Balochistan, Pakistan

Balochistan (/bəˌlɒtʃɪˈstɑːn, -stæn/; Balochi/Urdu: بلوچستان) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. Located in the southwestern region of the country, Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan by land area but is the least populated one. It shares land borders with the Pakistani provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the north, Punjab to the north-east and Sindh to the south-east. It also shares International borders with Iran to the south-west and Afghanistan to the west. Balochistan is an extensive plateau of rough terrain divided into basins by ranges of sufficient heights and ruggedness. It is bound to the Arabian Sea in the south in which lies the world's largest deep sea port, The Port of Gwadar.

Balochistan
بلوچستان
Province
Top left to right (anti-clockwise): Quaid-e-Azam Residency, Princess of Hope, Koh-i-Chiltan, Canyons of Balochistan, Kund Malir, Hanna Lake
Flag
Seal
Location of Balochistan in Pakistan
Coordinates: 27.7°N 65.7°E / 27.7; 65.7
Country Pakistan
Established1 July 1970
Provincial CapitalQuetta
Largest cityQuetta
Government
 • TypeSelf-governing Province subject to the Federal Government
 • BodyGovernment of Balochistan
 • GovernorJan Mohammad Jamali (acting)
 • Chief MinisterAbdul Quddus Bizenjo
 • Chief SecretaryAbdul Aziz Uqaili
 • LegislatureProvincial Assembly
 • High CourtBalochistan High Court
Area
 • Total347,190 km2 (134,050 sq mi)
 • Rank1st
Population
 (2017)[1][2]
 • Total12,335,129
 • Rank4th
 • Density36/km2 (92/sq mi)
DemonymBaloch
GDP (2021–2022)
 • GDP (nominal)$17 billion
 • Per Capita (nominal)USD$933
Time zoneUTC+05:00 (PKT)
ISO 3166 codePK-BA
Main Language(s)
  • Urdu (national, official)
  • Balochi (provincial)
    • Minor Languages: Pashto, Brahui, Sindhi
Notable sports teamsQuetta Gladiators
Quetta Bears
Balochistan cricket team
HDI (2019)0.475 [3]
low
Literacy rate (2020)54.5% [4]
Seats in National Assembly30
Seats in Provincial Assembly65
Divisions8
Districts35
Tehsils134
Union Councils978[5]
Websitewww.balochistan.gov.pk

Balochistan shares borders with Punjab and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the northeast, Sindh to the east and southeast, the Arabian Sea to the south, Iran (Sistan and Baluchestan) to the west and Afghanistan (Helmand, Nimruz, Kandahar, Paktika and Zabul Provinces) to the north and northwest.

The name "Balochistan" means "the land of the Baloch". Largely underdeveloped, its provincial economy is dominated by natural resources, especially its natural gas fields, estimated to have sufficient capacity to supply Pakistan's demands over the medium to long term. Aside from Quetta, the second-largest city of the province is Turbat in the south, while another area of major economic importance is Gwadar Port on the Arabian Sea.

Balochistan is noted for its unique culture and extremely dry desert climate.[6]

History

Early history
Map showing the sites and extent of the Indus Valley civilisation. Mohenjo-Daro and Mehrgarh were among the centres of the Indus Valley Civilisation in the modern-day province. Balochistan marked the westernmost territory of the civilisation, which was one of the most developed in the old Bronze Age in the world.

Balochistan occupies the very southeasternmost portion of the Iranian Plateau, the setting for the earliest known farming settlements in the pre-Indus Valley civilisation era, the earliest of which was Mehrgarh, dated at 7000 BC, [7] within the province. Balochistan marked the westernmost extent of civilisation. Centuries before the arrival of Islam in the 7th Century, parts of Balochistan were ruled by the Paratarajas, an Indo-Scythian dynasty. At certain times, the Kushans also held political sway in parts of Balochistan.

