Permanent neonatal diabetes

Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM) is a newly identified and potentially treatable form of monogenic diabetes. This type of neonatal diabetes is caused by activating mutations of the KCNJ11 gene, which codes for the Kir6.2 subunit of the beta cell KATP channel.[1][2] This disease is considered to be a type of maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY).

Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus
Other namesPNDM
SpecialtyNeonatology

Cause

It can be associated with GCK, KCNJ11, INS, and ABCC8.[3]

Diagnosis

This results in congenital impairment of insulin release, although in the past, this was always being thought to be unusually early type 1 diabetes mellitus. The insulin deficiency results in intrauterine growth retardation with birth weight small for gestational age. The diabetes is usually diagnosed in the first 3 months of life due to continuing poor weight gain, polyuria, or diabetic ketoacidosis. Rare cases have been recognized as late as 6 months of age.

Treatment

Remarkably, this type of diabetes often responds well to sulfonylureas and insulin may not be necessary. More severe mutations in the KCNJ11 gene can cause early-onset diabetes which does not respond to the sulfonylurea drugs, as well as a syndrome of developmental delay and neurological features called the DEND syndrome. These forms of diabetes are very rare conditions, appearing in about 1/100,000 to 1/200,000 live births, and accounting for about 1/1000 of type 1 diabetes cases. Fewer than 5% of the cases assumed to exist have been diagnosed, and most diabetes clinics around the world are checking for KCNJ11 mutations in any persons who developed apparent insulin-dependent diabetes without the typical type 1 antibodies before 6 months of age. At least some of these people have been able to change from insulin to sulfonylurea pills after decades of injections.

See also

References
  1. Hattersley A, Gloyn A, Pearson E, Edgehill E, Flanagan S, Ellard S. Novel monogenic diabetes results from activating mutations in Kir6.2 Presented at the First Meeting for the European Group for the Study of Monogenic Diabetes ("MODY in Malaga"); Malaga, Spain, 21 October 2004. Published form should be available in 2005.
  2. Letha S, Mammen D, Valamparampil JJ (October 2007). "Permanent neonatal diabetes due to KCNJ11 gene mutation". Indian J Pediatr. 74 (10): 947–9. doi:10.1007/s12098-007-0175-y. PMID 17978456. Archived from the original on June 10, 2008.
  3. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): 606176
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