Ashford International railway station

Ashford station in 1957

The station was built by the South Eastern Railway (SER) and planned during the initial Railway Mania as a stop between Croydon and Dover.[8] A special train from London Bridge ran on 28 November 1842, and the station formally opened on 1 December, along with the rest of the line from Redhill.[9] The journey from London to Ashford could now be made in three and a half hours.[10] A more direct route was ruled out by Parliament, who felt that more than one railway south of London was undesirable.[11]

The original station consisted of two platforms with two through lines, along with wooden buildings. The line ended at Ashford until the extension to Folkestone opened on 28 June 1843.[10] A connection to Canterbury West was authorised on 23 May 1844, and opened on 6 February 1846.[12][13] The Marshlink line connection to Hastings opened on 13 February 1851, after several false starts owing to problems with constructing the line and rivalry with other lines.[14][15] The station became known sometimes as Ashford Junction.[16]

The Ashford railway works was established in 1847, on a site to the east of the station and the River Stour.[17] The first locomotive, known as the "Coffee Pot" for its unusual vertical boiler, was designed there the following year and constructed in 1850. It remained in service until 1861.[18] The works led to the creation of Alfred Town, later known at New Town which is now an Ashford suburb.[19]

Another station, Ashford West, was opened by the rival London, Chatham & Dover Railway (LCDR) on 1 July 1884 for services via Maidstone East to London.[20] It was based to the southwest of the town centre, adjacent to the cattle market.[21] A link from the LCDR line to the SER station opened on 1 November 1891.[22]

On 1 January 1899, as part of the formation of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway (SECR), passenger services were diverted to the former SER station and Ashford West closed.[16] At the same time, the track was modified to give six separate approaches into the station, so that trains could pull up simultaneously.[23] The complete Ashford West station, including buildings and platforms, were converted into a works for cleaning cloths used in locomotive cleaning. Over a million were processed annually, with the reclaimed oil being re-used in the lubrication of points and point rodding.[24] The platform canopies survived to the 1930s,[25] while the station site was largely intact as of 1985,[26] with the main station building still standing in 1994.[27] The station buildings were demolished in 1999 for the construction of High Speed 1.[28][29]

In November 1904, the SECR agreed to a £47,000 rebuilding of the scheme in order to accommodate Maidstone traffic, which included removing a cattle dock so trains would not have to run on part of the South Eastern Main Line. The work was completed in 1907.[30] Further resignalling work continued into the next year.[31]

The station became part of the Southern Railway (SR) during the grouping of 1923.[32] It was renamed to Ashford (Kent) on 9 July to avoid confusion with Ashford (Middlesex) railway station.[16] Ashford became the main works depot in the south east after the SR reduced the works at Brighton to repairs-only in 1928.[33] Steam locomotive construction was discontinued in 1936, though repair work continued to take place.[32]

The station in 1990, before being rebuilt later that decade

The station passed on to the Southern Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948.[34] It was rebuilt in the early 1960s as part of the "Kent Coast Electrification – Stage 2" stage of the British Railways Modernisation Plan to accommodate electrification of most lines entering the station.[35] Electric services began to be used on the South Eastern Main Line on 12 June 1961, and on the Maidstone line on 9 October.[36] The two bay platforms were demolished and replaced by two island platforms. This required the demolition and rebuilding of the Station Road / Beaver Road bridge immediately to the west.[37] Ashford's four signal boxes were replaced by a single control centre on 29 April 1962.[38] The main station buildings on either side of the line were replaced between 1963 and 1966 by a footbridge including a booking hall, newsagent and catering facilities. The new scheme was the design of the Southern Region Architect, Nigel Wikeley.[39] Although most of the original station was demolished during this rebuild, two substantial platform canopies dating from the SECR era were retained, although the original wooden valences were covered by asbestos.[40] At the same time, the mechanical signalling system, consisting of five lever-operated boxes, was replaced with an all-electric system, coming into service on 29 April 1962.[41]