The Hindu Sewa Dynasty ruled parts of Balochistan, chiefly Kalat.[8][9] The Sibi Division, which was carved out of Quetta Division and Kalat Division in 1974, derives its name from Rani Sewi, the queen of the Sewa dynasty.[10]

A theory of the origin of the Baloch people, the largest ethnic group in the region, is that they are of Median descent.[11]

Arrival of Islam

In 654, Abdulrehman ibn Samrah, governor of Sistan and the newly emerged Rashidun caliphate at the expense of Sassanid Persia and the Byzantine Empire, sent an Islamic army to crush a revolt in Zaranj, which is now in southern Afghanistan. After conquering Zaranj, a column of the army pushed north, conquering Kabul and Ghazni, in the Hindu Kush mountain range, while another column moved through Quetta District in north-western Balochistan and conquered the area up to the ancient cities of Dawar and Qandabil (Bolan).[12] It is documented that the major settlements, falling within today's province, became in 654 controlled by the Rashidun caliphate, except for the well-defended mountain town of QaiQan which is now Kalat.

During the caliphate of Ali, a revolt broke out in southern Balochistan's Makran region.[13] In 663, during the reign of Umayyad Caliph Muawiyah I, his Muslim rule lost control of north-eastern Balochistan and Kalat when Haris ibn Marah and a large part of his army died in battle against a revolt in Kalat.[14]

Pre-modern era

In the 15th century, Mir Chakar Khan Rind became the first Sirdar of Afghani, Irani and Pakistani Balochistan. He was a close aide of the Timurid ruler Humayun, and was succeeded by the Khanate of Kalat, which owed allegiance to the Mughal Empire. Later, Nader Shah won the allegiance of the rulers of eastern Balochistan. He ceded Kalhora, one of the Sindh territories of Sibi-Kachi, to the Khanate of Kalat.[15][16][17] Ahmad Shah Durrani, founder of the Afghan Empire, also won the allegiance of that area's rulers, and many Baloch fought under him during the Third Battle of Panipat. Most of the area would eventually revert to local Baloch control after Afghan rule.

British Indian era
A historical sketch of Bolan Pass, Balochistan, Pakistan

In 1876, northern Baluchistan became one of the Presidencies and provinces of British India in colonial India.[18] During this time from the fall of the Durrani Empire in 1823, four princely states were recognised and reinforced in Balochistan: Makran, Kharan, Las Bela and Kalat. In 1876, Robert Sandeman negotiated the Treaty of Kalat, which brought the Khan's territories, including Kharan, Makran, and Las Bela, under British protection, even though they remained independent princely states.[19] After the Second Afghan War was ended by the Treaty of Gandamak in May 1879, the Afghan Emir ceded the districts of Quetta, Pishin, Harnai, Sibi and Thal Chotiali to British control. On 1 April 1883, the British took control of the Bolan Pass, south-east of Quetta, from the Khan of Kalat. In 1887, small additional areas of Balochistan were declared British territory.[20] In 1893, Sir Mortimer Durand negotiated an agreement with the Amir of Afghanistan, Abdur Rahman Khan, to fix the Durand Line running from Chitral to Balochistan as the boundary between the Emirate of Afghanistan and British-controlled areas. Two devastating earthquakes occurred in Balochistan during British colonial rule: the 1935 Quetta earthquake, which devastated Quetta, and the 1945 Balochistan earthquake with its epicentre in the Makran region.[21] During the time of the Indian independence movement, "three pro-Congress parties were still active in Balochistan's politics", such as the Anjuman-i-Watan Baluchistan, which favoured a united India and opposed its partition.[22][23]

