List of human hormones

The following is a list of hormones found in Homo sapiens. Spelling is not uniform for many hormones. For example, current North American and international usage uses estrogen and gonadotropin, while British usage retains the Greek digraph in oestrogen and favours the earlier spelling gonadotrophin.

Hormone listing

SN Name Abbr. Type Tissue Cells Receptor Target Tissue Effect
1 Adrenaline

(or epinephrine)

EPI Amino acid derivative adrenal gland Adrenal medulla / Tyrosine adrenergic receptor nearly all tissues blood pressure, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, etc.
2 Melatonin MT Amino acid derivative pineal gland Pinealocyte / Tryptophan melatonin receptor CNS and peripheral tissue sleep–wake cycle
3 Noradrenaline

(or norepinephrine)

NE Amino acid derivative adrenal gland Adrenal medulla / Tyrosine noradrenergic receptor nearly all tissues blood pressure, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, etc.
4 Triiodothyronine T3 Amino acid derivative peripheral tissue of thyroid gland Thyroid follicular cell / Tyrosine thyroid hormone receptor nearly every cell in the body increased metabolism
5 Thyroxine T4 Amino acid derivative thyroid gland Thyroid follicular cell / Tyrosine thyroid hormone receptor nearly every cell in the body similar effect as T3 but much weaker; converted to T3 in target cells
6 Dopamine DA Amino acid derivative substantia nigra (mainly) Phenylalanine / Tyrosine D1 and D2 system-wide regulation of cellular cAMP levels, prolactin antagonist
7 Prostaglandins PG Eicosanoid All nucleated cells prostaglandin receptor vasodilation
8 Leukotrienes LT Eicosanoid Blood white blood cells G protein-coupled receptors increase vascular permeability
9 Prostacyclin PGI2 Eicosanoid prostacyclin receptor vasodilation, platelet activation inhibitor
10 Thromboxane TXA2 Eicosanoid Blood platelets thromboxane receptor vasoconstriction, Platelet Aggregation
11 Amylin

(or Islet Amyloid Polypeptide)

IAPP Peptidepancreaspancreatic β-cellsamylin receptorslowing down gastric emptying, inhibition of digestive secretion, in order to reduce food intake
12 Anti-Müllerian hormone

(or Müllerian-inhibiting factor/hormone)

AMH (or MIF or MIH) PeptidetestesSertoli cellAMHR2Inhibit release of prolactin and TRH from anterior pituitary
13 AdiponectinAcrp30 Peptideadipose tissueadiponectin receptorsregulating glucose levels
14 Adrenocorticotropic hormone

(or corticotropin)

ACTH Peptideanterior pituitarycorticotropeACTH receptor → cAMPsynthesis of corticosteroids (glucocorticoids and androgens) in adrenocortical cells
15 Angiotensinogen and

Angiotensin

AGT Peptideliverangiotensin receptor → IP3vasoconstriction

release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex dipsogen.

16 Antidiuretic hormone

(or vasopressin, arginine vasopressin)

ADH Peptideposterior pituitaryParvocellular neurosecretory neurons in hypothalamus
Magnocellular neurosecretory cells in posterior pituitary
AVPRs, VACM-1retention of water in kidneys
moderate vasoconstriction
Release ACTH in anterior pituitary
17 Atrial natriuretic peptide

(or atriopeptin)

ANP PeptideheartANP receptor → cGMPincrease sodium and GFR excretion, antagonize venal constriction, inhibit renin secretion
18 Brain natriuretic peptideBNP PeptideheartCardiac myocytesNPR(To a minor degree than ANP) reduce blood pressure by:

reducing systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood water, sodium and fats

