List of human hormones
The following is a list of hormones found in Homo sapiens. Spelling is not uniform for many hormones. For example, current North American and international usage uses estrogen and gonadotropin, while British usage retains the Greek digraph in oestrogen and favours the earlier spelling gonadotrophin.
Hormone listing
SN | Name | Abbr. | Type | Tissue | Cells | Receptor | Target Tissue | Effect |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Adrenaline
(or epinephrine) |
EPI | Amino acid derivative | adrenal gland | Adrenal medulla / Tyrosine | adrenergic receptor | nearly all tissues | blood pressure, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, etc. |
2 | Melatonin | MT | Amino acid derivative | pineal gland | Pinealocyte / Tryptophan | melatonin receptor | CNS and peripheral tissue | sleep–wake cycle |
3 | Noradrenaline
(or norepinephrine) |
NE | Amino acid derivative | adrenal gland | Adrenal medulla / Tyrosine | noradrenergic receptor | nearly all tissues | blood pressure, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, etc. |
4 | Triiodothyronine | T3 | Amino acid derivative | peripheral tissue of thyroid gland | Thyroid follicular cell / Tyrosine | thyroid hormone receptor | nearly every cell in the body | increased metabolism |
5 | Thyroxine | T4 | Amino acid derivative | thyroid gland | Thyroid follicular cell / Tyrosine | thyroid hormone receptor | nearly every cell in the body | similar effect as T3 but much weaker; converted to T3 in target cells |
6 | Dopamine | DA | Amino acid derivative | substantia nigra (mainly) | Phenylalanine / Tyrosine | D1 and D2 | system-wide | regulation of cellular cAMP levels, prolactin antagonist |
7 | Prostaglandins | PG | Eicosanoid | All nucleated cells | prostaglandin receptor | vasodilation | ||
8 | Leukotrienes | LT | Eicosanoid | Blood | white blood cells | G protein-coupled receptors | increase vascular permeability | |
9 | Prostacyclin | PGI2 | Eicosanoid | prostacyclin receptor | vasodilation, platelet activation inhibitor | |||
10 | Thromboxane | TXA2 | Eicosanoid | Blood | platelets | thromboxane receptor | vasoconstriction, Platelet Aggregation | |
11 | Amylin
(or Islet Amyloid Polypeptide) |
IAPP | Peptide | pancreas | pancreatic β-cells | amylin receptor | slowing down gastric emptying, inhibition of digestive secretion, in order to reduce food intake | |
12 | Anti-Müllerian hormone
(or Müllerian-inhibiting factor/hormone) |
AMH (or MIF or MIH) | Peptide | testes | Sertoli cell | AMHR2 | Inhibit release of prolactin and TRH from anterior pituitary | |
13 | Adiponectin | Acrp30 | Peptide | adipose tissue | adiponectin receptors | regulating glucose levels | ||
14 | Adrenocorticotropic hormone
(or corticotropin) |
ACTH | Peptide | anterior pituitary | corticotrope | ACTH receptor → cAMP | synthesis of corticosteroids (glucocorticoids and androgens) in adrenocortical cells | |
15 | Angiotensinogen and
Angiotensin |
AGT | Peptide | liver | angiotensin receptor → IP3 | vasoconstriction
release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex dipsogen. | ||
16 | Antidiuretic hormone
(or vasopressin, arginine vasopressin) |
ADH | Peptide | posterior pituitary | Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons in hypothalamus Magnocellular neurosecretory cells in posterior pituitary | AVPRs, VACM-1 | retention of water in kidneys moderate vasoconstriction Release ACTH in anterior pituitary | |
17 | Atrial natriuretic peptide
(or atriopeptin) |
ANP | Peptide | heart | ANP receptor → cGMP | increase sodium and GFR excretion, antagonize venal constriction, inhibit renin secretion | ||
18 | Brain natriuretic peptide | BNP | Peptide | heart | Cardiac myocytes | NPR | (To a minor degree than ANP) reduce blood pressure by:
reducing systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood water, sodium and fats | |
19 | Calcitonin | CT | Peptide | thyroid gland | parafollicular cell | CT receptor → cAMP | Construct bone, reduce blood Ca2+ | |
20 | Cholecystokinin | CCK | Peptide | duodenum | CCK receptor | Release of digestive enzymes from pancreas Release of bile from gallbladder Hunger suppressant | ||
21 | Corticotropin-releasing hormone | CRH | Peptide | hypothalamus | CRF1 → cAMP | Release ACTH from anterior pituitary | ||
22 | Cortistatin | CORT | Peptide | cerebral cortex | inhibitory neurons | Somatostatin receptor | depression of neuronal activity; induction of slow-wave sleep; reduction of locomotor activity; activation of cation selective currents not responsive to somatostatin | |
23 | Enkephalin | Peptide | Kidney | Chromaffin cells | Opioid receptor | Regulate pain | ||
24 | Endothelin | Peptide | Vascular endothelium | Endothelial cells | ET receptor | Smooth muscle contraction of medium-sized vessels | ||
25 | Erythropoietin | EPO | Peptide | kidney | Extraglomerular mesangial cells | EpoR | Stimulate erythrocyte production | |
26 | Follicle-stimulating hormone | FSH | Peptide | anterior pituitary | gonadotrope | FSH receptor → cAMP | In female: stimulates maturation of Graafian follicles in ovary.
