61st Academy Awards

61st Academy Awards
61st Academy Awards
	Official poster
Date	March 29, 1989
Site	Shrine Auditorium; Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Produced by	Allan Carr
Directed by	Jeff Margolis
Highlights
Best Picture	Rain Man
Most awards	Rain Man (4)
Most nominations	Rain Man (8)
TV in the United States
Network	ABC
Duration	3 hours, 19 minutes
Ratings	42.68 million; 29.81% (Nielsen ratings)

The 61st Academy Awards ceremony, organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 1988, and took place on Wednesday, March 29, 1989, at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST.[1] During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 23 categories. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Allan Carr and directed by Jeff Margolis.[1] Ten days earlier, in a ceremony held at the Beverly Hills Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Angie Dickinson.[2]

Rain Man won four awards, including the Best Picture. Other winners included Who Framed Roger Rabbit with four awards, Dangerous Liaisons with three, and The Accused, The Accidental Tourist, A Fish Called Wanda, The Appointments of Dennis Jennings, Beetlejuice, Bird, Hôtel Terminus: The Life and Times of Klaus Barbie, The Milagro Beanfield War, Mississippi Burning, Pelle the Conqueror, Tin Toy, Working Girl, and You Don't Have to Die with one. The telecast garnered over 42 million viewers in the United States, making the most viewed ceremony up to that point until it was surpassed by the 70th Academy Awards in 1998, which garnered a viewership of over 57 million.[3][4]

Winners and nominees

The nominees for the 61st Academy Awards were announced on February 15, 1989, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Richard Kahn, president of the Academy, and actress Anne Archer.[5] Rain Man led all nominees, with eight nominations; Dangerous Liaisons and Mississippi Burning tied for second with seven each.[6]

The winners were announced at the award ceremony on March 29, 1989.[7] Best Actress winner Jodie Foster became the eighth person in history to win the aforementioned category for a film with a single nomination. The last person to achieve this feat was Sophia Loren when she won for Two Women in 1961. Best Actor winner Dustin Hoffman was the fifth person to win the aforementioned category twice.[8] Sigourney Weaver became the fifth performer to receive two acting nominations in the same year[9] but did not win in either category.[10] John Lasseter and William Reeves won Best Animated Short Film for Tin Toy, which was Pixar's first Oscar ever and was the first CGI film to win an Oscar.[11]

Awards

Barry Levinson, Best Director winner

Dustin Hoffman, Best Actor winner

Jodie Foster, Best Actress winner

Kevin Kline, Best Supporting Actor winner

Geena Davis, Best Supporting Actress winner

Christopher Hampton, Best Adapted Screenplay winner

John Lasseter, Best Animated Short Film co-winner

William Reeves, Best Animated Short Film co-winner

Dave Grusin, Best Original Score winner

Carly Simon, Best Original Song winner

Richard Williams, Best Visual Effects co-winner

Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface and indicated with double dagger ().[12]