19 CalcitoninCT Peptidethyroid glandparafollicular cellCT receptor → cAMPConstruct bone, reduce blood Ca2+
20 CholecystokininCCK PeptideduodenumCCK receptorRelease of digestive enzymes from pancreas
Release of bile from gallbladder
Hunger suppressant
21 Corticotropin-releasing hormoneCRH PeptidehypothalamusCRF1 → cAMPRelease ACTH from anterior pituitary
22 CortistatinCORT Peptidecerebral cortexinhibitory neuronsSomatostatin receptordepression of neuronal activity; induction of slow-wave sleep; reduction of locomotor activity; activation of cation selective currents not responsive to somatostatin
23 Enkephalin PeptideKidneyChromaffin cellsOpioid receptorRegulate pain
24 Endothelin PeptideVascular endotheliumEndothelial cellsET receptorSmooth muscle contraction of medium-sized vessels
25 ErythropoietinEPO PeptidekidneyExtraglomerular mesangial cellsEpoRStimulate erythrocyte production
26 Follicle-stimulating hormoneFSH Peptideanterior pituitarygonadotropeFSH receptor → cAMPIn female: stimulates maturation of Graafian follicles in ovary.

In male: spermatogenesis, enhances production of androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells of the testes

27 GalaninGAL Peptidecentral nervous system and gastrointestinal tractGALR1, GALR2, and GALR3modulation and inhibition of action potentials in neurons
28 Gastric inhibitory polypeptideGIP Peptidemucosa of the duodenum and the jejunumK cellGIPRInduces insulin secretion
29 GastrinGAS Peptidestomach, duodenumG cellCCK2Secretion of gastric acid by parietal cells
30 Ghrelin PeptidestomachP/D1 cellghrelin receptorStimulate appetite,

secretion of growth hormone from anterior pituitary gland

31 GlucagonGCG Peptidepancreasalpha cellsGlucagon receptor → cAMPglycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver

increases blood glucose level

32 Glucagon-like peptide-1GLP1 PeptideileumL cellsGLP1R, GLP2Rpancreatic beta cellsStimulates the adenylyl cyclase pathway, resulting in increased synthesis and release of insulin
33 Gonadotropin-releasing hormoneGnRH PeptidehypothalamusGnRH receptor → IP3Release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary.
34 Growth hormone-releasing hormoneGHRH PeptidehypothalamusGHRH receptor → IP3Release GH from anterior pituitary
35 HepcidinHAMP Peptideliverferroportininhibits iron export from cells
36 Human chorionic gonadotropinhCG Peptideplacentasyncytiotrophoblast cellsLH receptor → cAMPpromote maintenance of corpus luteum during beginning of pregnancy

Inhibit immune response, towards the human embryo.

37 Human placental lactogenHPL Peptideplacentaincrease production of insulin and IGF-1

increase insulin resistance and carbohydrate intolerance

38 Growth hormoneGH or hGH Peptideanterior pituitarysomatotropesGH receptorstimulates growth and cell reproduction

Release Insulin-like growth factor 1 from liver

39 Inhibin Peptidetestes, ovary, fetusSertoli cells of testes
granulosa cells of ovary
trophoblasts in fetus
anterior pituitaryInhibit production of FSH
40 InsulinINS Peptidepancreasbeta cellsinsulin receptor, IGF-1, IGF-2Intake of glucose, glycogenesis and glycolysis in liver and muscle from blood

intake of lipids and synthesis of triglycerides in adipocytes Other anabolic effects

41 Insulin-like growth factor

(or somatomedin)

IGF PeptideliverHepatocytesinsulin receptor, IGF-1insulin-like effects

regulate cell growth and development

42 LeptinLEP Peptideadipose tissueLEP-Rdecrease of appetite and increase of metabolism.
43 LipotropinLPH Peptideanterior pituitaryCorticotropeslipolysis and steroidogenesis,
stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin
44 Luteinizing hormoneLH Peptideanterior pituitarygonadotropesLHR → cAMPIn female: ovulation

In male: stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone

45 Melanocyte stimulating hormoneMSH or α-MSH Peptideanterior pituitary/pars intermediaMelanotrophmelanocortin receptor → cAMPmelanogenesis by melanocytes in skin and hair
46 MotilinMLN PeptideSmall intestineMotilin receptorstimulates gastric activity
47 Orexin PeptidehypothalamusOX1, OX2wakefulness and increased energy expenditure, increased appetite
48 OsteocalcinOCN PeptideSkeletonOsteoblastsGprc6aMuscle Brain Pancreas TestesFavors muscle function, memory formation, testosterone synthesis and energy expenditure[1]
49 Oxytocin

(or pitocin)

