
 Isle of Man[511]no limitno limit23 weeksno limit23 weeks14 weeks
 Jersey[512]no limitno limit12 weeks24 weeks12 weeks12 weeks
 Macau[513]no limitno limit24 weeks24 weeksprohibitedprohibited
 Montserrat[514]no limitviabilityprohibitedviabilityprohibitedprohibited
 New Caledonia[lower-alpha 143]no limitno limit14 weeks[lower-alpha 144]no limit14 weeks[lower-alpha 144]14 weeks[lower-alpha 144]
 Niuepermitted[lower-alpha 149]permitted[lower-alpha 149]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Northern Mariana Islands[520]prohibited[lower-alpha 150]prohibited[lower-alpha 150]prohibited[lower-alpha 150]prohibited[lower-alpha 150]prohibited[lower-alpha 150]prohibited[lower-alpha 150]
 Pitcairn Islands[lower-alpha 151]no limitno limitprohibitedno limit24 weeksprohibited
 Puerto Rico[524]no limitno limitno limit[lower-alpha 152]no limit[lower-alpha 152]no limit[lower-alpha 152]prohibited[lower-alpha 152]
 Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha[lower-alpha 153]no limitno limitprohibitedno limit24 weeksprohibited
 Sint Maarten[529]permitted[lower-alpha 139]prohibited[lower-alpha 154]prohibited[lower-alpha 154]prohibited[lower-alpha 154]prohibited[lower-alpha 154]prohibited[lower-alpha 154]
 Tokelau[530]permitted[lower-alpha 155]permitted[lower-alpha 155]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 Turks and Caicos Islands[532]permitted[lower-alpha 156]permitted[lower-alpha 156]prohibitedprohibitedprohibitedprohibited
 U.S. Virgin Islands[533]no limitno limit24 weeks24 weeks24 weeks24 weeks
 Wallis and Futuna[lower-alpha 143]no limitno limit14 weeks[lower-alpha 144]no limit14 weeks[lower-alpha 144]14 weeks[lower-alpha 144]
JurisdictionRisk to lifeRisk to healthRapeFetal impairmentEconomic or socialOn request

Comparative limits for countries with elective abortions

Legal limits may not be directly comparable. Limits may be expressed in trimesters, months, weeks of pregnancy (implantation), weeks from fertilization, or weeks from last menstrual period (LMP).

Color-coded map illustrating the term limits of elective abortion in Europe (in weeks from last menstrual period, fertilization or implantation)
  Illegal
  Legal but generally unavailable (Northern Ireland)
  Legal first 5 weeks (Turkmenistan)
  Legal first 10 weeks
  Legal first 11 weeks (Estonia)
  Legal first 12 weeks
  Legal first 13 weeks (3 months, Austria, Tunisia)
  Legal first 14 weeks
  Legal first 18 weeks
  Legal first 22 weeks (Iceland)
  Legal first 24 weeks
  Technically illegal, but generally available through 12 weeks (Finland)
  Technically illegal, but generally available through 24 weeks (Great Britain)
  Technically 12 weeks, but generally available through 22 weeks (ex-USSR)
  Technically 12 weeks, but generally available through 28 weeks (ex-USSR)
  Legal if the pregnancy is not from marriage; generally available under exemptions (Israel)
A color-coded map illustrating the current legal status of elective-specific abortion procedures in each of the individual 50 states of the United States of America; plus U.S. territories and federal district[lower-alpha 157]
As of October 8, 2022 (UTC)
  Illegal
  Legally unclear or legal but no providers
  Legal through 15th week LMP (1st trimester)
  Legal through 18th week LMP
  Legal through 20th week LMP
  Legal through 22nd week LMP (5 months)
  Legal through 24th week LMP (5½ months)
  Legal before third trimester[lower-alpha 160]
  Legal at any stage
A colored border indicates that a more stringent restriction or ban, corresponding to the key, is blocked by the courts.
* LMP is the time since the onset of the last menstrual period.
Color-coded map illustrating availability of abortion in Canada, in weeks of embryonic age (from fertilization). Abortion is legal at all stages in Canada, but availability is subject to medical guidelines.
  Available first 12 weeks (PEI)
  Available first 13 weeks
  Available first 16 weeks
  Available first 19 weeks
  Available first 20 weeks
  Available first 24 weeks
  Available first 25 weeks

Countries with more restrictive laws

Supporter of legalized abortion at a rally in Paraná, Argentina. Argentina had restrictive laws until 2021.

According to a report by Women on Waves, approximately 25% of the world's population lives in countries with "highly restrictive abortion laws"—that is, laws which either completely ban abortion, or allow it only to save the mother's life. This category includes several countries in Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, the Asia-Pacific region, as well as Malta in Europe.[lower-alpha 161][534] The Center for Reproductive Rights report that "[t]he inability to access safe and legal abortion care impacts 700 million women of reproductive age."[535]

Some of the countries of Central America, notably El Salvador, have also come to international attention due to very forceful enforcement of the laws, including the incarceration of a gang-rape victim for homicide when she gave birth to a stillborn son and was accused of attempting an illegal abortion.[536][537][538]

Beginning of pregnancy controversy

Controversy over the beginning of pregnancy occurs in different contexts, particularly in a legal context, and is particularly discussed within the abortion debate from the point of measuring the gestational age of the pregnancy. Pregnancy can be measured from a number of convenient points, including the day of last menstruation, ovulation, fertilization, implantation and chemical detection. A common medical way to calculate gestational age is to measure pregnancy from the first day of the last menstrual cycle.[lower-alpha 162] However, not all legal systems use this measure for the purpose of abortion law; for example countries such as Belgium, France, and Luxembourg use the term "pregnancy" in the abortion law to refer to the time elapsed from the sexual act that led to conception, which is presumed to be 2 weeks after the end of the last menstrual period.[lower-alpha 163]