In male: spermatogenesis, enhances production of androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells of the testes | |
27 | Galanin | GAL | Peptide | central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract | GALR1, GALR2, and GALR3 | modulation and inhibition of action potentials in neurons | ||
28 | Gastric inhibitory polypeptide | GIP | Peptide | mucosa of the duodenum and the jejunum | K cell | GIPR | Induces insulin secretion | |
29 | Gastrin | GAS | Peptide | stomach, duodenum | G cell | CCK2 | Secretion of gastric acid by parietal cells | |
30 | Ghrelin | Peptide | stomach | P/D1 cell | ghrelin receptor | Stimulate appetite,
secretion of growth hormone from anterior pituitary gland | ||
31 | Glucagon | GCG | Peptide | pancreas | alpha cells | Glucagon receptor → cAMP | glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver
increases blood glucose level | |
32 | Glucagon-like peptide-1 | GLP1 | Peptide | ileum | L cells | GLP1R, GLP2R | pancreatic beta cells | Stimulates the adenylyl cyclase pathway, resulting in increased synthesis and release of insulin |
33 | Gonadotropin-releasing hormone | GnRH | Peptide | hypothalamus | GnRH receptor → IP3 | Release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary. | ||
34 | Growth hormone-releasing hormone | GHRH | Peptide | hypothalamus | GHRH receptor → IP3 | Release GH from anterior pituitary | ||
35 | Hepcidin | HAMP | Peptide | liver | ferroportin | inhibits iron export from cells | ||
36 | Human chorionic gonadotropin | hCG | Peptide | placenta | syncytiotrophoblast cells | LH receptor → cAMP | promote maintenance of corpus luteum during beginning of pregnancy
Inhibit immune response, towards the human embryo. | |
37 | Human placental lactogen | HPL | Peptide | placenta | increase production of insulin and IGF-1
increase insulin resistance and carbohydrate intolerance | |||
38 | Growth hormone | GH or hGH | Peptide | anterior pituitary | somatotropes | GH receptor | stimulates growth and cell reproduction
Release Insulin-like growth factor 1 from liver | |
39 | Inhibin | Peptide | testes, ovary, fetus | Sertoli cells of testes granulosa cells of ovary trophoblasts in fetus | anterior pituitary | Inhibit production of FSH | ||
40 | Insulin | INS | Peptide | pancreas | beta cells | insulin receptor, IGF-1, IGF-2 | Intake of glucose, glycogenesis and glycolysis in liver and muscle from blood
intake of lipids and synthesis of triglycerides in adipocytes Other anabolic effects | |
41 | Insulin-like growth factor
(or somatomedin) |
IGF | Peptide | liver | Hepatocytes | insulin receptor, IGF-1 | insulin-like effects
regulate cell growth and development | |
42 | Leptin | LEP | Peptide | adipose tissue | LEP-R | decrease of appetite and increase of metabolism. | ||
43 | Lipotropin | LPH | Peptide | anterior pituitary | Corticotropes | lipolysis and steroidogenesis, stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin | ||
44 | Luteinizing hormone | LH | Peptide | anterior pituitary | gonadotropes | LHR → cAMP | In female: ovulation
In male: stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone | |
45 | Melanocyte stimulating hormone | MSH or α-MSH | Peptide | anterior pituitary/pars intermedia | Melanotroph | melanocortin receptor → cAMP | melanogenesis by melanocytes in skin and hair | |
46 | Motilin | MLN | Peptide | Small intestine | Motilin receptor | stimulates gastric activity | ||
47 | Orexin | Peptide | hypothalamus | OX1, OX2 | wakefulness and increased energy expenditure, increased appetite | |||
48 | Osteocalcin | OCN | Peptide | Skeleton | Osteoblasts | Gprc6a | Muscle Brain Pancreas Testes | Favors muscle function, memory formation, testosterone synthesis and energy expenditure[1] |
49 | Oxytocin
(or pitocin) |
OXT | Peptide | posterior pituitary | Magnocellular neurosecretory cells | OXT receptor → IP3 | release breast milk
Stimulates contraction of cervix and vagina. Involved in orgasm, trust between people,[2] and circadian homeostasis (body temperature, activity level, wakefulness).[3] | |
