Corruption Perceptions Index

The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) is an index which ranks countries "by their perceived levels of public sector[1] corruption, as determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys."[2] The CPI generally defines corruption as an "abuse of entrusted power for private gain".[3] The index is published annually by the non-governmental organisation Transparency International since 1995.[4]

Map showing countries and territories according to the Corruption Perception Index, 2021, in ascending order.
  Score higher than 89
  Score equal to or between 80 and 89
  Score equal to or between 70 and 79
  Score equal to or between 60 and 69
  Score equal to or between 50 and 59
  Score equal to or between 40 and 49
  Score equal to or between 30 and 39
  Score equal to or between 20 and 29
  Score equal to or between 10 and 19
  Score less than 10
  Data unavailable

The 2021 CPI, published in January 2022, currently ranks 180 countries "on a scale from 100 (very clean) to 0 (highly corrupt)" based on the situation between 1 May 2020 and 30 April 2021.[5] Denmark, New Zealand, Finland, Singapore, and Sweden are perceived as the least corrupt nations in the world, ranking consistently high among international financial transparency, while the most apparently corrupt are Syria, Somalia (both scoring 13), and South Sudan (11).[6]

Methods
Political corruption
Concepts
  • Anti-corruption
  • Bribery
  • Cronyism
  • Economics of corruption
  • Electoral fraud
  • Elite capture
  • Influence peddling
  • Kleptocracy
  • Mafia state
  • Nepotism
  • Slush fund
  • Simony
Corruption by country
Africa
  • Angola
  • Botswana
  • Cameroon
  • Chad
  • Congo
  • Egypt
  • Equatorial Guinea
  • Eritrea
  • Ethiopia
  • Ghana
  • Guinea-Bissau
  • Kenya
  • Liberia
  • Mauritius
  • Morocco
  • Nigeria
  • Senegal
  • Sierra Leone
  • Somalia
  • South Africa
  • South Sudan
  • Sudan
  • Tanzania
  • Tunisia
  • Uganda
  • Zambia
  • Zimbabwe
Asia
  • Afghanistan
  • Armenia
  • Azerbaijan
  • Bahrain
  • Bangladesh
  • Cambodia
  • China
  • Cyprus
  • Georgia
  • India
  • Indonesia
  • Iran
  • Iraq
  • Israel
  • Jordan
  • Kuwait
  • Kyrgyzstan
  • Kazakhstan
  • Lebanon
  • Malaysia
  • Myanmar
  • Nepal
  • North Korea
  • Pakistan
  • Philippines
  • Singapore
  • South Korea
  • Sri Lanka
  • Syria
  • Tajikistan
  • Thailand
  • Turkey
  • Turkmenistan
  • Uzbekistan
  • Vietnam
  • Yemen
Europe
  • Albania
  • Austria
  • Belgium
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • Bulgaria
  • Croatia
  • Czech Republic
  • Denmark
  • Finland
  • France
  • Germany
  • Greece
  • Hungary
  • Iceland
  • Ireland
  • Italy
  • Kosovo
  • Latvia
  • Lithuania
  • Luxembourg
  • North Macedonia
  • Moldova
  • Montenegro
  • Netherlands
  • Norway
  • Poland
  • Portugal
  • Romania
  • Russia
  • Serbia
  • Slovakia
  • Slovenia
  • Spain
  • Sweden
  • Switzerland
  • Ukraine
  • United Kingdom
  • Vatican City
North America
  • Canada
  • Mexico
  • United States
Central America
  • Cuba
  • Haiti
  • Nicaragua
South America
  • Argentina
  • Bolivia
  • Brazil
  • Chile
  • Colombia
  • Ecuador
  • Paraguay
  • Peru
  • Venezuela
Oceania
  • Australia
  • New Zealand
  • Papua New Guinea

Transparency International commissioned the University of Passau's Johann Graf Lambsdorff to produce the CPI.[7] The 2012 CPI takes into account 16 different surveys and assessments from 12 different institutions.[8] The 13 surveys/assessments are either business people opinion surveys or performance assessments from a group of analysts.[3] Early CPIs used public opinion surveys.[9] The institutions are:[10]