Best Picture Rain Man – Mark Johnson, producer The Accidental Tourist – Lawrence Kasdan, Charles Okun and Michael Grillo, producers Dangerous Liaisons – Norma Heyman and Hank Moonjean, producers Mississippi Burning – Frederick Zollo and Robert F. Colesberry, producers Working Girl – Douglas Wick, producer	Best Director Barry Levinson – Rain Man Charles Crichton – A Fish Called Wanda Martin Scorsese – The Last Temptation of Christ Alan Parker – Mississippi Burning Mike Nichols – Working Girl
Best Actor *Dustin Hoffman – Rain Man* as Raymond Babbitt** Gene Hackman – Mississippi Burning as Agent Rupert Anderson Tom Hanks – Big as Josh Baskin Edward James Olmos – Stand and Deliver as Jaime Escalante Max von Sydow – Pelle the Conqueror as Lassefar	Best Actress *Jodie Foster – The Accused* as Sarah Tobias** Glenn Close – Dangerous Liaisons as Marquise Isabelle de Merteuil Melanie Griffith – Working Girl as Tess McGill Meryl Streep – A Cry in the Dark as Lindy Chamberlain Sigourney Weaver – Gorillas in the Mist as Dian Fossey
Best Supporting Actor *Kevin Kline – A Fish Called Wanda* as Otto West** Alec Guinness – Little Dorrit as William Dorrit Martin Landau – Tucker: The Man and His Dream as Abe Karatz River Phoenix – Running on Empty as Danny Pope Dean Stockwell – Married to the Mob as Tony "The Tiger" Russo	Best Supporting Actress *Geena Davis – The Accidental Tourist* as Muriel Pritchett** Joan Cusack – Working Girl as Cyn Frances McDormand – Mississippi Burning as Mrs. Pell Michelle Pfeiffer – Dangerous Liaisons as Madame Marie de Tourvel Sigourney Weaver – Working Girl as Katharine Parker
Best Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen Rain Man – Screenplay by Ronald Bass and Barry Morrow; Story by Barry Morrow Big – Gary Ross and Anne Spielberg Bull Durham – Ron Shelton A Fish Called Wanda – Screenplay by John Cleese; Story by John Cleese and Charles Crichton Running on Empty – Naomi Foner	Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium Dangerous Liaisons – Christopher Hampton based on the play Les Liaisons Dangereuses by Christopher Hampton and the novel by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos The Accidental Tourist – Frank Galati and Lawrence Kasdan based on the novel by Anne Tyler Gorillas in the Mist – Screenplay by Anna Hamilton Phelan; Story by Anna Hamilton Phelan and Tab Murphy based on articles by Harold T.P. Hayes and Alex Shoumatoff Little Dorrit – Christine Edzard based on the novel by Charles Dickens The Unbearable Lightness of Being – Jean-Claude Carrière and Philip Kaufman based on the novel by Milan Kundera
Best Foreign Language Film Pelle the Conqueror (Denmark) in Danish – Bille August Hanussen (Hungary) in Hungarian – István Szabó The Music Teacher (Belgium) in French – Gérard Corbiau Salaam Bombay! (India) in Hindi – Mira Nair Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown (Spain) in Spanish – Pedro Almodóvar	Best Documentary Feature Hôtel Terminus: The Life and Times of Klaus Barbie – Marcel Ophuls The Cry of Reason: Beyers Naude - An Afrikaner Speaks Out – Robert Bilheimer and Ronald Mix Let's Get Lost – Bruce Weber and Nan Bush Promises to Keep – Ginny Durrin Who Killed Vincent Chin? – Renee Tajima and Christine Choy