When sectorisation was introduced in the 1980s by British Rail, the station was served by Network SouthEast until privatisation.[32][42] In 1984, the track layout at the station was simplified, restricting the Maidstone and Canterbury West connections to the north of the track layout, and the Marshlink line to the south. This allowed the speed limit through the station to be increased to 85 miles per hour (137 km/h).[43]

Rebuilding the international station, 1994

The station was rebuilt as Ashford International to serve trains to mainland Europe. Construction was planned to begin in 1991 but delayed owing to a lack of government approval.[44] It was planned as a partial park and ride side, catering for up to 2,000 vehicles, and as a means of regenerating the town.[45] Work started on the rebuilding in June 1994 and continued for 18 months.[46] The project was designed by the British Rail Architecture and Design Group, and was inspired by the Maison de Verre, Paris. Two new platforms were built to the north of the station, with the original down island platform taken over by international services. The total cost of the work was £80 million.[47][48] The platforms reallocated for international services needed to be lengthened to 412 metres (1,352 ft) in order to accommodate the 392-metre (1,286 ft) British Rail Class 373 trains used by Eurostar.[49]

To segregate passengers from domestic and international services, a dedicated entrance from the ticket barrier to the platforms was built.[45] This included a separate departure lounge that could accommodate up to 800 passengers.[50] A multistorey car park was built, connecting to the international end of the station via a footbridge.[49]

The rebuilt station opened for international services on 8 January 1996, with the first stop being the 06:19 service from Waterloo.[51][52] The station was formally renamed Ashford International on 28 February.[50][53] When phase 1 of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link was completed in 2003, a dedicated fast line was built allowing through trains to bypass the station via a 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) tunnel and a 1.4 kilometres (0.87 mi) viaduct.[54][45][55]

Before the completion of High Speed 1 in November 2007, twelve Eurostar trains a day called at Ashford, seven heading to Paris and five to Brussels. However, after the opening of Ebbsfleet International, this was reduced to three trains to/from Paris,[56][57] and a daily service to Disneyland Paris.[58] Eurostar defended the reduction, saying stopping at Ashford International added 8 minutes to journey times and required 25 people joining the train there to make it economically viable. A petition to reinstate services gathered 11,000 signatures.[59] A single direct train in each direction to Brussels was reinstated in 2009, following campaigning from Kent County Council and Ashford Borough Council. This was expanded the following year to allow direct services between Ashford, Lille and Brussels-South on weekends, making day trips to European cities from Ashford possible.[60] In May 2015, a service to Marseille via Lyon and Avignon began running up to five times a week.[61]

In 2018, it was announced that the international platforms would undergo a £10m refurbishment to make them compatible with Eurostar's Class 374 units, branded as Eurostar e320, as well as to allow other operators to use the station.[62] The first Eurostar e320 stopped at Ashford on 3 April, with the Secretary of State for Transport, Chris Grayling, and the MP for Ashford, Damian Green, on board.[63] No other e320s stopped at Ashford International because of a technical fault until January 2020.[64]

In September 2020, Eurostar announced that due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent collapse in ticket revenue (down by 90%), both Ebbsfleet and Ashford International stations would not be served by Eurostar services until at least 2022.[65] In September 2021, Eurostar confirmed that services would not resume until 2023, despite complaints by local politicians that this was "bad for Kent".[66] Eurostar stated that they will resume services when commercially sensible to do so, as they will initially "focus on destinations where demand is highest".[66] A further update in August 2022 confirmed that the station (along with Ebbsfleet International) would likely not open until at least 2025.[67]

In 2007, a new maintenance depot, operated by Hitachi, opened to the northeast of the station, alongside the Canterbury West branch.[68] A high-speed domestic service, operated by Southeastern to London St Pancras via Ebbsfleet International and Stratford International, began with a trial service in June 2009.[69] A test train running at up to 140 miles per hour (230 km/h) covered the distance between Ashford International and St Pancras in 29 minutes.[70] A full service began in December 2009, which has allowed Ashford to become a commuter town for London.[71][72]