50 | Pancreatic polypeptide | Peptide | Pancreas | PP cells | pancreatic polypeptide receptor 1 | Self-regulation of pancreatic secretions (endocrine and exocrine). It also affects hepatic glycogen levels and gastrointestinal secretions. | ||
51 | Parathyroid hormone | PTH | Peptide | parathyroid gland | parathyroid chief cell | PTH receptor → cAMP | increase blood Ca2+:
(Slightly) decrease blood phosphate: | |
52 | Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide | PACAP | Peptide | multiple | ADCYAP1R1, VIPR1, VIPR2 | Stimulates enterochromaffin-like cells | ||
53 | Prolactin
(or leuteotropic hormone) |
PRL | Peptide | anterior pituitary, uterus | lactotrophs of anterior pituitary Decidual cells of uterus | PRL receptor | milk production in mammary glands sexual gratification after sexual acts | |
54 | Prolactin-releasing hormone | PRLH | Peptide | hypothalamus | Release prolactin from anterior pituitary | |||
55 | Relaxin | RLN | Peptide | Corpus luteum, Uterus, placenta, and Mammary gland | Decidual cells | RLN receptor | Unclear in humans | |
56 | Renin | Peptide | Kidney | Juxtaglomerular cells | Activates the renin–angiotensin system by producing angiotensin I of angiotensinogen | |||
57 | Secretin | SCT | Peptide | duodenum | S cell | SCT receptor | Secretion of bicarbonate from liver, pancreas and duodenal Brunner's glands
Enhances effects of cholecystokinin Stops production of gastric juice | |
58 | Somatostatin
(or growth hormone–inhibiting hormone or growth hormone release–inhibiting hormone or somatotropin release–inhibiting factor or somatotropin release–inhibiting hormone) |
GHIH or GHRIH or SRIF or SRIH | Peptide | hypothalamus, islets of Langerhans, gastrointestinal system | delta cells in islets Neuroendocrince cells of the Periventricular nucleus in hypothalamus | Somatostatin receptor | Inhibit release of GH and TRH from anterior pituitary Suppress release of gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), enteroglucagon in gastrointestinal system Lowers rate of gastric emptying Reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine[4] | |
59 | Thrombopoietin | TPO | Peptide | liver, kidney, striated muscle | Myocytes | TPO receptor | megakaryocytes | produce platelets[6] |
60 | Thyroid-stimulating hormone
(or thyrotropin) |
TSH | Peptide | anterior pituitary | thyrotropes | Thyrotropin receptor → cAMP | thyroid gland | secrete thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) |
61 | Thyrotropin-releasing hormone | TRH | Peptide | hypothalamus | Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons | TRHR → IP3 | anterior pituitary | Release thyroid-stimulating hormone (primarily) Stimulate prolactin release |
62 | Vasoactive intestinal peptide | VIP | Peptide | gut, pancreas, and suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus | Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor | stimulates contractility in the heart, causes vasodilation, increases glycogenolysis, lowers arterial blood pressure and relaxes the smooth muscle of trachea, stomach and gall bladder | ||
63 | Guanylin | GN | Peptide | gut | guanylate cyclase 2C (heat stable enterotoxin receptor) | regulates electrolyte and water transport in intestinal epithelia. | ||
64 | Uroguanylin | UGN | Peptide | renal tissues | guanylate cyclase 2C (heat stable enterotoxin receptor) | regulates electrolyte and water transport in renal epithelia. |
Steroid
Name | Chemical Class | Abbreviation | Tissue | Cells | Receptor | Target Tissue | Effect |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Testosterone | androgen | testes, ovary | Leydig cells | AR | libido, Anabolic: growth of muscle mass and strength, increased bone density, growth and strength,
Virilizing: maturation of sex organs, formation of scrotum, deepening of voice, growth of beard and axillary hair. | ||
Dehydroepiandrosterone | androgen | DHEA | testes, ovary, kidney | Zona fasciculata and Zona reticularis cells of kidney theca cells of ovary Leydig cells of testes | AR | Virilization, anabolic | |