Best Documentary Short Subject You Don't Have to Die – William Guttentag and Malcolm Clarke The Children's Storefront – Karen Goodman Family Gathering – Lise Yasui and Ann Tegnell Gang Cops – Thomas B. Fleming and Daniel J. Marks Portrait of Imogen – Nancy Hale and Meg Partridge	Best Live Action Short Film The Appointments of Dennis Jennings – Dean Parisot and Steven Wright Cadillac Dreams – Matia Karrell and Abbee Goldstein Gullah Tales – George deGolian and Gary Moss
Best Animated Short Film Tin Toy – John Lasseter and William Reeves The Cat Came Back – Cordell Barker Technological Threat – Bill Kroyer and Brian Jennings	Best Original Score The Milagro Beanfield War – Dave Grusin The Accidental Tourist – John Williams Dangerous Liaisons – George Fenton Gorillas in the Mist – Maurice Jarre Rain Man – Hans Zimmer
Best Original Song *"Let the River Run" from Working Girl* – Music and Lyrics by Carly Simon** "Calling You" from Bagdad Cafe – Music and Lyrics by Bob Telson "Two Hearts" from Buster – Music by Lamont Dozier; Lyrics by Phil Collins	Best Sound Bird – Les Fresholtz, Dick Alexander, Vern Poore, and Willie D. Burton Die Hard – Don Bassman, Kevin F. Cleary, Richard Overton, and Al Overton Jr. Gorillas in the Mist – Andy Nelson, Brian Saunders, and Peter Handford Mississippi Burning – Robert J. Litt, Elliot Tyson, Rick Kline, and Danny Michael Who Framed Roger Rabbit – Robert Knudson, John Boyd, Don Digirolamo, and Tony Dawe
Best Sound Effects Editing Who Framed Roger Rabbit – Charles L. Campbell and Louis Edemann Die Hard – Stephen Hunter Flick and Richard Shorr Willow – Ben Burtt and Richard Hymns	Best Art Direction Dangerous Liaisons – Art Direction: Stuart Craig; Set Decoration: Gérard James Beaches – Art Direction: Albert Brenner; Set Decoration: Garrett Lewis Rain Man – Art Direction: Ida Random; Set Decoration: Linda DeScenna Tucker: The Man and His Dream – Art Direction: Dean Tavoularis; Set Decoration: Armin Ganz Who Framed Roger Rabbit – Art Direction: Elliot Scott; Set Decoration: Peter Howitt
Best Makeup Beetlejuice – Ve Neill, Steve La Porte, and Robert Short Coming to America – Rick Baker Scrooged – Thomas R. Burman and Bari Dreiband-Burman	Best Costume Design Dangerous Liaisons – James Acheson Coming to America – Deborah Nadoolman Landis A Handful of Dust – Jane Robinson Sunset – Patricia Norris Tucker: The Man and His Dream – Milena Canonero
Best Cinematography Mississippi Burning – Peter Biziou Rain Man – John Seale Tequila Sunrise – Conrad Hall The Unbearable Lightness of Being – Sven Nykvist Who Framed Roger Rabbit – Dean Cundey	Best Film Editing Who Framed Roger Rabbit – Arthur Schmidt Die Hard – Frank J. Urioste and John F. Link Gorillas in the Mist – Stuart Baird Mississippi Burning – Gerry Hambling Rain Man – Stu Linder
Best Visual Effects Who Framed Roger Rabbit – Ken Ralston, Richard Williams, Edward Jones, and George Gibbs Die Hard – Richard Edlund, Al DiSarro, Brent Boates, and Thaine Morris Willow – Dennis Muren, Michael J. McAlister, Phil Tippett, and Chris Evans