OXT Peptideposterior pituitaryMagnocellular neurosecretory cellsOXT receptor → IP3release breast milk

Stimulates contraction of cervix and vagina. Involved in orgasm, trust between people,[2] and circadian homeostasis (body temperature, activity level, wakefulness).[3]

50 Pancreatic polypeptide PeptidePancreasPP cellspancreatic polypeptide receptor 1Self-regulation of pancreatic secretions (endocrine and exocrine). It also affects hepatic glycogen levels and gastrointestinal secretions.
51 Parathyroid hormonePTH Peptideparathyroid glandparathyroid chief cellPTH receptor → cAMPincrease blood Ca2+:

(Slightly) decrease blood phosphate:

  • (decreased reuptake in kidney but increased uptake from bones
  • activate vitamin D )
52 Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptidePACAP PeptidemultipleADCYAP1R1, VIPR1, VIPR2Stimulates enterochromaffin-like cells
53 Prolactin

(or leuteotropic hormone)

PRL Peptideanterior pituitary, uteruslactotrophs of anterior pituitary
Decidual cells of uterus
PRL receptormilk production in mammary glands
sexual gratification after sexual acts
54 Prolactin-releasing hormonePRLH PeptidehypothalamusRelease prolactin from anterior pituitary
55 RelaxinRLN PeptideCorpus luteum, Uterus, placenta, and Mammary glandDecidual cellsRLN receptorUnclear in humans
56 Renin PeptideKidneyJuxtaglomerular cellsActivates the renin–angiotensin system by producing angiotensin I of angiotensinogen
57 SecretinSCT PeptideduodenumS cellSCT receptorSecretion of bicarbonate from liver, pancreas and duodenal Brunner's glands

Enhances effects of cholecystokinin Stops production of gastric juice

58 Somatostatin

(or growth hormone–inhibiting hormone or

growth hormone release–inhibiting hormone or

somatotropin release–inhibiting factor or somatotropin release–inhibiting hormone)

GHIH or GHRIH or SRIF or SRIH Peptidehypothalamus, islets of Langerhans, gastrointestinal systemdelta cells in islets
Neuroendocrince cells of the Periventricular nucleus in hypothalamus
Somatostatin receptorInhibit release of GH and TRH from anterior pituitary
Suppress release of gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), enteroglucagon in gastrointestinal system
Lowers rate of gastric emptying

Reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine[4]
Inhibit release of insulin from beta cells[5]
Inhibit release of glucagon from alpha cells[5]
Suppress the exocrine secretory action of pancreas.

59 ThrombopoietinTPO Peptideliver, kidney, striated muscleMyocytesTPO receptormegakaryocytesproduce platelets[6]
60 Thyroid-stimulating hormone

(or thyrotropin)

TSH Peptideanterior pituitarythyrotropesThyrotropin receptor → cAMPthyroid glandsecrete thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
61 Thyrotropin-releasing hormoneTRH PeptidehypothalamusParvocellular neurosecretory neuronsTRHR → IP3anterior pituitaryRelease thyroid-stimulating hormone (primarily)
Stimulate prolactin release
62 Vasoactive intestinal peptideVIP Peptidegut, pancreas, and suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamusVasoactive intestinal peptide receptorstimulates contractility in the heart, causes vasodilation, increases glycogenolysis, lowers arterial blood pressure and relaxes the smooth muscle of trachea, stomach and gall bladder
63 Guanylin GN Peptide gut guanylate cyclase 2C (heat stable enterotoxin receptor) regulates electrolyte and water transport in intestinal epithelia.
64 Uroguanylin UGN Peptide renal tissues guanylate cyclase 2C (heat stable enterotoxin receptor) regulates electrolyte and water transport in renal epithelia.

Steroid

Name Chemical Class Abbreviation Tissue Cells Receptor Target Tissue Effect
Testosteroneandrogentestes, ovaryLeydig cellsARlibido, Anabolic: growth of muscle mass and strength, increased bone density, growth and strength,

Virilizing: maturation of sex organs, formation of scrotum, deepening of voice, growth of beard and axillary hair.

