Neurodiversity
Neurodiversity, Neurodivergence, or Neurovariance, refers to variations in the human brain and cognition, for instance in sociability, learning, attention, mood and other mental functions.[1]
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It was coined in 1998 by sociologist Judy Singer, who helped popularize the concept along with journalist Harvey Blume,[1] and situates human cognitive variation in the context of biodiversity and the politics of minority groups.[2][3] This view arose out of the autism rights movement, as a challenge to prevailing views that certain things currently classified as neurodevelopmental disorders are inherently pathological. It builds on the social model of disability, in which disability arises out of societal barriers interacting with individual differences, rather than people being disabled simply as a result of having impairments.
Some neurodiversity advocates and researchers, notably Judy Singer and Patrick Dwyer, argue that the neurodiversity paradigm is the middle ground between strong medical model and strong social model.[4][5][6]
The subsequent neurodiversity paradigm has been controversial among disability advocates, with opponents arguing it risks downplaying the suffering associated with some disabilities, and calls for the acceptance of things some would wish to see treated.[7][8][9][10][11]
Autistic self-advocate and researcher Ari Ne'eman, one of the major advocates in the neurodiversity movement, suggested a trait-based approach, meaning that elements of the medical (or pathology) model can be applied in treating certain traits, behaviors, or conditions that are intrinsically harmful (e.g. self-injury behaviors, speech-language impairments, or other co-occurring health conditions), whereas neurodiversity approaches can be applied to non-harmful or adaptive autistic traits (e.g. stimming, intense interests) of the same individual.[12][13] Furthermore, in recent years, there have been developments of neurodiversity-affirming interventions and reforms of some interventions.[14][15]
History
The word neurodiversity is attributed to Judy Singer, a social scientist who has described herself as "likely somewhere on the autistic spectrum."[16] She used the term in her sociology honours thesis published in 1999,[17][16] drawing on discussions on the InLv mailing list with others including American journalist and writer Harvey Blume,[18] whose September 30, 1998, article in The Atlantic was the first to use the term in print.[19] The term represented a move away from previous "mother-blaming" theories about the cause of autism.[20]
Some authors[21][22] also credit the earlier work of autistic advocate Jim Sinclair in advancing the concept of neurodiversity. Sinclair was a principal early organizer of the international online autism community. Sinclair's 1993 speech, "Don't mourn for us", emphasized autism as a way of being: "It is not possible to separate the person from the autism."[23] In a New York Times piece written by Blume on June 30, 1997, Blume described the foundation of neurodiversity using the term "neurological pluralism".[24] Blume was an early advocate who predicted the role the Internet would play in fostering the international neurodiversity movement.[25]
In recent years the concept of neurodiversity is increasingly being taken on board by scientists,[26][27] recognising that autism researchers have sometimes been too ready to interpret differences as deficits,[28][29] that there are ethical risks and may be practical risks in reducing or suppressing autistic traits in interventions. Some researchers are concerned about uncertain and possible risks that some interventions may promote excessive camouflaging (e.g. imitating neurotypical traits and behaviors, masking autistic traits), as higher levels of camouflaging are generally associated with poorer mental health outcomes among autistic people in numerous recent studies, and perhaps even suicidality.[30][31][32][15][33] Also, some advocates and researchers argue that a medicalising approach can contribute to stigma[34] and that the persistent focus on biological research in autism[35] is at odds with the priorities of those in the autism community.[36][37]
Within disability rights movements
The neurodiversity paradigm was developed and embraced first by autistic people.[38][39] Subsequently, it was applied to other neurodevelopmental and/or neuropsychiatric conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), developmental speech disorders, dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyspraxia,[40] dyscalculia, dysnomia, intellectual disability and Tourette syndrome.[39][41] Broader conceptualizations include mental illnesses such as schizophrenia,[6][42] bipolar disorder,[43] schizoaffective disorder, and, somewhat more controversially, personality disorders such as antisocial personality disorder.[44] Neurodiversity advocates denounce the framing of neurodevelopmental disorders as requiring medical intervention to "cure" or "fix" them, and instead promote support systems such as inclusion-focused services, accommodations, communication and assistive technologies, occupational training, and independent living support.[14][45] The intention is for individuals to receive support that honours authentic forms of human diversity, self-expression, and being, rather than treatment which coerces or forces them to adopt normative ideas of normality, or to conform to a clinical ideal.[46]