After independence
Quetta Railway Station

In British-ruled Colonial India, Baluchistan contained a Chief Commissioner's province and princely states (including Kalat, Makran, Las Bela and Kharan) that became a part of Pakistan.[24] The province's Shahi Jirga (the grand council of tribal elders[25]) and the non-official members of the Quetta Municipality,[26] according to the Pakistani narrative,[27]: 80  agreed to join Pakistan unanimously on 29 June 1947;[26] however, the Shahi Jirga was stripped of its members from the Kalat State prior to the vote.[27]: 81  The then-president of the Baluchistan Muslim League, Qazi Muhammad Isa, informed Muhammad Ali Jinnah that "Shahi Jirga in no way represents the popular wishes of the masses" and that members of the Kalat State were "excluded from voting; only representatives from the British part of the province voted and the British part included the leased areas of Quetta, Nasirabad Tehsil, Nushki and Bolan Agency."[27]: 81  Following the referendum, on 22 June 1947 the Khan of Kalat received a letter from members of the Shahi Jirga, as well as sardars from the leased areas of Baluchistan, stating that they, "as a part of the Baloch nation, were a part of the Kalat state too" and that if the question of Baluchistan's accession to Pakistan arise, "they should be deemed part of the Kalat state rather than (British) Balochistan".[27]: 82  This has brought into question whether an actual vote took place in the town hall "and that the announcement in favour of accession was secured through sheer manipulation."[27]: 82  Political scientist Salman Rafi Sheikh, in locating the origins of the insurgency in Balochistan, says "that Balochistan's accession to Pakistan was, as against the officially projected narrative, not based upon consensus, nor was support for Pakistan overwhelming. What this manipulation indicates is that even before formally becoming a part of Pakistan, Balochistan had fallen a prey to political victimization."[27]: 82 

Initially aspiring for independence,[26] the Khan of Kalat finally acceded to Pakistan on 27 March 1948 after period of negotiations with Pakistan.[28] The signing of the Instrument of Accession by Ahmad Yar Khan led his brother, Prince Abdul Karim, to revolt against his brother's decision due to their family rift.[29] in July 1948.[30] Princes Agha Abdul Karim Baloch and Muhammad Rahim refused to lay down arms, leading the Dosht-e Jhalawan in unconventional attacks on the army until 1950.[29] The Prince indulged in Terror activities without any assistance from others.[31] Jinnah and his successors allowed Yar Khan to retain his title until the province's dissolution in 1955.

Insurgencies by Baloch nationalists took place in 1948, 1958–59, 1962–63 and 1973–77, with a new ongoing insurgency by autonomy-seeking Baloch groups since 2003.[32][33] While many Baloch support the demand for autonomy, the majority are not interested in seceding from Pakistan.[34]

At a press conference on 8 June 2015 in Quetta, Balochistan's Home Minister Sarfraz Bugti accused India's prime minister Narendra Modi of openly supporting terrorism. Bugti implicated India's Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) of being responsible for recent attacks at military bases in Smangli and Khalid, and for subverting the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) agreement.[35][36][37]

Gwadar, a region of Balochistan was a Colony of Oman for more than a century and in the 1960s, Pakistan took over the land. Many people in this region are therefore Omani.[38]

Geography
Astola Island.

Balochistan is situated in the southwest of Pakistan and covers an area of 347,190 square kilometres (134,050 sq mi). It is Pakistan's largest province by area, constituting 44% of Pakistan's total landmass. The province is bordered by Afghanistan to the north and north-west, Iran to the south-west, Punjab and Sindh, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas to the north-east. To the south lies the Arabian Sea. Balochistan is located on the south-eastern part of the Iranian plateau. It borders the geopolitical regions of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Central Asia and South Asia. Balochistan lies at the mouth of the Strait of Hormuz and provides the shortest route from seaports to Central Asia. Its geographical location has placed the otherwise desolate region in the scope of competing for global interests for all of recorded history.

The capital city Quetta is located in a densely populated portion of the Sulaiman Mountains in the northeast of the province. It is situated in a river valley near the Bolan Pass, which has been used as the route of choice from the coast to Central Asia, entering through Afghanistan's Kandahar region. The British and other historic empires have crossed the region to invade Afghanistan by this route.[39]

Balochistan is rich in exhaustible and renewable resources; it is the second major supplier of natural gas in Pakistan. The province's renewable and human resource potential has not been systematically measured or exploited due to pressures from within and without Pakistan. Local inhabitants have chosen to live in towns and have relied on sustainable water sources for thousands of years.