Exceptions in abortion law

Exceptions in abortion laws occur either in countries where abortion is as a general rule illegal or in countries that have abortion on request with gestational limits. For example, if a country allows abortion on request until 12 weeks, it may create exceptions to this general gestation limit for later abortions in specific circumstances.[544]

There are a few exceptions commonly found in abortion laws. Legal domains which do not have abortion on demand will often allow it when the health of the mother is at stake. "Health of the mother" may mean something different in different areas: for example, prior to December 2018, the Republic of Ireland allowed abortion only to save the mother's life, whereas abortion opponents in the United States argue health exceptions are used so broadly as to render a ban essentially meaningless.[545]

Laws allowing abortion in cases of rape or incest often differ. For example, before Roe v. Wade, thirteen U.S. states allowed abortion in the case of either rape or incest, but only Mississippi permitted abortion of pregnancies due to rape, and no state permitted it for just incest.[546]

Many countries allow abortion only through the first or second trimester, and some may allow abortion in cases of fetal defects, e.g., Down syndrome, or where the pregnancy is the result of a sexual crime.

Laws in some countries with liberal abortion laws protect access to abortion services. Such legislation often seeks to guard abortion clinics against obstruction, vandalism, picketing, and other actions, or to protect patients and employees of such facilities from threats and harassment. Other laws create a perimeter around a facility, known variously as a "buffer zone", "bubble zone", or "access zone", where demonstrations opposing abortion are not permitted. Protests and other displays are restricted to a certain distance from the building, which varies depending on the law. Similar zones have also been created to protect the homes of abortion providers and clinic staff. Bubble zone laws are divided into "fixed" and "floating" categories. Fixed bubble zone laws apply to the static area around the facility itself, and floating laws to objects in transit, such as people or cars.[547] Because of conflicts between anti-abortion activists on one side and women seeking abortion and medical staff who provides abortion on the other side, some laws are quite strict: in South Africa for instance, any person who prevents the lawful termination of a pregnancy or obstructs access to a facility for the termination of a pregnancy faces up to 10 years in prison (section 10.1 (c) of the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act[548]).

On 3 November 2020, an association of 20 Kenyan charities urged the government of Kenya to withdraw from the Geneva Consensus Declaration (GCD), a US-led international accord that sought to limit access to abortion for girls and women around the world. GCD was signed by 33 nations, on 22 October 2020.[549]

