List of local anesthetics

This is a list of local anesthetic agents. Not all of these drugs are still used in clinical practice and in research. Some are primarily of historical interest.

Drug Other common names Image First synthesis Dates of clinical use Chemical/structural class Duration of effect
amylocaine Stovaine 1904 (Ernest Fourneau) ester- benzoic


ambucaine
[1]		 diester - aminosalicylic
articaine Astracaine, Septanest, Septocaine, Ultracaine, Zorcaine Amide
benzocaine Anbesol, Orajel Ester - Aminobenzoic Short
benzonatate Tessalon
bupivacaine Marcaine, Sensorcaine, Vivacaine 1957 (Ekenstam) 1963 (Widman and Telivuo) Amide Moderate
butacaine
ester- aminobenzoic
butanilicaine Amide
chloroprocaine Nesacaine Ester - Aminobenzoic
cinchocaine (INN) dibucaine (USAN), Cincain, Cinchocaine, Nupercainal, Nupercaine, Sovcaine 1925 (Meischer) 1930 (Uhlmann) Ester - Aminobenzoic
cocaine 1855 (first isolation by Friedrich Gaedcke), 1898 (first synthesis by Richard Willstätter) 1884 (Karl Koller, William Stewart Halsted) Ester - Benzoic
cyclomethycaine
[2]		 Ester - hydroxybenzoic
dibucaine
[3]		 Amide
diperodon
[4][5]
dimethocaine larocaine
eucaine α-Eucaine, β-eucaine
α-eucaineβ-eucaine
 1900. α[6] β[7][8]
etidocaine Duranest 1971 (Takman) 1972 (Lund)
hexylcaine Cyclaine, Osmocaine
fomocaine
[9]		 ester - phenyl
fotocaine
[9]
hydroxyprocaine
[10]		 ester - aminosalicylic
isobucaine
[11]		 Ester - benzoic
levobupivacaine Chirocaine 1990s (Mather and Tucker) 1995
lidocaine[12][13]

(lignocaine)

 Xylocaine 1943 (Nils Löfgren and Bengt Lundqvist) 1947 (Torsten Gordh)
mepivacaine Carbocaine, Polocaine 1956 (Ekenstam and Egner) 1957 (Dhuner)
meprylcaine Epirocain
metabutoxycaine
nitracaine Ester- Aminobenzoic
orthocaine
oxetacaine (oxethazaine)
oxybuprocaine benoxinate, Novesine
Paraethoxycaine
[14]
phenacaine Holocaine
piperocaine metycaine
piridocaine
[15]
pramocaine pramoxine
prilocaine Citanest 1959 (Nils Löfgren and Egner) 1960 (Wielding)
Primacaine
procaine Novocain, borocaine (procaine borate), ethocaine 1904 (Alfred Einhorn) 1905 (Heinrich Braun)
procainamide
proparacaine proxymetacaine
propoxycaine[16]
Pyrrocaine
[17]
quinisocaine (INN) dimethisoquin (USAN)
[18]
ropivacaine Naropin 1957 (Ekenstam) 1997
trimecaine Mesdicain, Mesocain, Mesokain
tetracaine amethocaine, Dicaine, Pontocaine 1928 (O. Eisleb) 1931
Tolycaine
[19]
Tropacocaine[20]

See also

References
  1. Büchi, J; Stünzi, E; Flury, M; Hirt, R; Labhart, P; Ragaz, L (1951). "Über lokalanästhetisch wirksame basische Ester und Amide verschiedener Alkoxy-amino-benzoesäuren". Helvetica Chimica Acta. 34 (4): 1002–1013. doi:10.1002/hlca.19510340404.
  2. S. M. McElvain and T. P. Carney, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 68, 2592 (1946).
  3. K. Miescher, Helv. Chim. Acta, 15, 163 (1932).
  4. 44. T. H. Rider, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 52, 2115 (1930).
  5. M. S. Raasch and W. R. Brode, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 64, 1112 (1942).
  6. Harries, C. (1903). "Ueber ein neues p-Menthadiën aus Dihydrocarvylamin". Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie. 328 (3): 322–326. doi:10.1002/jlac.19033280303.
  7. G. Meiling, Chem. Ber., 6, 173 (1896).
  8. H. King, J. Chem. Soc, 125, 41 (1924).
  9. Schoenberger, Matthias; Damijonaitis, Arunas; Zhang, Zinan; Nagel, Daniel; Trauner, Dirk (2014). "Development of a New Photochromic Ion Channel Blocker via Azologization of Fomocaine". ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 5 (7): 514–518. doi:10.1021/cn500070w. ISSN 1948-7193. PMC 4102962. PMID 24856540.
  10. W. Grimme and H. Schmitz, Chem. Ber., 84, 734 (1917).
  11. J. R. Reasenberg and S. D. Goldberg, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 67, 933 (1945).
  12. "Lignocaine - C14H22N2O". ChemSpider. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
  13. "Lidocaine". The Merck Index Online. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
  14. W. G. Christiansen and S. E. Harris, U. S. Patent 2,404,691 (1946).
  15. L. A. Walter and R. J. Fosbinder, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 61, 1713 (1939).
  16. Clinton, R. O.; Salvador, U. J.; Laskowski, S. C.; Wilson, Mary (February 1952). "Derivatives of 4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic Acid. II". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 74 (3): 592–598. doi:10.1021/ja01123a005.
  17. N. Lofgren, C. Tegner, and B. Takman, Acta Chem. Scand., 11, 1724 (1957).
  18. T. H. Rider, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 52, 2115 (1930).
  19. R. Hiltmann, F. Mietzsch, and W. Wirth, U.S. Patent 2,921,077 (1960).
  20. Jowett, Hooper Albert Dickinson; Pyman, Frank Lee (1909). "CXVI.—Relation between chemical constitution and physiological action in the tropeines. Part II". J. Chem. Soc., Trans. 95: 1020–1032. doi:10.1039/CT9099501020.
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