Climate

The climate of the upper highlands is characterised by very cold winters and hot summers. In the lower highlands, winters vary from extremely cold in northern districts Ziarat, Quetta, Kalat, Muslim Baagh and Khanozai, where temperatures can drop to −20 °C (−4 °F), to milder conditions closer to the Makran coast. Winters are mild on the plains, with temperatures never falling below freezing point. Summers are hot and dry, especially in the arid zones of Chagai and Kharan districts. The plains are also very hot in summer, with temperatures reaching 50 °C (122 °F). The record highest temperature, 53 °C (127 °F), was recorded in Sibi on 26 May 2010,[40] exceeding the previous record, 52 °C (126 °F). Other hot areas include Turbat and Dalbandin. The desert climate is characterised by hot and very arid conditions. Occasionally, strong windstorms make these areas very inhospitable.

Government and politics

In common with the other provinces of Pakistan, Balochistan has a parliamentary form of government. The ceremonial head of the province is the Governor, who is appointed by the President of Pakistan on the advice of the provincial Chief Minister. The Chief Minister, the province's chief executive, is normally the leader of the largest political party or alliance of parties in the provincial assembly.

Balochistan Governor House Quetta

The unicameral Provincial Assembly of Balochistan comprises 65 seats of which 11 are reserved for women and 3 reserved for non-Muslims. The judicial branch of government is carried out by the Balochistan High Court, which is based in Quetta and headed by a Chief Justice.

Besides dominant Pakistan-wide political parties (such as the Pakistan Muslim League (N) and the Pakistan Peoples Party), Balochistan nationalist parties (such as the National Party and the Balochistan National Party (Mengal)) have been prominent in the province.[32]

Administrative divisions
Note: In this map, Lehri is shown within Sibi District on #27. Sohbatpur is shown within Jafarabad District on #8.

For administrative purposes, the province is divided into seven divisions: Kalat, Makran, Nasirabad, Quetta, Sibi, Zhob and Rakhshan. This divisional level was abolished in 2000, but restored after the 2008 election. Each division is under an appointed commissioner. The seven divisions are further subdivided into 33 districts:[41][42]

As of June 2021, there are eight divisions. The eighth division, Loralai Division was created by bifurcating Zhob Division.[43]

Sr. no. District Headquarters Area
(km2)		 Population
(2017)[44]		 Density
(people/km2)		 Division
1 Awaran Awaran 29,510 121,821 4 Kalat
2 Barkhan Barkhan 3,514 171,025 49 Loralai
3 Kachhi (Bolan) Dhadar 4,374 236,473 54 Nasirabad
4 Chagai Chagai 44,748[45] 226,517 5 Rakhshan
5 Dera Bugti Dera Bugti 10,160 313,110 31 Sibi
6 Gwadar Gwadar 12,637 262,253 15 Makran
7 Harnai[46] Harnai 2,492 97,052 39 Sibi
8 Hub Hub N/A N/A N/A Kalat
9 Jafarabad Dera Allahyar 1,643 513,972 313 Nasirabad
10 Jhal Magsi Jhal Magsi 3,615 148,900 41 Nasirabad
11 Kalat Kalat 7,654 211,201 28 Kalat
12 Kech (Turbat) Turbat 22,539 907,182 40 Makran
13 Kharan Kharan 14,958 162,766 11 Rakhshan
14 Kohlu Kohlu 7,610 213,933 28 Sibi
15 Khuzdar Khuzdar 35,380 798,896 23 Kalat
16 Killa Abdullah Killa Abdullah 3,553 323,823 91 Quetta
17 Killa Saifullah Killa Saifullah 6,831 342,932 50 Zhob
18 Lasbela Uthal 15,153 576,271 38 Kalat
19 Loralai Loralai 3,785 244,446 65 Loralai
20 Mastung Mastung 3,308 265,676 80 Kalat
21 Musakhel Musa Khel Bazar 5,728 167,243 29 Loralai
22 Nasirabad Dera Murad Jamali 3,387 487,847 144 Nasirabad
23 Nushki[47] Nushki 5,797 178,947 31 Rakhshan
24 Panjgur Panjgur 16,891 315,353 19 Makran
25 Pishin Pishin 6,218 736,903 119 Quetta
26 Quetta Quetta 3,447 2,269,473 658 Quetta
27 Sherani Sherani 4,310 152,952 35 Zhob
28 Sibi Sibi 8,429 253,210 30 Sibi
29 Washuk Washuk 29,510 176,206 4.0 Rakhshan
30 Zhob Zhob 15,987 310,354 19 Zhob
31 Ziarat Ziarat 3,301 160,095 49 Sibi
32 Sohbatpur Sohbatpur 800 200,426 250 Nasirabad
33 Shaheed Sikandarabad Surab 762 200,857 263 Kalat
34 Duki Duki 4,233 152,977 36 Loralai
35 Chaman Chaman 1,341 434,561 324 Quetta
36 Usta Muhammad Usta Muhammad N/A N/A N/A Nasirabad
37 Karezat Karezat N/A N/A N/A Quetta