Judicial decisions

Year JurisdictionDescriptionAbortion access affirmed or expanded?
1879  CanadaAbortion trial of Emily Stowe
1938  United KingdomR v Bourne
Abortion in case of risk to physical or mental health included in risk to life. The decision was also implemented by some British territories and their successors.[350]
Yes
1952  CanadaAzoulay v R[550]
1969  Victoria (Australia)R v Davidson[lower-alpha 164]
Abortion allowed in case of risk to life, and physical or mental health.[551]
Yes
1971  United StatesUnited States v. VuitchRestrictions upheld
 New South Wales (Australia)R v Wald
Abortion in case of socioeconomic reasons included in risk to physical or mental health.
Yes
1973  United States Doe v. Bolton
Abortion allowed after viability if necessary to protect her health.
Roe v. Wade
Abortion allowed on demand in the entire country.
1975  GermanyGerman Federal Constitutional Court abortion decisionLaw restricted
1976  CanadaMorgentaler v RRestrictions upheld
 United StatesPlanned Parenthood v. DanforthLegalization upheld
1979 Maher v. Roe
Colautti v. Franklin
1980  Puerto RicoPueblo v. Duarte
Application of Roe v. Wade to Puerto Rico.[524]
Yes
 United StatesHarris v. McRae
1981 H. L. v. MathesonRestrictions upheld
 IsraelA. v. B.
Paternal consent not required.
Yes
1983  United StatesCity of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
1986 Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
1988  CanadaR v MorgentalerYes
1989 Borowski v Canada (AG)
 United StatesWebster v. Reproductive Health ServicesRestrictions upheld
 CanadaTremblay v DaigleYes
1990  United StatesHodgson v. Minnesota
1991 Rust v. Sullivan
1992  IrelandAttorney General v. X
Abortion allowed in case of risk to life, including risk of suicide.
Yes
 United StatesPlanned Parenthood v. Casey
1993 Bray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic
 Germany2 BvF 2/90[165]
 CanadaR v MorgentalerYes
1995  New South Wales (Australia)CES v. Superclinics
Physical or mental health should be considered not only during the pregnancy but also after the birth.
1997  PolandK 26/96
Abortion for economic or social reasons ruled unconstitutional.[325]
Law restricted
 United StatesThornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
1998  South AfricaChristian Lawyers Association v Minister of Health
Law allowing abortion on demand ruled constitutional.
Legalization upheld
2000  United StatesHill v. Colorado
Stenberg v. Carhart
Supreme Court struck down Nebraska's partial-birth abortion ban.
Yes
2001  ArgentinaT., S. v. Government of Buenos Aires City[552]
2003  United StatesScheidler v. National Organization for Women
2006 Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England
Scheidler v. National Organization for Women
Gonzales v. Carhart
Supreme Court upheld the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003.
Restrictions upheld
 ColombiaConstitutional Court allowed abortion in case of danger to woman's life or health, rape, and fetal deformation.[114]Yes
 Council of EuropeD v Ireland
 New South Wales (Australia)R v Sood[553]
2007  Council of EuropeTysiąc v Poland[554]
 SlovakiaConstitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion on demand constitutional.[555]Legalization upheld
2008  NepalAchyut Kharel v. Government of Nepal [556]
2009  Council of EuropeA, B and C v Ireland
The court rejected the argument that article 8 conferred a right to abortion, but found that Ireland had violated the European Convention on Human Rights by failing to provide an accessible and effective procedure by which a woman can have established whether she qualifies for a legal abortion.
Yes
 NepalLakshmi v. Government of Nepal
Supreme Court upheld and expanded legal abortion.[557]
2011  United KingdomBritish Pregnancy Advisory Service v Secretary of State for Health[558]
2012  ArgentinaF., A. L.
Abortion allowed in case of rape of any woman, regardless of her mental health.[559]
Yes
 BrazilADPF 54
Abortion allowed in case of anencephaly.[560]
 Council of EuropeP. and S. v. Poland[561]
2013  El SalvadorCase of "Beatriz"[562]
2014  BoliviaRuling 0206/2014[563]
 IrelandP.P. v. Health Service Executive
2015  Dominican RepublicConstitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion in certain cases unconstitutional.[564]Law restricted
 RwandaRPA 0787/15/HC/KIG[565]
2016  United StatesWhole Woman's Health v. HellerstedtYes
 United NationsMellet v Ireland
2017  ChileConstitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion in certain cases constitutional.[110]Yes
 CroatiaConstitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion on demand constitutional.[566]Legalization upheld
2018  United KingdomNorthern Ireland Human Rights Commission v Department of Justice[567]
2019  South KoreaAbortion allowed on request. Decision took effect in 2021.[365]Yes
 AustraliaClubb v Edwards
 KenyaFIDA-Kenya and Others v. Attorney General and Others
Abortion allowed in case of rape.[204]
Yes
2020  PolandK 1/20
Abortion in case of fetal deformity ruled unconstitutional. The decision was implemented on 27 January 2021.[324]
Law restricted
 ThailandRuling No. 4/2563[568]
 ColombiaConstitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion in certain cases constitutional rejecting both total ban and legalization.[569]Law upheld
2021  EcuadorAbortion allowed in case of rape of any woman, regardless of her mental health.[141]Yes
 MexicoDeadlines in case of pregnancy after rape ruled unconstitutional.[241][242]
Penalties for abortion ruled unconstitutional.[37][38]
[570]
[571][572]
 Inter-American Court of Human RightsManuela and Others v. El Salvador[573]
 United StatesUnited States v. TexasRestrictions upheld
Whole Woman's Health v. Jackson
2022  ColombiaConstitutional Court decriminalized abortion up to 24 weeks of gestation.[36]Yes
 United StatesDobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization

States may now ban or restrict abortion before viablilty, Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey overturned.

Law restricted
 IndiaAbortion allowed under the same criteria regardless of marital status.[574] Yes