Androstenedione | androgen | adrenal glands, gonads | AR | Substrate for estrogen | |||
Dihydrotestosterone | androgen | DHT | multiple | AR | 5-DHT or DHT is a male reproductive hormone that targets the prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, seminal vesicles, penis and scrotum and promotes growth/mitosis/cell maturation and differentiation. Testosterone is converted to 5-DHT by 5alpha-reductase, usually with in the target tissues of 5-DHT because of the need for high concentrations of 5-dht to produce the physiological effects. | ||
Aldosterone | mineralocorticoid | adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa) | MR | Increase blood volume by reabsorption of sodium in kidneys (primarily)
Potassium and H+ secretion in kidney. | |||
Estradiol | estrogen | E2 | females: ovary, males testes | females: granulosa cells, males: Sertoli cell | ER | Females:
Structural:
Fluid balance:
Gastrointestinal tract:
Lung function: Males: Prevent apoptosis of germ cells[8] | |
Estrone | estrogen | ovary | granulosa cells, Adipocytes | ER | |||
Estriol | estrogen | E3 | placenta | syncytiotrophoblast | ER | ||
Cortisol | glucocorticoid | adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata and zona reticularis cells) | GR | Stimulation of gluconeogenesis
Inhibition of glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue Mobilization of amino acids from extrahepatic tissues Stimulation of fat breakdown in adipose tissue anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive | |||
Progesterone | progestogen | ovary, adrenal glands, placenta (when pregnant) | Granulosa cells theca cells of ovary | PR | Support pregnancy:[9]
Other:
| ||
Calcitriol | secosteroid (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) | skin/proximal tubule of kidneys | VDR | Active form of vitamin D3
Increase absorption of calcium and phosphate from gastrointestinal tract and kidneys inhibit release of PTH | |||
Calcidiol | secosteroid (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) | skin/proximal tubule of kidneys | VDR | Inactive form of vitamin D3 | |||
References
- Karsenty G, Olson EN (March 2016). "Bone and Muscle Endocrine Functions: Unexpected Paradigms of Inter-organ Communication". Cell. 164 (6): 1248–1256. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.043. PMC 4797632. PMID 26967290.
- Kosfeld M, Heinrichs M, Zak PJ, Fischbacher U, Fehr E (June 2005). "Oxytocin increases trust in humans". Nature. 435 (7042): 673–6. Bibcode:2005Natur.435..673K. doi:10.1038/nature03701. PMID 15931222.
- "Scientific American Mind, "Rhythm and Blues"; June/July 2007; Scientific American Mind; by Ulrich Kraft". Archived from the original on 2008-12-06. Retrieved 2012-09-09.
- http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/otherendo/somatostatin.html Colorado State University - Biomedical Hypertextbooks - Somatostatin
- Nosek, Thomas M. "Section 5/5ch4/s5ch4_17". Essentials of Human Physiology. Archived from the original on 2016-03-24.
- Kaushansky K (May 2006). "Lineage-specific hematopoietic growth factors". The New England Journal of Medicine. 354 (19): 2034–45. doi:10.1056/NEJMra052706. PMID 16687716.
- Massaro D, Massaro GD (December 2004). "Estrogen regulates pulmonary alveolar formation, loss, and regeneration in mice". American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 287 (6): L1154-9. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00228.2004. PMID 15298854.
- Pentikäinen V, Erkkilä K, Suomalainen L, Parvinen M, Dunkel L (May 2000). "Estradiol acts as a germ cell survival factor in the human testis in vitro". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 85 (5): 2057–67. doi:10.1210/jcem.85.5.6600. PMID 10843196.
- Placental Hormones
- Nosek, Thomas M. "Section 5/5ch9/s5ch9_13". Essentials of Human Physiology. Archived from the original on 2016-03-24.
- Hould FS, Fried GM, Fazekas AG, Tremblay S, Mersereau WA (December 1988). "Progesterone receptors regulate gallbladder motility". The Journal of Surgical Research. 45 (6): 505–12. doi:10.1016/0022-4804(88)90137-0. PMID 3184927.