  • African Development Bank (based in Côte d'Ivoire)
  • Bertelsmann Foundation (based in Germany)
  • Economist Intelligence Unit (based in the UK)
  • Freedom House (based in the US)
  • Global Insight (based in world)
  • International Institute for Management Development (based in Switzerland)
  • Political and Economic Risk Consultancy (based in Hong Kong)
  • The PRS Group, Inc., (based in the US)
  • World Economic Forum
  • World Bank
  • World Justice Project (based in US)

Countries need to be evaluated by at least three sources to appear in the CPI.[9] The CPI measures perception of corruption due to the difficulty of measuring absolute levels of corruption.[11]

Validity

A study published in 2002 found a "very strong significant correlation" between the Corruption Perceptions Index and two other proxies for corruption: black market activity and an overabundance of regulation.[12]

All three metrics also had a highly significant correlation with real gross domestic product per capita (RGDP/Cap); the Corruption Perceptions Index correlation with RGDP/Cap was the strongest, explaining over three fourths of the variance.[12] (Note that a lower rating on this scale reflects greater corruption, so that countries with higher RGDPs generally had less corruption.)

Alex Cobham of the Center for Global Development reported in 2013 that "many of the staff and chapters" at Transparency International, the publisher of the Corruption Perceptions Index, "protest internally" over concerns about the index. The original creator of the index, Johann Graf Lambsdorff, withdrew from work on the index in 2009, stating "In 1995 I invented the Corruption Perceptions Index and have orchestrated it ever since, putting TI on the spotlight of international attention. In August 2009 I have informed Cobus de Swardt, Managing Director of TI, that I am no longer available for doing the Corruption Perceptions Index."[13]

Economic implications

Research papers published in 2007 and 2008 examined the economic consequences of corruption perception, as defined by the CPI. The researchers found a correlation between a higher CPI and higher long-term economic growth,[14] as well as an increase in GDP growth of 1.7% for every unit increase in a country's CPI score.[15] Also shown was a power-law dependence linking higher CPI score to higher rates of foreign investment in a country.

Rankings

Legend:

Scores Perceived as less corrupt Perceived as more corrupt
99–90 89–80 79–70 69–60 59–50 49–40 39-30 29–20 19–10 9–0

2012–2021

Corruption Perceptions Index table:[16]