See also

Notes

  1. Mainland China.
  2. In 2021, the Chinese government issued guidelines reducing "non-medically necessary" abortions as a "step toward women's development".[15] The guidelines do not provide detail on what a "non-medically necessary" abortion is, nor what specific policies the government has planned to achieve this goal.[16][17]
  3. In some parts of Overseas France, abortion on request became legal in 2001.[19][20][21]
  4. Year when all subnational jurisdictions legalized abortion on request.
  5. Including Svalbard.[299]
  6. The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 1978 and came into force in 1979.[22]
  7. In the Caribbean Netherlands, abortion on request became legal in 2011.[23][24]
  8. The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 1986 and came into force in 1987.
  9. After explicit legalization struck down by supreme court decision, the law only removes punishment for abortion on request but with no statement about its legality.
  10. The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 1995 and came into force in 1996.[28]
  11. The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 2014 and came into force in 2015.[30]
  12. The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 2018 and came into force in 2019.[31]
  13. The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 2020 and came into force in 2021.[32]
  14. The law of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan consisted primarily of statutory law and a limited use of Islamic jurisprudence.[46] The Afghan penal code criminalized abortion and only removed the penalty if the abortion was prescribed by a doctor to save the woman's life,[47][48] but other sources said that Afghanistan also allowed abortion in case of fetal impairment,[49] and rarely for economic reasons if accepted by a religious council.[50] After the 2021 Taliban offensive, the new government announced its intention to implement Islamic law exclusively, and it is unclear which legal grounds for abortion it accepts.[51]
  15. The UN source says that this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.[53] However, other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in Andorra.[54]
  16. The UN source incorrectly shows Angola as allowing abortion on request, citing a penal code draft from 2014 that did not become law.[55] The version of the penal code enacted in 2020 and entered into force in 2021 allows abortion only in certain circumstances.[56]
  17. A 2001 UN source says that abortion must be performed within the first 16 weeks and that it may be permitted after this period under very exceptional circumstances.[58]
  18. Before independence, a judicial decision in the parent country allowed abortion for this ground, but the decision has not been explicitly recognized by Antigua and Barbuda.[58][59]:14
  19. Abortion for this ground is permitted in all subdivisions except the Northern Territory.[62][63]
  20. Applies the laws of Western Australia.[66]
  21. Applies the laws of Western Australia.[67]
  22. Applies the laws of the Australian Capital Territory.[68]
  23. Applies the laws of New South Wales.[70]
  24. Abortion up to 24 weeks may be performed if the medical practitioner considers the abortion is appropriate in all the circumstances, having regard to all relevant medical circumstances, the woman's current and future physical, psychological and social circumstances, and professional standards and guidelines. Later abortion may be performed, if two medical practitioners consider the abortion is appropriate in all the circumstances, having regard to the mentioned matters.[71] These criteria are not considered as allowing abortion on request.[62][63]
  25. If the woman was under age 14 when getting pregnant, no limit is specified.
  26. The penal code says that abortion is permitted for therapeutic purposes but is unclear whether it means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health. The UN source marks it as a permitted ground.
  27. The UN source marks it as a legal ground because the Penal Code explicitly prohibits abortion only if performed without the consent of the woman and of a medical practitioner.[80] However, the decree regulating medical practice prohibits abortion unless the pregnancy threatens the woman's life.[81]
  28. The UN source does not explicitly mark this legal ground for abortion but says that "Menstrual regulation is available on request for women with a last menstrual period of 10 weeks or less."[44]
  29. The law permits abortion for medical reasons without gestational limit, for social reasons up to 22 weeks of gestation, and on request up to 12 weeks of gestation.[83] By regulation, fetal impairment is included as a medical reason,[84] and rape is included as a social reason.[85]
  30. Defined as 12 weeks from conception, considered as 14 weeks from the last menstrual period.[87]
  31. The penal code prohibits abortion except to save the woman's life, when the pregnancy is a result of rape or incest, or when the woman is of unsound mental condition.[89] Guidelines for health workers mention grounds of risk to the woman's health and fetal impairment, and define a gestational limit of 180 days.[90]
  32. This ground is only cited in guidelines for health workers, not by law.[89][90]
  33. This ground is established by a regulation implementing a judicial decision, although it is not mentioned in the decision itself or in the law.[91]
  34. Continues to apply the abortion law of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[92][93]
  35. The penal code criminalizes abortion and only removes the penalty if the abortion is done to save the woman's life or if the pregnancy is the result of rape.[96] Due to a decision by the Supreme Federal Court, abortion is also permitted in case of anencephaly, and it may also be authorized by court order in other fatal cases of fetal impairment.[97][98][99]
  36. The penal code says that social demands are taken into account in a conviction for abortion.[103] It is unclear if this circumstance reduces the penalty or may remove it.
  37. There is no abortion law in Canada, but its subdivisions and professional bodies have regulations restricting the procedure to various grounds or gestational limits.[106][107]
  38. The penal code says that abortion may be permitted to an underage woman in a state of grave distress up to 8 weeks.[109]
  39. If the woman is under age 14, the gestational limit is 14 weeks.
  40. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.[113][114][36]
  41. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law.[116] The Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which is declared to be an integral part of the constitution, says that "Abortion, other than therapeutic, is prohibited and punishable by law."[117] The UN source says that this ground is accepted as a general legal principle.[40]
  42. A judicial pardon may be granted to the woman for an abortion on this ground.[118]
  43. In some cases, the gestational limit is 12 or 24 weeks.
  44. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle, allowed by regulation and established by treaty.[125][126]
  45. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by treaty, whose application is requested by the Constitutional Court.[125][127]
  46. If the woman is of young age or immature and so unable to care for the child in a proper way, no limit is specified.
  47. Before independence, a judicial decision in the parent country allowed abortion for this ground, but the decision has not been explicitly recognized by Dominica.[133]