Academy Honorary Awards

National Film Board of Canada[13]
Eastman Kodak Company[14]

Special Achievement Award

Richard Williams "for the animation direction of Who Framed Roger Rabbit".[15]

Films with multiple nominations and wins

The following 17 films received multiple nominations:

Nominations	Film
8	Rain Man
7	Dangerous Liaisons
7	Mississippi Burning
6	Who Framed Roger Rabbit
6	Working Girl
5	Gorillas in the Mist
4	The Accidental Tourist
4	Die Hard
3	A Fish Called Wanda
3	Tucker: The Man and His Dream
2	Big
	Coming to America
	Little Dorrit
	Pelle the Conqueror
	Running on Empty
	The Unbearable Lightness of Being
	Willow

The following three films received multiple awards:

Awards	Film
4	Rain Man
3	Dangerous Liaisons
3	Who Framed Roger Rabbit

Note: Who Framed Roger Rabbit received 3 competitive Academy Awards of Merit. In addition, the film received a Special Achievement Award.

Presenters and performers

The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers:[16]

Presenters

Name(s)	Role
Charlie O'Donnell	Announcer for the 61st annual Academy Awards
Richard Kahn (AMPAS president)	Gave opening remarks welcoming guests to the awards ceremony
Tom Selleck	Introducers of presenters Melanie Griffith and Don Johnson
Melanie Griffith Don Johnson	Presenters of the award for Best Supporting Actress
Jane Fonda	Presenter of the film Rain Man on the Best Picture segment
Kim Novak James Stewart	Presenters of the awards for Best Sound and Best Sound Effects Editing
Robert Downey Jr. Cybill Shepherd	Presenters of the award for Best Makeup
Patrick Swayze	Presenter of film tribute to 1950s movie musicals and the award for Best Original Score
Olivia Newton-John	Introducer of presenters Donald Sutherland and Kiefer Sutherland
Donald Sutherland Kiefer Sutherland	Presenters of the Academy Honorary Award to the National Film Board of Canada
Anjelica Huston	Presenter of the film Mississippi Burning on the Best Picture segment
Willem Dafoe Gene Hackman	Presenters of the award for Best Art Direction
Bo Derek Dudley Moore	Presenters of the award for Best Costume Design
Billy Crystal	Presenter of the movie tap dancers and Best Original Song performances montage
Sammy Davis Jr. Gregory Hines	Presenters of the award for Best Original Song
Candice Bergen Jacqueline Bisset Jack Valenti	Presenters of the award for Best Foreign Language Film
Barbara Hershey	Presenter of the film The Accidental Tourist on the Best Picture segment
Michael Caine Sean Connery Roger Moore	Presenters of the award for Best Supporting Actor
Beau Bridges Jeff Bridges Lloyd Bridges	Presenters of the award Best Visual Effects
Walter Matthau	Introducer of presenters Lucille Ball and Bob Hope
Lucille Ball Bob Hope	Introducers of the performance of the "I Wanna Be an Oscar Winner" musical number
Geena Davis Jeff Goldblum	Presenters of the award for Best Documentary Short Subject
Edward James Olmos Max von Sydow	Presenters of the award for Best Documentary Feature
Anne Archer	Presenter of the film Dangerous Liaisons on the Best Picture segment
Charles Fleischer Robin Williams	Presenters of the Special Achievement Academy Award to Richard Williams
Demi Moore Bruce Willis	Presenter of the award for Best Cinematography
Carrie Fisher Martin Short	Presenters of the awards for Best Live Action Short Film and Best Animated Short Film
Michael Douglas	Presenter of the award for Best Actor
Ali MacGraw	Presenter of the film Working Girl on the Best Picture segment
Farrah Fawcett Ryan O'Neal	Presenters of the award for Best Film Editing
Angie Dickinson	Presenter of the segment of the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement and the Gordon E. Sawyer Award
Richard Dreyfuss Amy Irving	Presenters of the award Best Original Screenplay
Michelle Pfeiffer Dennis Quaid	Presenters of the award for Best Adapted Screenplay
Goldie Hawn Kurt Russell	Presenters of the award for Best Director
Tom Cruise Dustin Hoffman	Presenters of the award for Best Actress
Cher	Presenter of the award for Best Picture

Performers

Name(s)	Role	Performed
Marvin Hamlisch	Musical arranger	Orchestral
Army Archerd Eileen Bowman Coral Browne Cyd Charisse Dale Evans Alice Faye Merv Griffin Dorothy Lamour Rob Lowe Tony Martin Vincent Price Buddy Rogers Roy Rogers Lily Tomlin	Performers	"I Only Have Eyes for You" from Dames "You Are My Lucky Star" from Broadway Melody of 1936 "I've Got a Lovely Bunch of Coconuts" "Proud Mary" "Hooray for Hollywood" from Hollywood Hotel
Keith Coogan Patrick Dempsey Corey Feldman Joely Fisher Tricia Leigh Fisher Savion Glover Carrie Hamilton Melora Hardin Ricki Lake Matt Lattanzi Chad Lowe Tracy Nelson Patrick O'Neal Corey Parker D. A. Pawley Tyrone Power Jr. Holly Robinson Christian Slater Blair Underwood	Performers	"(I Wanna Be an) Oscar Winner"

The ceremony

Allan Carr served as producer for the 61st Academy Awards.

Amy Irving at the Governor's Ball after the Awards.

In an attempt to attract viewers to the telecast and increase interest in the festivities, the Academy hired film producer and veteran Oscar ceremony executive talent coordinator Allan Carr to produce the 1989 ceremony.[17][18] In interviews with various media outlets, he expressed that it was a dream come true to produce the Oscars.[19]

Notable changes were introduced in the production of the telecast. For the first time, presenters announced each winner with the phrase "And the Oscar goes to..." rather than "And the winner is...".[20] The green room where Oscar presenters, performers, and winners gathered backstage was transformed into a luxurious suite complete with furniture, pictures, refreshments, and other amenities called "Club Oscar".[21] Instead of hiring a host for the proceedings, Carr heavily relied on presenters often grouped in pairs that had some connection, either through family or the film industry (a theme he billed as "couples, companions, costars, and compadres");[22][23][24][25] not until 2019 would another ceremony lack a host.[26]

Several other people were involved in the production of the ceremony. Jeff Margolis served as director of the telecast.[27] Lyricist and composer Marvin Hamlisch was hired as musical supervisor of the festivities.[28] Comedian and writer Bruce Vilanch was hired as a writer for the broadcast, a role he filled until 2014.[29] Carr had also rounded up eighteen young stars, including Patrick Dempsey, Corey Feldman, Ricki Lake, and Blair Underwood, to perform in a musical number entitled "I Wanna Be an Oscar Winner".[30] Unlike in most Oscar ceremonies, however, Carr announced that none of the three songs nominated for Best Original Song would be performed live.[24]