Demographics
Historical populations
CensusPopulationUrban
19511,167,16712.38%
19611,353,48416.87%
19722,428,67816.45%
19814,332,37615.62%
19986,565,88523.89%
201712,344,40827.55%

Balochistan's population density is low due to the mountainous terrain and scarcity of water. In March 2012, preliminary census figures showed that the population of Balochistan, not including the districts of Khuzdar, Kech and Panjgur, had reached 13,162,222, an increase of 139.3% from 5,501,164 in 1998. The population constituted 6.85% of Pakistan's total population. This was the largest increase in population in any province of Pakistan during that time period, almost thrice the national increase of 46.9%.[2][48][49] Official estimates of Balochistan's population grew from approximately 7.45 million in 2003 to 7.8 million in 2005.[50] The 2017 Census enumerated a population of 12,344,408.

Languages and ethnicities

Languages of Balochistan (2017)[51]

  Balochi (35.49%)
  Pashto (35.34%)
  Brahui (17.12%)
  Sindhi (4.56%)
  Saraiki (2.65%)
  Punjabi (1.13%)
  Others (3.71%)

According to the preliminary results of the 2017 census, the languages with the most native speakers in the province are Balochi, spoken by 35.49% of the population, and Pashto, whose share at 35.34% is a marked increase on the 1998 census, when it stood at 29.6%. The Pasthuns mainly inhabit the north of Balochistan and form the majority in Quetta. Baloch on the other hand are found throughout Balochistan, but most highly concentrated in the west and south of the province. Brahui is spoken by 17.12% mainly in the central part of Balochistan. Other languages include Sindhi (4.6%), Saraiki (2.7%), Punjabi (1.1%), and Urdu (0.81%).[52][51]

Balochi forms the majority in 21 districts and Pashto forms majority in 9 districts of Balochistan.[53] Brahui has majority in 4 districts. In the Lasbela District, a large minority of the population speaks Lasi,[54] which is a dialect of Sindhi.[55]

According to the Ethnologue, households speaking Balochi, whose primary dialect is Makrani constitutes 13%, Rukhshani 10%, Sulemani 7%, and Khetrani 3% of the population. Other languages spoken are Lasi, Urdu, Punjabi, Hazargi, Sindhi, Saraiki, Dehvari, Dari, Tajik, Hindko, Uzbek, and Hindki.[52]

The 2005 census concerning Afghans in Pakistan showed that a total of 769,268[56] Afghan refugees were temporarily staying in Balochistan. However, there are probably fewer Afghans living in Balochistan today as many refugees repatriated in 2013. As of 2015, there are only 327,778 registered Afghan refugees according to the UNHCR.[57]

Religion

Religion in Balochistan, Pakistan[58]

  Islam (99.28%)
  Hinduism (0.40%)
  Christianity (0.27%)
  Ahmadi (0.02%)
  Others (0.03%)

According to the 2017 Census, nearly all of the population of Balochistan were Muslims. There were also Hindu and Christian minorities in the province. The Hindu population in the province was approximately 49,133 (including the Scheduled Castes).[59][60][61] The Shri Hinglaj Mata mandir which is the largest Hindu pilgrimage centre in Pakistan is situated in Balochistan.[62] There was also a Christian minority of 26,462 individuals in the province.[60]