  48. The UN source says that this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle. However, other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in the Dominican Republic.[135][136]
  49. The UN source shows East Timor as allowing abortion also in case of risk to the woman's health or fetal impairment, citing the penal code enacted in March 2009 and entered into force in June 2009.[137][138] However, the penal code was amended in July 2009 to restrict abortion only to save the woman's life.[139][138][140]
  50. This ground is explicitly mentioned in the law only in case of rape of a woman with a mental disability, but it is also established by judicial decision in case of rape of any woman.[141]
  51. Abortion is permitted if the woman is under age 18.
  52. If the woman is under age 15 or over age 45, the gestational limit is 22 weeks.
  53. extreme poverty[152]
  54. Including Åland.[154]
  55. Including Overseas France, except French Polynesia, New Caledonia and Wallis and Futuna.[156][157]
  56. Defined as 14 weeks of pregnancy, considered as 16 weeks from the last menstrual period.[158]
  57. The penal code says that abortion may be permitted to an underage woman in a state of grave distress up to 10 weeks.
  58. Abortion for this ground is not explicitly lawful, but the criminal code specifies that abortion is not punished if the woman requests it, has obtained counselling, and it is done within 12 weeks from conception. The woman's living conditions are also taken into account in the indication of a serious risk to her health.[165][166]
  59. If the woman is a minor or incapable of resisting, the gestational limit is 19 weeks.
  60. If the woman is HIV-positive or contraception failure, the gestational limit is 16 weeks.
  61. A new penal code, published by presidential decree on 24 June 2020, would allow abortion on request in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. The code is set to take effect on 24 June 2024 unless modified before then.[173][174]
  62. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.
  63. Up to 18 weeks if the woman is incapacitated or did not recognize the pregnancy due to illness or medical error, or in case of failure of a health institution.[176]
  64. Up to 24 weeks in case of prolongation of the diagnostic procedure, or no limit in case of fetal abnormality incompatible with life after birth.[176]
  65. No limit in case of "substantial foetal abnormalities".[178]
  66. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law,[184] but it may be included in other legal grounds if the pregnancy causes unbearable hardship, such as significant harm to mental health or risk of suicide.[185]
  67. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.[186][187]
  68. This ground is only cited in instructions to health committees, not by law.[188]
  69. If the risk to life or health is immediate, no gestational limit is specified.
  70. Abortion is permitted if the woman is under age 18 or over age 40, or if she is not married or the pregnancy is not from marriage.[190]
  71. The UN source marks it as a legal ground but it is only established by treaty, not by law and not implemented as of 2020.[192][193]
  72. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle and established by judicial decision.[194][195][196][197]
  73. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.[194][195][196][197]
  74. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.[204] It is also mentioned in the National Guidelines on Management of Sexual Violence.[205]
  75. The penal code prohibits "unlawful abortion", defined as "abortion not authorized by medical doctor commission". The penal code also lists the principles of legitimate defense and necessity to save one's life, which lead to exemption from penal liability.[211] A decision by the Ministry of Health states that abortion is medically authorized, up to 28 weeks of gestation, due to certain medical conditions of the woman or fetus, rape, contraception failure, and certain socioeconomic conditions of the woman or her family.[212] A WHO source also shows Laos as allowing abortion on request up to 12 weeks of gestation, citing guidelines for health workers from 2016,[213] but they were issued before the penal code of 2017 defined "unlawful abortion" and are not mentioned in the decision by the Ministry of Health of 2021.
  76. If the woman is under age 13 or over age 49, no limit is specified.
  77. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law.[224] The UN source says that it is accepted as a general legal principle,[40] but other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in Madagascar.[225][226]
  78. The law of Maldives is a combination of statutory and Islamic law.[229] The Maldivian penal code criminalizes abortion after 120 days of gestation, except for risk to the woman's life.[230] The Maldivian Islamic jurisprudence allows abortion only for risk to the woman's life, without gestational limit, or in cases of rape, incest, or certain medical conditions of a fetus conceived in marriage, up to 120 days of gestation.[231][232]
  79. Only for certain medical conditions of a fetus conceived in marriage.[231][232]
  80. Law prohibits abortion without exceptions. In practice only indirect abortion is allowed under the principle of double effect.[235][236]
  81. Abortion for this ground is permitted by law in all subdivisions except Guanajuato and Querétaro. In these two states, people who violate it may be prosecuted but not imprisoned, and they may request judicial relief by amparo.[37][38]
  82. Abortion for this ground is permitted by law in some states and Mexico City. In other states, people who violate it may be prosecuted but not imprisoned, and they may request judicial relief by amparo.[37][38]
  83. The penal codes of some states specify a gestational limit for abortion in case of rape. However, in July 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that it is unconstitutional to set a limit for abortion on this ground.[241][242]
  84. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.[37][38]
  85. If the woman is under age 15 or over age 40, the gestational limit is 21 weeks.
  86. In 2016, the government of Morocco proposed allowing abortion in cases of rape, incest, mental disability and fetal impairment. However, the parliament did not approve the proposal,[279][280] and as of 2021 the abortion articles in the penal code remain unchanged.[281][282]
  87. May be permitted with no gestational limit in case the fetus is not viable.[283]
  88. Including the Caribbean Netherlands.[23][24]
  89. The Criminal Code of the predecessor of Nigeria prohibited abortion except to save the woman's life. A judicial decision on a similar law in the parent country allowed abortion also to preserve the woman's health, but the West African Court of Appeal, despite applying the reasoning of the parent country's decision, affirmed only the ground to save the woman's life in Nigerian law. The Criminal Code and its judicial precedent remain in force in the southern states of Nigeria. In the states corresponding to the former Northern Region, the Penal Code replaced the Criminal Code and its judicial precedent, and it also prohibits abortion except to save the woman's life.[289][290]