The telecast was also remembered for being the final public appearance of actress and comedian Lucille Ball, where she and co-presenter Bob Hope were given a standing ovation.[31] On April 26, almost a month after the ceremony, she died from a dissecting aortic aneurysm at age 77.[32]

Opening number

In an effort to showcase more glamour and showmanship in the ceremony, producer Carr hired playwright Steve Silver to co-produce an opening number inspired by Silver's long-running musical revue Beach Blanket Babylon.[33] The segment consisted of an elaborate stage show centered on actress Eileen Bowman dressed as Snow White from Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, who comes to Hollywood and is entranced by its glamour.[33] Like Beach Blanket Babylon, the opening act also featured dancers wearing giant, elaborate hats.[33] In a setting designed to resemble the Cocoanut Grove nightclub, Hollywood dignitaries such as actresses Alice Faye, Dorothy Lamour, Cyd Charisse, her husband Tony Martin, as well as Buddy Rogers and Vincent Price were prominently featured, while singer and television producer Merv Griffin sang a rendition of the song "I've Got a Lovely Bunch of Coconuts" (of which he had had a hit recording in 1949). Bowman and actor Rob Lowe then sang a reworked version of Creedence Clearwater Revival's "Proud Mary", with lyrics rewritten to refer to the film industry; it is this song for which the act is infamously remembered.[33]

Critical reviews and public reaction

The show was panned by most of the media publications. Los Angeles Times television critic Howard Rosenberg lamented, "the Academy Awards telecast on ABC was surprisingly devoid of magic. It was on the musty side, and compared with last month's Grammycast, absolutely moribund."[34] Film critic Janet Maslin chastised the opening number, saying it "deserves a permanent place in the annals of Oscar embarrassments". She also bemoaned that the "I Wanna Be an Oscar Winner" number "was confusingly shot and inspired no confidence in Hollywood's future".[35] Television editor Tony Scott of Variety complained, "The 61st Annual Academy Awards extravaganza—seen in 91 different countries including, for the first time, the Soviet Union—turned out to be a TV nyet" He also observed that the "Break-Out Superstars number" looked like they were "cavorting around a giant Oscar as if it were the golden calf".[36]

The telecast also received a mixed reception from professionals within the show business industry. Talent agent Michael Ovitz praised Carr saying that he had "brought show business back to the movie business". Actress Jennifer Jones thanked Carr in a written letter to the producer, which read "You delivered."[37] On the other hand, seventeen people, including actors Paul Newman, Gregory Peck, and Julie Andrews, and directors Billy Wilder and Joseph L. Mankiewicz, signed an open letter deriding the telecast as "an embarrassment to both the Academy and the entire motion picture industry".[38]

There has been speculation that some of the blowback against the ceremony, which was the first produced by an openly gay person and which prominently featured a musical number based on a gay nightclub show, was homophobic in nature,[39] although others, such as Bruce Vilanch and David Geffen, have challenged that assessment.[40]

In addition, The Walt Disney Company filed suit against AMPAS for use of the likeness of Snow White.[41] The lawsuit demanded unspecified damages for "copyright infringement, unfair competition, and dilution of business reputation".[4] Academy President Richard Kahn immediately issued an apology to the studio, and the lawsuit was subsequently dropped.[42]

Bowman has claimed that she was made to sign a gag order the next day prohibiting her from speaking to the press about her performance for the next 13 years. She finally spoke about it publicly in a 2013 interview, in which she described the performance as looking "like a gay bar mitzvah".[43]

Ratings and aftermath

Despite the criticism regarding the production of the ceremony, the American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 42.68 million people over its length, which was a 1% increase from the previous year's ceremony.[3][44] The show also drew higher Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony, with 29.81% of households watching over a 50.41 share.[3] It was the highest-rated Oscar broadcast since the 56th ceremony, held in 1984.[4]