Proponents of neurodiversity strive to reconceptualize autism and related conditions in society by the following measures: acknowledging that neurodiversity does not require a cure; changing the language from the current "condition, disease, disorder, or illness"-based nomenclature; "broadening the understanding of healthy or independent living"; acknowledging new types of autonomy; and giving non-neurotypical individuals more control over their treatment, including the type, timing, and whether there should be treatment at all.[22][6]
A 2009 study[47] separated 27 students (with autism, dyslexia, developmental coordination disorder, ADHD, and stroke), into two categories of self-view: "A 'difference' view—where neurodiversity was seen as a difference incorporating a set of strengths and weaknesses, or a 'medical/deficit' view—where neurodiversity was seen as a disadvantageous medical condition." They found that, although all of the students reported uniformly difficult schooling careers involving exclusion, abuse, and bullying, those who viewed themselves from a different view (41% of the study cohort) "Indicated higher academic self-esteem and confidence in their abilities and many (73%) expressed considerable career ambitions with positive and clear goals."[47] Many of these students reported gaining this view of themselves through contact with neurodiversity advocates in online support groups.[47]
A 2013 online survey, which aimed to assess conceptions of autism and neurodiversity, found that "A deficit-as-difference conception of autism suggests the importance of harnessing autistic traits in developmentally beneficial ways, transcending a false dichotomy between celebrating differences and ameliorating deficit."[48]
Controversy
The neurodiversity paradigm is controversial in autism advocacy.[38] The dominant paradigm is one which pathologizes human brains that diverge from those considered typical. From this perspective, these brains have medical conditions which should be treated.[49]
A common criticism is that the neurodiversity paradigm is too widely encompassing and that its conception should exclude those whose functioning is more severely impaired.[38][50] Autistic advocate and interdisciplinary educator Nick Walker offers the distinction that neurodivergences refer specifically to "pervasive neurocognitive differences" that are "intimately related to the formation and constitution of the self," in contrast to medical conditions such as epilepsy.[6]
Neurodiversity advocate John Elder Robison argues that the disabilities and strengths conferred by neurological differences may be mutually inseparable. "When 99 neurologically identical people fail to solve a problem, it's often the 1% fellow who's different who holds the key. Yet that person may be disabled or disadvantaged most or all of the time. To neurodiversity proponents, people are disabled because they are at the edges of the bell curve, not because they are sick or broken."[51]
"Critiques of the Neurodiversity Movement", a 2020 review, argued two basic observations:
- Many people who do not have an autism diagnosis have autistic traits. This was known by researchers as the "broader autism phenotype". So, there was no clear bimodal distribution separating people with and without autism. In reality there were not two distinct populations, one "neurotypical" and one "neurodivergent".[52]
- "Neurotypical" was a dubious construct, because there was nobody who could be considered truly neurotypical. There was no such standard for the human brain.[52]
Additionally, as the term neurotypical refers to not having a developmental disorder; it could be argued that one is neurodivergent when they have been born without a neurodevelopmental disorder. Since most people with mental illnesses are born without a developmental disorder, they are considered predominantly neurotypical from birth. Mental illness could be triggered by environmental causes or traumatic events in one's lifetime, whereas developmental disorders are present at birth and continue into adulthood.
In the media
The increase of representation of the neurodiversity movement in the media came about with changes in the technology of the media platforms themselves.[53] The recent addition of text-based options on various social media sites allow disabled users to communicate, enjoy, and share at a more accessible rate.[53] Social media has a two-fold benefit to the neurodiverse community. It can help spread awareness and pioneer the neurodiversity movement, and it can also allow members of the communities themselves to connect.[54][55]
Social media as connecting platform
Media platforms allow the connection of individuals of similar backgrounds to find a community of support with one another.[54] Online networking and connections allows for the user to decide their level of comfort with interactions, and allow them to retain control of a relationship with another user. For the neurodiverse community, the use of social media to create relationships has proven a useful tool for those with difficulty in social situations.[56] By connecting neurodiverse users, media platforms are to provide 'safe spaces' that is helpful in the making of relationships.[56] Some media developers, such as Divyanka Kapoor, have taken a step further and created platforms such as "Blossom" which are designed specifically to connect neurodiverse users and families.[57] Platforms such a Blossom remove the external pressure for neurotypical users and allow the neurodiverse community to seek security and familiarity within a platform built especially for them.
