Timeline of influenza

This is a timeline of influenza, briefly describing major events such as outbreaks, epidemics, pandemics, discoveries and developments of vaccines. In addition to specific year/period-related events, there's the seasonal flu that kills between 250,000 and 500,000 people every year, and has claimed between 340 million and 1 billion human lives throughout history.[1][2]

Overview
Year/periodKey developments
Before the 16th CenturyThe outbreak of influenza reported in 1173 is not considered to be a pandemic, and other reports to 1500 generally lack reliability.
16th Century The 1510 influenza pandemic spread from Asia to Africa, then engulfing Europe. It is the first documented case of intercontinental spread of an influenza virus, with less lethality than future pandemics.

The 1557 influenza pandemic spread from Asia to the Ottoman Empire, then Europe, the Americas, and Africa. This flu pandemic is the first to be reliably recorded as spreading worldwide,[3][4][5][6] is when flu received its first English names.[7][8] It is also the first pandemic in which flu is linked to miscarriages.[9] The pandemic lasted for at least two years.[10][11]

The 1580 pandemic is well-documented, with high mortality recorded as influenza spreads across Europe.[12]

18th centuryData from this century is more informative of pandemics than those of previous years. The first agreed influenza pandemic of the 18th century begins in 1729.[12]
19th centuryTwo influenza pandemics are recorded in the century.[12] Avian influenza is recorded for the first time.[13]
20th centuryInfluenza pandemics are recorded four times, starting with the deadly Spanish flu. This is also the period of virus isolation and development of vaccines.[14] Prior to 20th century, much information about influenza is generally not considered certain. Although the virus seems to have caused epidemics throughout human history, historical data on influenza are difficult to interpret, because the symptoms can be similar to those of other respiratory diseases.[15][16]
1945 – 21st centuryInternational health organizations merge, and large scale vaccination campaigns begin.[17]
21st centuryWorldwide accessible databases multiply in order to control outbreaks and prevent pandemics. New influenza strain outbreaks still occur. Efficacy of currently available vaccines is still insufficient to diminish the current annual health burden induced by the virus.[17]

Full timeline: Hippocrates - 2017
Reported cases of influenza in American countries for the period 1949–1958, illustrating the severity of influenza A virus subtype H2N2 pandemic in 1957. Chile (not shown in the graph) was severely hit and reported 1,408,430 cases in 1957.[18]
Specific strains of influenza infection throughout the 20th century.[19]

Influenza has been studied by countless physicians, epidemiologists, and medical historians. Chroniclers distinguished its outbreaks from other diseases by the rapid, indiscriminate way it struck down entire populations. Flu has been called various names including tac,[20] coqueluche,[21][22][23] the new disease,[24] gruppie,[25] grippe, castrone,[26][27] influenza,[28] and commonly just catarrh[29][30][31] by many chroniclers and physicians throughout the ages.

Year/periodType of eventEventGeographical location
400 BCEMedical developmentThe symptoms of human influenza are described by Hippocrates.[32][14]
1173EpidemicFirst epidemic, where symptoms are probably influenza, is reported.[12]Europe
1357The term influenza is first used to describe a disease prevailing in 1357.[28][33] It would be applied again to the epidemic in 1386−1387.[34]Italy
1386–1387EpidemicInfluenza-like illness epidemic develops in Europe, preferentially killing elderly and debilitating persons. This is probably the first documentation of a key epidemiological feature of both pandemic and seasonal influenza.[34]Europe
1411EpidemicEpidemic of coughing disease associated with spontaneous miscarriages is noted in Paris.[34] The illness is referred to as le tac by some contemporaries.[20]France
1414 Epidemic Another outbreak of flu is recorded in Paris, possibly the first time the disease is referred to as coqueluche.
1510PandemicInfluenza pandemic develops in Asia and proceedes northward to involve North Africa, then all of Europe. Attack rates are extremely high, but fatality is low and said to be restricted to weaker individuals like children and those who were bled.[34]Africa, Europe
1557–1558PandemicInfluenza pandemic spreads westward from Asia to Africa and Europe, then travels aboard European ships across the Atlantic Ocean. Another wave in 1558-59 spreads worldwide with devastating effects.[35][3][4][5][6][34]Eurasia
1580Pandemic[12][34]Eurasia, Africa
1729Pandemic[16][12][34]Eurasia
1761–1762Pandemic[34]Americas, Europe
1780–1782Pandemic[34]Eurasia
1830–1833Pandemic[12]Eurasia, Americas
1878Scientific developmentFirst descriptions of avian influenza, termed "fowl plague," is recorded by Perroncito in Italy.[36][37][13]Italy
1889–1892Pandemic[38][34]Eurasia, Americas
1901Scientific development[37]
1918-1920PandemicIn March 1918, 48 soldiers die of "pneumonia" during a, outbreak at Fort Riley, Kansas. Flu travels unchecked eastward[39] to New England military bases before traveling across the Atlantic Ocean on crowded military ships to Europe amid World War I. It spread rapidly through European cities, and was nicknamed Spanish flu for the uncensored reporting in Spain, as moving armies spread flu around the world. Spanish flu returns in waves for the next 2 years.[40][41]Worldwide; originated in the US, some theories suggest France or other countries
1931Scientific developmentRichard Shope isolates the Influenza A virus from pigs.[42]
1933Scientific developmentShope and his team discover the Influenza A virus.[43][44][45][46]United Kingdom
1936Medical development[47]Russia
1942Medical development[46]
1945Medical development[48]United States
1946Organization[49][50]United States (Atlanta)
1947Organization[51]France (serves worldwide)
1948Organization[52]
1952Organization (Research institute)[53]
1957Pandemic[54][55][56][57][34]China
1959Non–human infection[58]United Kingdom
1961Non–human infection[59]South Africa
1963Non–human infection[58]United Kingdom
1966Non–human infection[58]Canada
1968-1969Pandemic[34][60]Eurasia, North America
1973Program launch[46]
1976Epidemic[61][62]United States (New Jersey)
1976Non–human infection[58]Australia
1977Epidemic[62]Russia, China, worldwide
1978Medical development[46]
1980Medical development[63]United States
1983Non–human infection[64]Ireland
1988Infection[65]China
1990-1996Medical development[66]United States
1997Infection[67]China (Hong Kong)
1997InfectionAustralia
1999Infection[62]China (Hong Kong)
2002Infection[68]United States
2003–2007Infection[69] East Asia, Southeast Asia
2003Infection[70]Netherlands
2004Organization[71]
2004Infection[72]Canada
2004Infection[73]Egypt
2004Non–human infection[74]United States
2005Organization[75][76]United States
2005Organization[77][78]United States (New York City)
2005Infection[79]Cambodia, Romania
2006Organization[80]China (Beijing)
2007Non-human infection[81]Australia
2008Scientific development[82]Worldwide
2008Service launch[83]United States
2009Pandemic[84][85][62]Worldwide
2011Non–human infection[86]United States
2012Scientific development[87]
2012Scientific project/controversy[88][89]Netherlands (Erasmus Medical Center), United States (University of Wisconsin–Madison)
2012Medical development[90]United States
2013Epidemic[91][92]China, Vietnam
2013Medical development[93]United States
2013Infection[94]China
2015Program[95][96][97]United States
2017Medical development[98]United States
2017Scientific development[99]Finland

See also

References
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