Nevertheless, AMPAS created an Awards Presentation Review Committee to evaluate and determine why the telecast earned such a negative reaction from the media and the entertainment industry.[4] The committee later determined that Carr's biggest mistake was allowing the questionable opening number to run for 12 minutes. Producer and former Directors Guild of America president Gilbert Cates, who headed the committee, said that Carr would have not received such harsh criticism if the number had been much shorter.[4] Cates was subsequently hired as producer of the succeeding year's telecast.[45]

According to various showbiz insiders and reporters, the criticism and backlash from the ceremony resulted in Carr never again producing a film or theatrical show. He died from complications resulting from liver cancer on June 29, 1999, at the age of 62.[33][4]

Box office performance of nominees

At the time of the nominations announcement on February 15, the combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees at the US box office was $188 million, with an average of $37.7 million per film.[46] Rain Man was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees, with $97 million in domestic box office receipts.[46] The film was followed by Working Girl ($42.1 million), The Accidental Tourist ($24.2 million), Mississippi Burning ($18.6 million), and finally Dangerous Liaisons ($6.69 million).[46]

Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 52 nominations went to 13 films. Only Big (3rd), Rain Man (5th), Working Girl (21st), The Accused (32nd), The Accidental Tourist (38th), Gorillas in the Mist (40th), Mississippi Burning (45th), and Tucker: The Man and His Dream (50th) were nominated for Best Picture, directing, acting, or screenwriting. The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1st), Coming to America (2nd), Die Hard (7th), Beetlejuice (9th), and Willow (12th).

References

Osborne 2008, p. 296
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Gorman, Bill (February 17, 2009). "Academy Awards Show Ratings". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
Hofler, Robert (March 1, 2010). "Snow Job". Los Angeles. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
Williams, Jeannie (February 16, 1989). "Michael's high-profile feast". USA Today. p. 2D.
Cieply, Michael (February 16, 1989). "'Rain Man' Given 8 Oscar Nominations; Sigourney 2 : Hoffman Wins 6th Acting Nod". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
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O'Neil, Tom (February 23, 2009). "Sean Penn is the ninth actor to win two lead Oscars". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 8, 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
Levy 2003, p. 83
Levy 2003, p. 283
Price, David (2008). The Pixar Touch. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-307-26575-3.
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Bibliography

Hofler, Robert (2010). Party Animals : A Hollywood Tale of Sex, Drugs, and Rock 'n' Roll Starring the Fabulous Allan Carr. Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81655-0. OCLC 779680732.
Levy, Emanuel (2003). All About Oscar: The History and Politics of the Academy Awards. New York, United States: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8264-1452-4.
Osborne, Robert (2008). 80 Years of the Oscar: The Complete History of the Academy Awards. New York, United States: Abbeville Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-7892-0992-4.
Pond, Steve (2005). The Big Show: High Times and Dirty Dealings Backstage at the Academy Awards. New York, United States: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-21193-3.
Wiley, Mason; Bona, Damien (1996). Inside Oscar: The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards (5 ed.). New York, United States: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-40053-4. OCLC 779680732.

External links

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[TMS-1] Osborne 2008, p. 296

[2] "Past Scientific & Technical Awards Ceremonies". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on February 13, 2014. Retrieved July 31, 2013.

[Oscar_ratings-3] Gorman, Bill (February 17, 2009). "Academy Awards Show Ratings". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2013.

[SnowJob-4] Hofler, Robert (March 1, 2010). "Snow Job". Los Angeles. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2013.

[5] Williams, Jeannie (February 16, 1989). "Michael's high-profile feast". USA Today. p. 2D.

[6] Cieply, Michael (February 16, 1989). "'Rain Man' Given 8 Oscar Nominations; Sigourney 2 : Hoffman Wins 6th Acting Nod". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2013.

[ChicagoTribuneOscars-7] Kehr, Dave (March 30, 1989). "'Rain Man' The Big Winner, But Upsets Put Zip In Oscars". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2013.

[8] O'Neil, Tom (February 23, 2009). "Sean Penn is the ninth actor to win two lead Oscars". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 8, 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2013.

[APO-9] Levy 2003, p. 83

[10] Levy 2003, p. 283

[11] Price, David (2008). The Pixar Touch. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-307-26575-3.

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