Social media as a driving force
Another way in which media has the potential to benefit the neurodiverse community is by allowing users (especially popular influencers) to spread awareness about the neurodiversity movement.[58] Increasing awareness about disorders, especially those often debated by non-experts such as neurodiversity, has shown to increase the amount of factual information spread.[58] The spread of information through social media exposure can assist the neurodiversity movement in educating the public about understanding disabilities such as autism and sifting out misinformation.[55] By sharing neurodiverse experiences from a first hand perspective, media influencers have power to educate the public as well as destigmatize certain disorders.[58] As negative portrayals of neurodiversity have an obstructive impact on members the community, changing the narrative through social media exposure is a tool the ND community is employing.[59]
Challenges within media
Although representation of the neurodiverse community has grown with the help of social media platforms, those users are often criticized and misunderstood.[60] Social media has not removed the social barriers that restrict inclusion of neurodiverse peoples. The persisting barriers in social media are deeper than the issues of accessibility. Neurodiverse users are reported to be limited to their platform to conform to the mainstream view of their disability to be seen as "authentic" users.[60] The push for "authentic" users on the internet has grown with the use of social media itself. While the premise of sifting through ingenuine users was not a broach to the ND community, it has indirectly made it more difficult for neurodiverse users to grow platforms.[61][60] This issue of non-disabled users evaluating the authenticity of a neurodiverse user based on stereotypes shows the battle that the neurodiversity movement has not reached its goal of inclusion.[60]
See also
- Appeal to nature
- Autistic art
- Autistic Pride Day
- Anti-psychiatry
- Disability flag
- Disability rights movement
- Functional diversity
- Genetic diversity
- Identity Politics
- Mad pride movement
- Mental illness denial
- Multiplicity (psychology)
- NeuroTribes
- Political correctness
- Psychiatric survivors movement
- Societal and cultural aspects of autism
- Societal and cultural aspects of Tourette syndrome
- The Myth of Mental Illness
References
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- Singer, Judy (July 3, 2016). NeuroDiversity: The Birth of an Idea (2nd ed.). Judy Singer. ASIN B01HY0QTEE.
- Patrick Dwyer (2022). "The Neurodiversity Approach(es): What Are They and What Do They Mean for Researchers?" (PDF). Human Development. 66 (2): 73–92. doi:10.1159/000523723. PMC 9261839. PMID 36158596. S2CID 247062174. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
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- Chapman, Robert (January 10, 2019). "Neurodiversity Theory and Its Discontents: Autism, Schizophrenia, and the Social Model of Disability". In Tekin, Serife; Bluhm, Robyn (eds.). The Bloomsbury Companion to Philosophy of Psychiatry. Bloomsbury. pp. 371–387. ISBN 9781350024069.
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For me, the key significance of the 'autism spectrum' lies in its call for and anticipation of a politics of neurological diversity, or neurodiversity.
- Dekker, Martijn (November 8, 2019). "From Exclusion to Acceptance: Independent Living on the Autistic Spectrum". Autistic Community and the Neurodiversity Movement. Singapore: Springer Singapore. pp. 41–49. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-8437-0_3. ISBN 978-981-13-8436-3.
- Blume, Harvey (September 30, 1998). "Neurodiversity". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved November 7, 2007.
Neurodiversity may be every bit as crucial for the human race as biodiversity is for life in general. Who can say what form of wiring will prove best at any given moment? Cybernetics and computer culture, for example, may favor a somewhat autistic cast of mind.
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- Blume, Harvey (June 30, 1997). "Autistics, freed from face-to-face encounters, are communicating in cyberspace". The New York Times. Retrieved November 8, 2007.
Yet, in trying to come to terms with [a neurotypical-dominated] world, autistics are neither willing nor able to give up their own customs. Instead, they are proposing a new social compact, one emphasizing neurological pluralism. [...] The consensus emerging from the Internet forums and Web sites where autistics congregate [...] is that NT is only one of many neurological configurations -- the dominant one certainly, but not necessarily the best.