# Nation or Territory 2021[6] 2020[17] 2019[18] 2018[19] 2017[20] 2016[21] 2015[22] 2014[23] 2013[24] 2012[25]
Score  Δ  Score  Δ  Score  Δ  Score  Δ  Score  Δ  Score  Δ  Score  Δ  Score  Δ  Score  Δ  Score
1 Denmark
88
88
 1
87
 1
88
88
 2
90
 1
91
 1
92
 1
91
 1
90
1 New Zealand
88
88
 1
87
87
 2
89
 1
90
 1
91
91
91
 1
90
1 Finland
88
 3
85
 1
86
 1
85
85
 4
89
 1
90
 1
89
89
 1
90
4 Singapore
85
85
85
85
 1
84
84
 1
85
 1
84
 2
86
 1
87
4 Sweden
85
85
85
85
 1
84
 4
88
 1
89
 2
87
 2
89
 1
88
4 Norway
85
 1
84
84
84
 1
85
85
 2
87
 1
86
86
 1
85
7 Switzerland
84
 1
85
85
85
85
 1
86
86
86
 1
85
 1
86
8 Netherlands
82
82
82
82
82
 1
83
 4
87
 4
83
83
 1
84
10 Germany
80
80
80
80
 1
81
81
81
 2
79
 1
78
 1
79
9 Luxembourg
81
 1
80
80
 1
81
 1
82
 1
81
81
 1
82
 2
80
80
18 Australia
73
 4
77
77
77
77
 2
79
79
 1
80
 1
81
 4
85
13 Canada
74
 3
77
77
 4
81
 1
82
82
 1
83
 2
81
81
 3
84
12 Hong Kong
76
 1
77
 1
76
76
 1
77
77
 2
75
 1
74
 1
75
 2
77
11 United Kingdom
78
 1
77
77
 3
80
 2
82
 1
81
81
 3
78
 2
76
 2
74
13 Austria
74
 2
76
 1
77
 1
76
 1
75
75
 1
76
 4
72
 3
69
69
18 Belgium
73
 3
76
 1
75
75
75
 2
77
77
 1
76
 1
75
75
13 Estonia
74
 1
75
 1
74
 1
73
 2
71
 1
70
70
 1
69
 1
68
 4
64
13 Iceland
74
 1
75
 3
78
 2
76
 1
77
 1
78
 1
79
79
 1
78
 4
82
18 Japan
73
 1
74
 1
73
73
73
 1
72
 3
75
 1
76
 2
74
74
13 Ireland
74
 2
72
 2
74
 1
73
 1
74
 1
73
 2
75
 1
74
 2
72
 3
69
24 United Arab Emirates
69
 2
71
71
 1
70
 1
71
 5
66
 4
70
70
 1
69
 1
68
18 Uruguay
73
 2
71
71
 1
70
70
 1
71
 3
74
 1
73
73
 1
72
22 France
71
 1
69
69
 3
72
 2
70
 1
69
 1
70
 1
69
 2
71
71
25 Bhutan
68
68
68
68
 1
67
 2
65
65
65
 2
63
63
27 Chile
67
67
67
67
67
 1
66
 4
70
 3
73
 2
71
 1
72
27 United States
67
67
 2
69
 2
71
 4
75
 1
74
 2
76
 2
74
 1
73
73
23 Seychelles
70
 4
66
66
66
 6
60
 5
55
55
 1
54
 2
52
25 Taiwan
68
 2
65
65
 2
63
63
 2
61
 1
62
 1
61
61
61
29 Barbados
65
 1
64
 2
62
 6
68
68
 7
61
74
 1
75
 1
76
30 Bahamas
64
 1
63
 1
64
 1
65
65
 1
66
71
71
71
31 Qatar
63
63
 1
62
62
 1
63
 2
61
 10
71
 2
69
 1
68
68
32 South Korea
62
 1
61
 2
59
 2
57
 3
54
 1
53
 3
56
 1
55
55
 1
56
32 Portugal
62
 1
61
 1
62
 2
64
 1
63
 1
62
 1
63
63
 1
62
 1
63
34 Lithuania
61
 1
60
60
 1
59
59
59
 2
61
 3
58
 1
57
 3
54
34 Spain
61
 1
62
62
 4
58
 1
57
 1
58
58
 2
60
 1
59
 6
65
45 Botswana
55
 5
60
 1
61
61
61
 1
60
 3
63
63
 1
64
 1
65
35 Brunei
60
60
 3
63
 1
62
 4
58
60
 5
55
36 Israel
59
 1
60
60
 1
61
 1
62
 2
64
 3
61
 1
60
 1
61
 1
60
41 Slovenia
57
 3
60
60
60
 1
61
61
 1
60
 2
58
 1
57
 4
61
36 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