The Marshlink line from Ashford International to Ore is one of the few in the south east that has not yet been electrified, and is mostly single track beyond Appledore, which limits capacity. In May 2018, Southern announced the direct service from Ashford International to Brighton via Eastbourne would be discontinued. The company wanted to cancel the service for some time, as it would allow them to add additional capacity between Eastbourne and Hastings, but had repeatedly faced objections from councillors along the line, including at Lewes.[73][74]

A high speed domestic train at Ashford International

There are three main routes from Ashford International to London. The twice-hourly High Speed 1 domestic service has been running since 13 December 2009, and provides the quickest service to Central London via St Pancras in 37 minutes, which is at least twice as fast as any other route. A 25% premium is added to High Speed tickets.[78][79] The other two routes to London are the South Eastern Main Line to Charing Cross and the Maidstone line to Victoria via Maidstone East.[80][81]

As of December 2019, the typical off peak service in trains per hour is:

Southeastern[82][83][84]

• 2 tph to London St Pancras International
• 2 tph to London Charing Cross via Tonbridge
• 1 tph to London Victoria via Maidstone East
• 2 tph to Dover Priory of which 1 continues to Ramsgate via Deal
• 1 tph to Ramsgate via Canterbury West (all stations)
• 1 tph to Margate via Canterbury West (semi-fast)

Southeastern services at Ashford International are operated using Class 375, 377 and 395 EMUs.

Southern[85]

• 1 tph to Eastbourne via Hastings

Southern services at Ashford International are operated using Class 171 DMUs.

Eurostar services
h:mm 0:00 London St Pancras 0:14 Ebbsfleet International[note 1] 0:29 Ashford International[note 1] 0:31 British portal Channel Tunnel UK France border 0:51 French portal 0:55 Calais-Fréthun[note 2] 1:22 Lille-Europe France Belgium border 1:56 Brussels-South Belgium Netherlands border 3:16 Rotterdam Centraal 3:55 Amsterdam Centraal 2:16 Paris-Nord 2:49 Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy[note 3] Seasonal and extended services 4:41 Lyon-Part-Dieu[note 2] 5:49 Avignon TGV[note 2] 6:27 Marseille-Saint-Charles[note 2]   7:12 Moûtiers[note 4] 7:30 Aime-La Plagne (set down only) [note 4] 7:51 Bourg-Saint-Maurice[note 4]
Fastest timetabled journeys from London St Pancras

A Eurostar train at Ashford International

As of July 2020, the off-peak timetable was:[90]

• 3 tpd to Paris – Gare du Nord
• 1 tpd to Brussels South
• 1 tpd to Marne-la-Vallée – Chessy (Disneyland Paris)
• Up to 3 tpw to Marseille – Saint-Charles via Lyon and Avignon – seasonal service from May to September
• Up to 3 tpw to Bourg-Saint-Maurice in the French Alps – seasonal service from December to April

Direct Eurostar services from St Pancras to Amsterdam Centraal did not stop at Ashford, though a connection can be made by changing at Brussels.[91]

Preceding station	National Rail			Following station
Ebbsfleet International		Southeastern High Speed 1		Canterbury West
				Folkestone West
Pluckley		Southeastern South Eastern Main Line		Westenhanger
		Southeastern Ashford to Ramsgate Line		Wye
Charing or Bearsted		Southeastern Maidstone East Line		Wye or Terminus
Ham Street		Southern Marshlink Line		Terminus
	International Services
Ebbsfleet International		Eurostar High Speed 1 Temporarily Suspended		Calais-Fréthun
	Disused railways
Waterloo International		Eurostar London to Paris/Brussels		Calais-Fréthun
Pluckley		British Rail Southern Region South Eastern Main Line		Smeeth
Hothfield		British Rail Southern Region Maidstone East Line		Terminus