- Blume, Harvey (July 1, 1997). ""Autism & The Internet" or "It's The Wiring, Stupid"". Media In Transition. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved November 8, 2007.
A project called CyberSpace 2000 is devoted to getting as many people as possible in the autistic spectrum hooked up by the year 2000, the reason being that "the Internet is an essential means for autistic people to improve their lives because it is often the only way they can communicate effectively."
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Applied Behavioural Analysis (ABA). Advances in Autism
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- Arnold, Larry (2020). "Autonomy, the Critical Journal of Interdisciplinary Autism Studies". In Kapp, Steven K. (ed.). Autistic Community and the Neurodiversity Movement. Autistic Community and the Neurodiversity Movement: Stories from the Frontline. Singapore: Springer. pp. 211–220. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-8437-0_15. ISBN 978-981-13-8437-0. S2CID 210551456.
- Mackenzie, Robin; John Watts (January 31, 2011). "Is our legal, health care and social support infrastructure neurodiverse enough? How far are the aims of the neurodiversity movement fulfilled for those diagnosed with cognitive disability and learning disability?". Tizard Learning Disability Review. 16 (1): 30–37. doi:10.5042/tldr.2011.0005.
We recommend, therefore, that the term neurodiverse include the conditions ASD, ADHD, OCD, language disorders, developmental coordination disorder, dyslexia and Tourette's syndrome.
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- Leadbitter, Kathy; Buckle, Karen Leneh; Ellis, Ceri; Dekker, Martijn (2021). "Autistic Self-Advocacy and the Neurodiversity Movement: Implications for Autism Early Intervention Research and Practice". Frontiers in Psychology. 12: 635690. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.635690. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 8075160. PMID 33912110.
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- "Blossom: An App for the Neurodiverse Community". The Lakshmi Mittal and Family South Asia Institute. January 26, 2022. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
- Calhoun, Amanda J.; Gold, Jessica A. (April 1, 2020). ""I Feel Like I Know Them": the Positive Effect of Celebrity Self-disclosure of Mental Illness". Academic Psychiatry. 44 (2): 237–241. doi:10.1007/s40596-020-01200-5. ISSN 1545-7230. PMID 32100256. S2CID 211479198.
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Further reading
- Armstrong, Thomas (2010). Neurodiversity: Discovering the Extraordinary Gifts of Autism, ADHD, Dyslexia, and Other Brain Differences. Boston: Da Capo Lifelong. p. 288. ISBN 978-0738213545.
- Armstrong, Thomas (2012). Neurodiversity in the Classroom: Strength-Based Strategies to Help Students with Special Needs Succeed in School and Life. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development. p. 188. ISBN 978-1416614838.
- McNamara, Brittany (2016). "The Kaleidoscope Society Is Smashing ADHD Stigma for Women and Girls", December 12, 2016.
- Nerenberg, Jenara (2017). "What Neurodiversity Is And Why Companies Should Embrace It", Fast Company May 19, 2017.
- Reitman, Harold (2015). Aspertools: The Practical Guide for Understanding and Embracing Asperger's, Autism Spectrum Disorders, and Neurodiversity. Deerfield Beach, FL: HCI Books. p. 240. ISBN 9780757318542.
- Silberman, Steve (April 16, 2013). "Neurodiversity Rewires Conventional Thinking About Brains". Wired. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
- Praslova, Ludmila N.(2021). Autism Doesn’t Hold People Back at Work. Discrimination Does. Harvard Business Review, December 13, 2021.
- Praslova, Ludmila N.(2021). Neurodivergent people make great leaders, not just employees. Fast Company, December 15, 2021.
- Praslova, Ludmila N.(2022). An Intersectional Approach to Inclusion at Work. Harvard Business Review, June 21, 2022
- Singer, Judy (2016). NeuroDiversity: The Birth of an Idea. ISBN 978-0648154709
- Smith, Theo and Kirby, Amanda (2021). Neurodiversity at Work: Drive Innovation, Performance and Productivity with a Neurodiverse Workforce. ISBN 978-1398600249
External links
Media related to Neurodiversity at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of neurodiversity at Wiktionary
Learning materials related to The Neurodiversity Movement at Wikiversity
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