59
59
59
 1
58
58
 2
60
67
 5
62
62
39 Cape Verde
58
58
58
 1
57
 2
55
 4
59
 4
55
 2
57
 1
58
 2
60
39 Costa Rica
58
 1
57
 1
56
56
 3
59
 1
58
 3
55
 1
54
 1
53
 1
54
52 Cyprus
53
 4
57
 1
58
 1
59
 2
57
 2
55
 6
61
 2
63
63
 3
66
36 Latvia
59
 2
57
 1
56
 2
58
58
 1
57
 2
55
55
 2
53
 4
49
45 Georgia
55
 1
56
56
 2
58
 2
56
 1
57
 5
52
52
 3
49
 3
52
42 Poland
56
56
 2
58
 2
60
60
 2
62
62
 1
61
 1
60
 2
58
42 Saint Lucia
56
56
 1
55
55
55
 5
60
71
71
45 Dominica
55
55
55
 2
57
57
 2
59
58
58
58
49 Czech Republic
54
54
 2
56
 3
59
 2
57
 2
55
 1
56
 5
51
 3
48
 1
49
56 Oman
52
 2
54
 2
52
52
 8
44
 1
45
45
45
 2
47
47
52 Rwanda
53
 1
54
 1
53
 3
56
 1
55
 1
54
54
 5
49
 4
53
53
52 Grenada
53
53
53
 1
52
52
 4
56
42 Italy
56
 3
53
53
 1
52
 2
50
 3
47
 3
44
 1
43
43
 1
42
49 Malta
54
 1
53
 1
54
54
 2
56
 1
55
 1
56
 1
55
 1
56
 1
57
49 Mauritius
54
 1
53
 1
52
 1
51
 1
50
 4
54
 1
53
 1
54
 2
52
 5
57
52 Saudi Arabia
53
53
53
 4
49
49
 3
46
 6
52
 3
49
 3
46
 2
44
62 Malaysia
48
 3
51
 2
53
 6
47
47
 2
49
 1
50
 2
52
 2
50
 1
49
58 Namibia
49
 2
51
 1
52
 1
53
 2
51
 1
52
 1
53
 4
49
 1
48
48
58 Greece
49
 1
50
 2
48
 3
45
 3
48
 4
44
 2
46
 3
43
 3
40
 4
36
58 Armenia
49
49
 7
42
 7
35
35
 2
33
 2
35
 2
37
 1
36
 2
34
58 Jordan
49
49
 1
48
 1
49
 1
48
48
 5
53
 4
49
 4
45
 3
48
56 Slovakia
52
 2
49
 1
50
50
50
 1
51
51
 1
50
 3
47
 1
46
82 Belarus
41
 6
47
 2
45
 1
44
44
 4
40
 8
32
 1
31
 2
29
 2
31
63 Croatia
47
47
47
 1
48
 1
49
49
 2
51
 3
48
48
 2
46
64 Cuba
46
 1
47
 1
48
 1
47
47
47
47
 1
46
46
 2
48
66 São Tomé and Príncipe
45
 2
47
 1
46
46
46
46
 4
42
42
42
42
64 Montenegro
46
 1
45
45
45
 1
46
 1
45
 1
44
 2
42
 2
44
 3
41
73 Senegal
43
 2
45
45
45
45
45
 1
44
 1
43
 2
41
 5
36
78 Bulgaria
42
 2
44
 1
43
 1
42
 1
43
 2
41
41
 2
43
 2
41
41
73 Hungary
43
 1
44
44
 2
46
 1
45
 3
48
 3
51
 3
54
54
 1
55
70 Jamaica
44
44
 1
43
 1
44
44
 5
39
 2
41
 3
38
38
38
66 Romania
45
 1
44
44
 3
47
 1
48
48
 2
46
 3
43
43
 1
44
70 South Africa
44
44
44
 1
43
43
 2
45
 1
44
44
 2
42
 1
43
70 Tunisia
44
44
 1
43
43
 1
42
 1
41
 3
38
 2
40
 1
41
41
73 Ghana
43
43
 2
41
41
 1
40
 3
43
 4
47
 1
48
 2
46
 1
45
85 Maldives
40
 3
43
 14
29
 2
31
 2
33
 3
36
66 Vanuatu
45
 2
43
 3
46
46
 3
43
96 Argentina
38
 4
42
 3
45
 5
40
 1
39
 3
36
 4
32
 2
34
34
 1
35
78 Bahrain
42
42
42
 6
36
36
 7
43
 8
51
 2
49
 1
48
 3
51
66 China
45
 3
42
 1
41
 2
39
 2
41
 1
40
 3
37
 1
36
 4
40
 1
39
73 Kuwait
43
 1
42
 2
40
 1
41
 2
39
 2
41
 8
49
 5
44
 1
43
 1
44
73 Solomon Islands
43
 1
42
42
 2
44
 5
39
 3
42
78 Benin
42
 1
41
41
 1
40
 1
39
 3
36
 1