Religion in Balochistan
Religion Population (1941)[63]: 18  Percentage (1941) Population (2017)[58] Percentage (2017)
Islam 785,181 91.53% 12,255,528 99.28%
Hinduism 54,394 6.34% 49,378 0.4%
Sikhism 12,044 1.4% N/A N/A
Christianity 6,056 0.71% 33,330 0.27%
Ahmadi N/A N/A 2,469 0.02%
Others 160 0.02% 3,703 0.03%
Total Population 857,835 100% 12,344,408 100%

Education

The literacy rate of the province in 2017 was 43.6%, an increase from 24.8% in 1998.[64]

Medical colleges
  • Bolan University of Medical & Health Sciences
  • Makran Medical College

Engineering universities
  • Balochistan University of Engineering and Technology, Khuzdar
  • Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta

General universities
  • University of Balochistan, Quetta
  • Al-Hamd Islamic University, Quetta
  • Sardar Bahadur Khan Women's University, Quetta
  • Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Lasbela
  • University of Turbat, Turbat
  • University of Loralai, Loralai

Economy

The economy of Balochistan is largely based upon the production of natural gas, coal and other minerals.[65]

Balochistan has been called a "neglected province where a majority of population lacks amenities".[66][67] Since the mid-1970s the province's share of Pakistan's GDP has dropped from 4.9 to 3.7%,[68] and as of 2007 it had the highest poverty rate and infant and maternal mortality rate, and the lowest literacy rate in the country,[69] factors some allege have contributed to the insurgency.[67] However, in 7th NFC awards, Punjab province and Federal contributed to increase Baluchistan share more than its entitled population based share.[70] In Balochistan poverty is increasing. In 2001–2002 poverty incidences were at 48% and by 2005–2006 these were at 50.9%.[71] According to a report on Dawn, the rate of multidimensional poverty in Balochistan had risen to 71% by 2016.[72]

Though the province remains largely underdeveloped, several major development projects, including the construction of a new deep sea port at the strategically important town of Gwadar,[73] are in progress in Balochistan. The port is projected to be the hub of an energy and trade corridor to and from China and the Central Asian republics. The Mirani Dam on the Dasht River, 50 kilometres (31 mi) west of Turbat in the Makran Division, is being built to provide water to expand agricultural land use by 35,000 km2 (14,000 sq mi) where it would otherwise be unsustainable.[74] In the district Lasbela, there is an oil refinery owned by Byco International Incorporated (BII), which is capable of processing 120,000 barrels of oil per day. A power station is located adjacent to the refinery.[75] Several cement plants and a marble factory are also located there.[76][77][78] One of the world's largest ship breaking yards is located on the coast.[79]

Natural resource extraction

Balochistan's share of Pakistan's national income has historically ranged between 3.7% to 4.9%.[80] Since 1972, Balochistan's gross income has grown in size by 2.7 times.[81] Outside Quetta, the resource extraction infrastructure of the province is gradually developing but still lags far behind other parts of Pakistan.

The agreements for royalty rights and ownership of mineral rights were reached during a period of unprecedented natural disasters, economic, social, political, and cultural unrest in Pakistan. The negotiations were widely considered to be insufficiently transparent.[82]

Tourism

Balochistan has much tourist potential, though the province has seen little of it. There are many tourism-worthy sites and places within the province. Tourism in Balochistan sharply declined after the 9/11 terror attacks due to terrorism. However, recently, tourism is growing in Balochistan and fights against terrorists have proved successful. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) also aims to revive the growing tourism industry by improving road networks which would generate jobs and income for the Baloch people as well as help Pakistan in improving its GDP.