DehydroepiandrosteroneandrogenDHEAtestes, ovary, kidneyZona fasciculata and Zona reticularis cells of kidney
theca cells of ovary
Leydig cells of testes
ARVirilization, anabolic
Androstenedioneandrogenadrenal glands, gonadsARSubstrate for estrogen
DihydrotestosteroneandrogenDHTmultipleAR5-DHT or DHT is a male reproductive hormone that targets the prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, seminal vesicles, penis and scrotum and promotes growth/mitosis/cell maturation and differentiation. Testosterone is converted to 5-DHT by 5alpha-reductase, usually with in the target tissues of 5-DHT because of the need for high concentrations of 5-dht to produce the physiological effects.
Aldosteronemineralocorticoidadrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa)MRIncrease blood volume by reabsorption of sodium in kidneys (primarily)

Potassium and H+ secretion in kidney.

EstradiolestrogenE2females: ovary, males testesfemales: granulosa cells, males: Sertoli cellERFemales:

Structural:

Coagulation:

Fluid balance:

Gastrointestinal tract:

  • reduce bowel motility
  • increase cholesterol in bile

Lung function:

Males: Prevent apoptosis of germ cells[8]

Estroneestrogenovarygranulosa cells, AdipocytesER
EstriolestrogenE3placentasyncytiotrophoblastER
Cortisolglucocorticoidadrenal cortex (zona fasciculata and zona reticularis cells)GRStimulation of gluconeogenesis

Inhibition of glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue Mobilization of amino acids from extrahepatic tissues Stimulation of fat breakdown in adipose tissue anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive

Progesteroneprogestogenovary, adrenal glands, placenta (when pregnant)Granulosa cells theca cells of ovaryPRSupport pregnancy:[9]

Other:

Calcitriolsecosteroid (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3)skin/proximal tubule of kidneysVDRActive form of vitamin D3

Increase absorption of calcium and phosphate from gastrointestinal tract and kidneys inhibit release of PTH

Calcidiolsecosteroid (25-hydroxyvitamin D3)skin/proximal tubule of kidneysVDRInactive form of vitamin D3

References

  1. Karsenty G, Olson EN (March 2016). "Bone and Muscle Endocrine Functions: Unexpected Paradigms of Inter-organ Communication". Cell. 164 (6): 1248–1256. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.043. PMC 4797632. PMID 26967290.
  2. Kosfeld M, Heinrichs M, Zak PJ, Fischbacher U, Fehr E (June 2005). "Oxytocin increases trust in humans". Nature. 435 (7042): 673–6. Bibcode:2005Natur.435..673K. doi:10.1038/nature03701. PMID 15931222.
  3. "Scientific American Mind, "Rhythm and Blues"; June/July 2007; Scientific American Mind; by Ulrich Kraft". Archived from the original on 2008-12-06. Retrieved 2012-09-09.
  4. http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/otherendo/somatostatin.html Colorado State University - Biomedical Hypertextbooks - Somatostatin
  5. Nosek, Thomas M. "Section 5/5ch4/s5ch4_17". Essentials of Human Physiology. Archived from the original on 2016-03-24.
  6. Kaushansky K (May 2006). "Lineage-specific hematopoietic growth factors". The New England Journal of Medicine. 354 (19): 2034–45. doi:10.1056/NEJMra052706. PMID 16687716.
  7. Massaro D, Massaro GD (December 2004). "Estrogen regulates pulmonary alveolar formation, loss, and regeneration in mice". American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 287 (6): L1154-9. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00228.2004. PMID 15298854.
  8. Pentikäinen V, Erkkilä K, Suomalainen L, Parvinen M, Dunkel L (May 2000). "Estradiol acts as a germ cell survival factor in the human testis in vitro". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 85 (5): 2057–67. doi:10.1210/jcem.85.5.6600. PMID 10843196.
  9. Placental Hormones
  10. Nosek, Thomas M. "Section 5/5ch9/s5ch9_13". Essentials of Human Physiology. Archived from the original on 2016-03-24.
  11. Hould FS, Fried GM, Fazekas AG, Tremblay S, Mersereau WA (December 1988). "Progesterone receptors regulate gallbladder motility". The Journal of Surgical Research. 45 (6): 505–12. doi:10.1016/0022-4804(88)90137-0. PMID 3184927.
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