  90. The criminal law of North Korea, as amended up to 2015, does not mention abortion.[292][293] In 2015 the North Korean government issued a directive prohibiting medical professionals from performing abortions but did not indicate a penalty for doing so.[294] In 2016, the government stated that abortion was "legal" and "provided upon request by the woman concerned for reasons of risks to her life, physical and mental health and fetal malformation", but it is unclear whether these were the only permitted reasons.[295] It has also been reported that repatriated pregnant women are forced to have abortions to prevent children of mixed ethnicity.[296][297]
  91. May be permitted with no gestational limit in some cases.[298]
  92. The penal law prohibits abortion without any explicit exception, but it exempts from penal liability actions done by necessity to protect oneself or others from a severe and imminent danger, and in the practice of agreed medical activities or urgent medical intervention.[300] The law regulating medical practice prohibits abortion except for risk to the woman's life or of unbearable illness, and in case of fetal impairment up to 120 days of gestation.[301]
  93. Different sources specify this limit as 120 days or four months of gestation.[304][305]
  94. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law[306] but it is accepted as a general legal principle.
  95. The law prohibits abortion except to save the woman's life.[307] However, some sources say that abortion may also be permitted for health reasons and in cases of rape and fetal impairment,[308][309][310] while other sources say that it is not possible to obtain an abortion in any circumstance.[311]
  96. The law prohibits abortion done "unlawfully" without defining it, and it explicitly permits abortion to preserve the woman's life.[314] An opinion of the State Solicitor in 1982, based on court decisions on identical laws in the former parent country, considered that preservation of the woman's health was also a legal ground for abortion.[315][316] However, in 2018, in the case of a woman who had aborted at four months of pregnancy due to risk to health, the Supreme Court acquitted her because she had been wrongly charged for the crime of killing an unborn child, which only applies shortly before birth (section 312), but ruled that she should have still been charged for the crime of abortion (section 225).[317]
  97. The law prohibits abortion without explicitly mentioning any exception,[320] but in 2014 the Supreme Court ruled that indirect abortion done to save the woman's life was permitted under the principle of double effect.[321][322]
  98. This ground was mentioned in the law but it was invalidated by a judicial decision in 2020.[324]
  99. This ground was mentioned in the law but it was invalidated by a judicial decision in 1997.[325]
  100. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.[334][335][59]:14
  101. In case of risk to the woman's life after fetal viability, the pregnancy may also be interrupted by attempting a live birth.
  102. Permitted until fetal viability in case of a fetal anomaly that poses a risk to the woman's health.
  103. Abortion may also permitted up to 40 days of gestation for other reasons that are not economic or social concerns.[340][341][342]
  104. In some cases, abortion may be allowed up to fetal viability or 26 weeks of gestation.[346][347]
  105. Sierra Leone established that the laws in force in England in 1880 would be in force in Sierra Leone from 1965.[348] One of these laws prohibited abortion done "unlawfully" without defining it.[349] A judicial decision in England in 1938 clarified that this law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health.[350] It is unclear whether Sierra Leone applies only the original legal principle or also the judicial decision.[351][352] In 2015 the parliament of Sierra Leone passed a law allowing abortion on request but it was not signed by the president so it did not come into force.[353][354]
  106. In some cases, the gestational limit is 12 weeks.
  107. Including Somaliland.[362][363]
  108. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.
  109. The laws of South Korea prohibited abortion except for risk to the woman's health, rape, incest, or certain medical conditions, up to 24 weeks of gestation.[364] On 11 April 2019, the Constitutional Court ruled that the abortion restrictions were unconstitutional, giving the legislature until the end of 2020 to amend the laws to allow abortion on request with some gestational limit. In October 2020 the government proposed a limit of 14 weeks for abortion on request and 24 weeks for certain other cases, but the legislature did not approve this or any other proposal on the subject before the end of the year, so the abortion laws became automatically invalid on 1 January 2021.[365] As of August 2021, the legislature had still not approved any of the proposals, leaving abortion decriminalized without a clear gestational limit.[366]
  110. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.[365]
  111. In case of a fatal anomaly, no limit is specified.
  112. From conception.
  113. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law[372] but it is accepted as a general legal principle.
  114. In mainland Tanzania, articles 150 to 152 of the penal code prohibit abortion done "unlawfully", and article 230 of the same law permits abortion to preserve the woman's life. Article 219 additionally prohibits "child destruction", meaning abortion after fetal viability, presumed at 28 weeks of pregnancy, but still permits it to preserve the woman's life.[379] In Zanzibar, the penal act has equivalent articles 129 to 131, 213 and 200.[380]
  115. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. A judicial decision by the East African Court of Appeal, with jurisdiction over the predecessors of Tanzania, allowed abortion also to preserve the woman's health, and sources state that this decision remains binding after independence.[381]
  116. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law[385] but it is accepted as a general legal principle.[386]
  117. If the woman is HIV-positive, a minor, or over age 40, no limit is specified.
  118. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law[388] but it is accepted as a general legal principle and established by judicial decision.[389][390]
  119. If the woman is under age 15 or over age 45, the gestational limit is 22 weeks.[397][398]
  120. Permitted in case of a fatal anomaly up to 120 days of gestation.[399]
  121. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is considered to be included in a ground for preserving physical or mental health.[400][401][402]
  122. Abortion for this ground is permitted only in Northern Ireland, up to 12 weeks of gestation.[403]
  123. Abortion for this ground is not permitted in some states.
  124. Permitted in case of a lethal anomaly up to 20 weeks from fertilization, considered as 22 weeks from the last menstrual period.[408][407]
  125. Permitted up to 20 weeks post-fertilization if a licensed psychiatrist verifies the pregnant woman has a "serious mental illness".[407]
  126. A law prohibits abortion on this ground but it is suspended by judicial decision.
  127. Permitted until viability if the fetus has a fatal anomaly.[413]
  128. Defined as 20 weeks from fertilization, considered as 22 weeks from the last menstrual period.[406]
  129. Prohibited after embryonic or fetal cardiac activity is detected, which is possible after approximately six weeks of gestation.
  130. Permitted in certain cases of fatal anomalies.[426][428]
  131. In case of a lethal anomaly or a severe brain abnormality, no limit is specified.