Balochistan Liberation Army, an organization listed as a terrorist organization by three countries,[83][84][85] is active in the region.[86][87]

Places of interest

Following is a list of a few tourist attractions and places of interest in Balochistan:


  • Astola Island
  • Bolan Pass
  • Dureji
  • Gadani Beach
  • Gadani Ship Breaking Yard
  • Gwadar
  • Hanna Lake
  • Hazarganji-Chiltan National Park, near Quetta, Balochistan.
  • Hinglaj Mata Temples
  • Hingol National Park
  • Hub Dam
  • Jiwani Coastal Wetland
  • Khuzdar
  • Kund Malir
  • Makran Coastal Highway
  • Mehrgarh
  • Moola Chotok
  • Pir Ghaib Waterfall, Balochistan
  • Quaid-e-Azam Residency
  • Quetta
  • The princess of hope, Balochistan
  • Urak Valley
  • Zhob
  • Ziarat Juniper Forest
  • Ziarat

See also
  • Balochistan (geographic region)
  • Balochistan, Afghanistan
  • Balochistan, Iran
  • Goth Gorshani
  • List of cities in Balochistan, Pakistan by population
  • List of cultural heritage sites in Balochistan, Pakistan
  • Insurgency in Balochistan
  • Randghar China

References
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  2. "Pak population increased by 46.9% between 1998 and 2011". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016.
  3. "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  4. "KPK Achieves Highest Literacy Growth Rate Among All Provinces". 9 June 2022.
  5. "Delimitation of union councils, wards in Balochistan completed". 11 February 2022.
  6. "Balochistan | province, Pakistan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 April 2017.
  7. Iain Morley; Colin Renfrew (2010). The Archaeology of Measurement: Comprehending Heaven, Earth and Time in Ancient Societies. Cambridge University Press. p. 107. ISBN 9780521119900.
  8. Fowle, T. C.; Rai, Diwan Jamiat (1923). Baluchistan. Directorate of Archives, Government of Balochistan. p. 100. The Hindus of Kalat town may indeed be far more indigenous, since they claim descent from the ancient Sewa dynasty that ruled Kalat long before the Brahuis came to Baluchistan.
  9. Balochistan Through the Ages: Geography and history. Nisa Traders. 1979. p. 316. The country up to and including Multan was conquered by the Arabs and the Hindu dynasty of Sind and probably also the Sewa dynasty of Kalat came to an end.
  10. Quddus, Syed Abdul (1990). The Tribal Baluchistan. Ferozsons. p. 49. ISBN 978-969-0-10047-4. The Sibi division was carved out of the Quetta and Kalat Divisions in April, 1974, and comprises districts of Sibi, Kachhi, Nasirabad, Kohlu and Dera Bugti. The Division derives its name from the town of Sibi or Sewi. The local tradition attributes the origin of this name to Rani Sewi of the Sewa dynasty which ruled this part of the country in ancient times.
  11. M. Longworth Dames, Balochi Folklore, Folklore, Vol. 13, No. 3 (29 September 1902), pp. 252–274
  12. Tabqat ibn Saad, Vol. 8, p. 471
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  14. Tarikh al Khulfa, Vol. 1, pp. 214–215, 229
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  16. Iranica.com
  17. "Ghulam Shah Kalhora and Relations With Kutch". Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  18. Henige, David P. (1970). Colonial Governors from the Fifteenth Century to the Present: A Comprehensive List. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 89. The British began to assume control over the rough desert region in extreme western India known as Baluchistan in the 1870s.
  19. Dashti, Naseer (2012). The Baloch and Balochistan: A Historical Account from the Beginning to the Fall of the Baloch State. Trafford Publishing. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-4669-5896-8.
  20. Peter R. Blood (1996). Pakistan: A Country Study. DIANE Publishing. p. 20.
  21. Foreign Affairs Pakistan, Volume 32, Issues 11–12. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2005. p. 257.
  22. Afzal, M. Rafique (2001). Pakistan: History and Politics 1947-1971. Oxford University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-19-579634-6. Besides the Balochistan Muslim League, three pro-Congress parties were still active in Balochistan's politics: the Anjuman-i Watan, the Jamiatul Ulama u Hind, and the Qalat State National Party.
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Further reading
  • Johnson, E.A. (1999). Lithofacies, depositional environments, and regional stratigraphy of the lower Eocene Ghazij Formation, Balochistan, Pakistan. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1599. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey.
  • Philippe Fabry, Balouchistan, le désert insoumis, Paris, Nathan Image, 1991, 136 p., ISBN 2-09-240036-3
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