  132. Defined as 8 weeks from implantation, approximately 11 weeks from the last menstrual period. If the patient is a minor or an incompetent or incapacitated adult, abortion in case of rape is permitted in the first 14 weeks from implantation, approximately 17 weeks from the last menstrual period.[454]
  133. Permitted with no gestational limit if the fetus has a lethal anomaly.[454]
  134. A judge may also remove the penalty for abortion on this ground in the first 3 months from conception.[461]
  135. The law of Vatican City is primarily based on the canon law of the Catholic Church and applies the Italian penal code in force in 1929 with local modifications.[464] Both sources of law prohibit abortion without explicitly mentioning any exception.[465][466] Article 49 of the penal code lists the principle of necessity to save one's life, which removes punishment for any action that would otherwise be a crime,[467][468] but the Church's official interpretation of canon 1398 is more restrictive, allowing in such cases only indirect abortion under the principle of double effect.[469][470]
  136. Depending on the capacity at each level of hospital.[475][476][477]
  137. Abortion is not permitted for rape within marriage.[482]
  138. The 2014 Guidelines for Comprehensive Abortion Care says "In Zimbabwe termination of pregnancy may be permitted for HIV-positive women if they choose to do so."[483]
  139. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.[59]
  140. The parliament has proposed a law allowing abortion also in case of risk to health, rape and fetal impairment,[492] but it has not yet been approved.[493]
  141. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law, but it is established by a judicial decision in the parent country. A UN source states this it in unclear whether this judicial precedent also applies to the Cook Islands, but it lists this ground as permitted there.[494]
  142. Although illegal, the government does not prosecute abortions performed under rules similar to other countries, including on request.[496]
  143. Applies the abortion law of France in its version resulting from law no. 2016-41 of 26 January 2016.[156][499][157]
  144. Defined as 12 weeks of pregnancy, considered as 14 weeks from the last menstrual period.[500]
  145. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is considered to be included in the ground for preserving physical or mental health.[501][502]
  146. Although the law permits abortions on request, no medical providers in the territory perform them except to save the woman's life.[506][507]
  147. In Alderney and Sark, this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law.[508] A judicial decision on an identical law in the parent country clarified that the law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health.[350] It is unclear whether Alderney and Sark apply only the original legal principle or also the judicial decision.
  148. This ground is permitted in the jurisdiction of Guernsey, but not in Alderney or Sark.[508]
  149. A law enacted by New Zealand for Niue in 1966 prohibited abortion done "unlawfully", without defining it,[515] but a judicial decision applicable in New Zealand allowed abortion in case of risk to the woman's life or health, and a UN source states this judicial precedent probably applies to Niue as well.[516] In 2007, New Zealand repealed the sections of law that prohibited abortion in Niue,[517] but they remain in force in Niue[518] as legislation enacted by New Zealand after 1974 does not apply to Niue without its consent.[519]
  150. The territory's constitution prohibits abortion "except as provided by law", and the territory has no law about the subject.[520] A law from the predecessor of the territory prohibited abortion done "unlawfully" without defining it, and although predecessor laws remain in force in the territory unless modified, a judicial decision ruled this abortion law invalid for being too vague.[521] As a result, although abortion remains prohibited in principle by the constitution, abortion providers cannot be prosecuted for it as there is no law specifying a penalty. Still, in practice, authorized medical providers in the territory perform abortions only to save the woman's life and possibly in case of rape.[522] In 1995, an opinion issued by the territory's attorney general concluded that U.S. judicial decisions allowing abortion on request also applied to the territory, but these decisions were overturned in 2022.[520]
  151. Applies English law in force in 2010 unless locally modified.[523]
  152. The penal code prohibits abortion except in case of risk to the woman's life or health.[524] In 1980, a decision by the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico expanded the health criteria to also include mental health, including emotional, psychological, family and age aspects, with no gestational limit. However, the decision still maintained the prohibition on abortion if done without any therapeutic consideration.[525][526]
  153. Applies English law in force on 1 January 2006 unless locally modified, in each part of the territory.[527] Tristan da Cunha explicitly applies the abortion law of the United Kingdom with minor modifications.[528]
  154. Although illegal, the government does not prosecute abortions performed under rules similar to other countries, including on request.[59]
  155. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. The judicial handbook says that abortion is permitted for medical reasons but is unclear whether it means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health.[531]
  156. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. A judicial decision on an identical law in the parent country clarified that the law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health.[350] It is unclear whether the territory applies only the original legal principle or also the judicial decision.
  157. All states but the state of Tennessee (which has an affirmative defense instead) make exceptions if the mother’s life is in danger.
    Exceptions for risk to mother's physical health: Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Utah, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.
    Exceptions for risk to mother's general health: California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, New York, Rhode Island, Virginia, Washington.
    Exception for pregnancy due to rape and/or incest: Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Mississippi, North Dakota, South Carolina, West Virginia, Utah, and Wyoming.
    Exception for lethal fetal anomaly: Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, South Carolina, West Virginia, and Utah.
  158. This generally happens in the 6th week LMP.
  159. Typically, it is between the 23rd or 24th week LMP.
  160. Variously defined as after 27th or 28th week LMP; in Massachusetts, 24 weeks from implantation ≈ 27 weeks LMP.
  161. In Malta, only indirect abortion is de facto allowed under the principle of double effect.[235][236]
  162. Some examples of gestational age calculated from the first day of the last menstrual cycle:[539][540][541][542][543]
  163. For example Luxembourg abortion law states: "Avant la fin de la 12e semaine de grossesse ou avant la fin de la 14e semaine d'aménorrhée[...]" which translates to "Before the end of the 12th week of pregnancy or before the end of the 14th week of amenorrhea".[223]
  164. Also known as the "Menhennitt ruling".

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    388. "CRIMINAL LAW ACT CHAPTER 10:04 - original 2006 updated 2016 modified 2018" (PDF). Legal Affairs.Gov.TT. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 June 2022.
    389. Code of Ethics in the Practice of Medicine: Responsibilities to Profession, Medical Board of Trinidad and Tobago.
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    395. https://tuvalu-legislation.tv/cms/images/LEGISLATION/PRINCIPAL/1965/1965-0007/PenalCode_1.pdf arts 150–152, 214, 227
    396. https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/435-15 art.281.6
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    398. "Про затвердження Інструкції про порядок проведення операції штучного переривання вагітності, форм первинної облікової документації та інструкцій щодо їх заповнення". Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України.
    399. Women's reproductive and sexual healthcare, Government of the United Arab Emirates, 11 July 2021.
    400. Rape and abortion, EFC.
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    402. Know Your Abortion Rights in the UK, 123 Healthwise.
    403. The Abortion (Northern Ireland) (No. 2) Regulations 2020, Legislation.gov.uk.
    404. Abortion Act 1967, Legislation.gov.uk.
    405. Abortion policy in the absence of Roe, Guttmacher Institute, 1 August 2022.
    406. State bans on abortion throughout pregnancy, Guttmacher Institute, 25 August 2022.
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    408. Section 26-23B-5, Alabama Legislature.
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    411. SB149, Arkansas General Assembly, 2019.
    412. SB6, Arkansas General Assembly, 2021.
    413. CS/HB 5, Florida House of Representatives, 2022.
    414. Florida restores state abortion ban beyond 15 weeks after temporary halt The Guardian, 6 July 2022.
    415. Georgia Code section 16-12-141, Justia, 2020.
    416. Georgia Code section 31-9B-1, Justia, 2020.
    417. Federal appeals court allows Georgia abortion law to take effect immediately, NBC News, 20 July 2022.
    418. Section 18-604, Idaho Legislature, 2022.
    419. Section 18-608, Idaho Legislature, 2022.
    420. Section 18-622, Idaho Legislature, 2022.
    421. Judge blocks enforcement of Idaho's abortion ban in medical emergencies day before it was set to take effect, CNN, 25 August 2022.
    422. Senate Bill 1, Indiana General Assembly, 2022.
    423. KRS 311.722, Kentucky General Assembly.
    424. KRS 311.782, Kentucky General Assembly.
    425. Clinics ask Supreme Court to halt appeals court order blocking abortion in Kentucky, Louisville Courier Journal, 2 August 2022.
    426. Act No. 545, Louisiana State Legislature, 2022.
    427. Louisiana abortion ban reinstated, clinics halt procedures, The Washington Post, 1 August 2022.
    428. List of conditions that shall deem an unborn child "medically futile", Louisiana Department of Health, 2022.
    429. House Bill 1400, Mississippi Legislature, 2014.
    430. Senate Bill 2391 Mississippi Legislature, 2007.
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    432. HB126, Missouri General Assembly, 2019.
    433. House bill 1609-FN, General Court of New Hampshire, 2022.
    434. Gov. Lujan Grisham signs Senate Bill 10, repealing 1969 abortion ban, KOB, 26 February 2021.
    435. Abortion and kindred offenses, North Carolina General Statutes.
    436. Woman's Right to Know Act, North Carolina General Statutes.
    437. Abortion access diminishes in NC after federal judge reinstates 20-week ban, NC Health News, 19 August 2022.
    438. HB 1466, North Dakota Legislative Assembly, 2007.
    439. Section 2919.201 – Abortion after gestational age of 20 weeks, Ohio Revised Code, Legislative Service Commission of Ohio.
    440. A judge temporarily blocks an Ohio law banning most abortions, National Public Radio, 14 September 2022.
    441. Section 21-861, Oklahoma Senate, 2019.
    442. SB 612, Oklahoma Legislature, 2022.
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    445. SC high court temporarily halts ‘fetal heartbeat’ law as legislators consider abortion ban, The Post and Courier, 17 August 2021.
    446. Codified law 22-17-5.1, South Dakota Legislature.
    447. HB1029, Tennessee State Legislature, 2019.
    448. 'No room for grace:' Doctors could face prison now all abortions banned in Tennessee NewsChannel5, 24 August 2022.
    449. Advisory on Texas law upon reversal of Roe v. Wade, Attorney General of Texas.
    450. Texas can enforce 1925 abortion ban, state Supreme Court says, The Texas Tribune, 2 July 2022.
    451. HB136, Utah State Legislature, 2019.
    452. SB174, Utah State Legislature, 2020.
    453. Utah judge blocks state's sweeping new abortion ban, Reuters, 12 July 2022.
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    466. Penal code for the Kingdom of Italy, 1889, University of Brescia College of Law. (in Italian)
    467. Report to His Majesty the King from the Minister Keeper of the Seals (Zanardelli) at the hearing of 30 June 1889 for the approval of the final text of the penal code, pp. 145–146. "On the agreed proposal of the parliamentary commissions, the provision that was read in the bill, according to which it was declared 'not punishable the doctor or surgeon, when he justifies having acted in order to save the woman's life, endangered by the pregnancy or by childbirth', was deleted"; "The vote expressed in agreement in parliament led me to the aforesaid deletion, not to exclude the application of the concept that was expressed there, but because it was superfluous and inappropriate to declare it, providing if needed article 49 number 3, the application of which would be only, and without reason, restricted." (in Italian)
    468. Criminal abortion in the Italian penal code, Pasquale Tuozzi, Filippo Serafini Legal Archive, 1902, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 29. "However, if you want to search for a provision in our code that covers the surgeon, in addition to article 45, in which the aforesaid reason is rooted, there is also number 3 of article 49, where it is declared the nonresponsibility of one who acts compelled by the need to save himself or others from a serious and imminent danger to the person, to which he did not voluntarily give cause, and which he could not otherwise avoid. Well, these extremes of the state of necessity all apply in the case of the surgeon, who, put in the harsh condition, not created by him, extinguishes an imperfect and perhaps uncertain existence, to save a certain and real existence, which is that of the woman in childbirth." (in Italian)
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