37
 2
39
 3
36
36
87 Guyana
39
 2
41
 1
40
 3
37
 1
38
 4
34
 5
29
 1
30
 3
27
 1
28
96 Lesotho
38
 3
41
 1
40
 1
41
 1
42
 3
39
 5
44
 5
49
49
 4
45
78 Burkina Faso
42
 2
40
40
 1
41
 1
42
42
 4
38
38
38
38
85 India
40
40
 1
41
41
 1
40
40
 2
38
38
 2
36
36
87 Morocco
39
 1
40
 1
41
 2
43
 3
40
 3
37
 1
36
 3
39
 2
37
37
82 Timor-Leste
41
 1
40
 2
38
 3
35
 3
38
 3
35
 7
28
28
 2
30
 3
33
82 Trinidad and Tobago
41
 1
40
40
 1
41
41
 6
35
 4
39
 1
38
38
 1
39
96 Turkey
38
 2
40
 1
39
 2
41
 1
40
 1
41
 1
42
 3
45
 5
50
 1
49
87 Colombia
39
39
 2
37
 1
36
 1
37
37
37
37
 1
36
36
105 Ecuador
36
 3
39
 1
38
 4
34
 2
32
 1
31
 1
32
 1
33
 2
35
 3
32
96 Brazil
38
38
 3
35
35
 2
37
 3
40
 2
38
 5
43
 1
42
 1
43
87 Ethiopia
39
 1
38
 1
37
 3
34
 1
35
 1
34
 1
33
33
33
33
102 Kazakhstan
37
 1
38
 4
34
 3
31
31
 2
29
 1
28
 1
29
 3
26
 2
28
105 Peru
36
 2
38
 2
36
 1
35
 2
37
 2
35
 1
36
 2
38
38
38
96 Serbia
38
38
 1
39
39
 2
41
 1
42
 2
40
 1
41
 1
42
 3
39
102 Sri Lanka
37
 1
38
38
38
38
 2
36
 1
37
 1
38
 1
37
 3
40
87 Suriname
39
 1
38
 6
44
 1
43
 2
41
 4
45
 9
36
36
36
 1
37
87 Tanzania
39
 1
38
 1
37
 1
36
36
 4
32
 2
30
 1
31
 2
33
 2
35
102 Gambia
37
37
37
37
 7
30
 4
26
 2
28
 1
29
 1
28
 6
34
96 Indonesia
38
 1
37
 3
40
 2
38
 1
37
37
 1
36
 2
34
 2
32
32
110 Albania
35
 1
36
 1
35
 1
36
 2
38
 1
39
 3
36
 3
33
 2
31
 2
33
117 Algeria
33
 3
36
 1
35
35
 2
33
 1
34
 2
36
36
36
 2
34
105 Ivory Coast
36
36
 1
35
35
 1
36
 2
34
 2
32
32
 5
27
 2
29
115 El Salvador
34
 2
36
 2
34
 1
35
 2
33
 3
36
 3
39
39
 1
38
38
87 Kosovo
39
 3
36
36
 1
37
 2
39
 3
36
 3
33
33
33
 1
34
110 Thailand
35
 1
36
36
36
 1
37
 2
35
 3
38
38
 3
35
 2
37
87 Vietnam
39
 3
36
 1
37
 4
33
 2
35
 2
33
 2
31
31
31
31
110 Bosnia and Herzegovina
35
35
 1
36
 2
38
38
 1
39
 1
38
 1
39
 3
42
42
110 Mongolia
35
35
35
 2
37
 1
36
 2
38
 1
39
39
 1
38
 2
36
87 North Macedonia
39
 4
35
35
 2
37
 2
35
 2
37
 5
42
 3
45
 1
44
 1
43
105 Panama
36
 1
35
 1
36
 1
37
37
 1
38
 1
39
 2
37
 2
35
 3
38
105 Moldova
36
 2
34
 2
32
 1
33
 2
31
 1
30
 3
33
 2
35
35
 1
36
117 Philippines
33
 1
34
34
 2
36
 2
34
 1
35
35
 3
38
 2
36
 2
34
117 Egypt
33
33
 2
35
35
 3
32
 2
34
 2
36
 1
37
 5
32
32
122 Eswatini
32
 1
33
 1
34
 4
38
 1
39
 4
43
 4
39
 2
37
117   Nepal
33
33
 1
34
 3
31
31
 2
29
 2
27
 2
29
 2
31
 4
27
115 Sierra Leone
34
 1
33
33
 3
30
30
30
 1
29
 2
31
 1
30
 1
31
122 Ukraine
32
 1
33
 3
30
 2
32
 2
30
 1
29
 2
27
 1
26
 1
25
 1
26
117 Zambia
33
33
 1
34
 1
35
 2
37
 1
38
38
38
38
 1
37
124 Niger
31
 1
32
32
 2
34
 1
33
 2
35
 1
34
 1
35
 1
34
 1
33
128 Bolivia
30
 1
31
31
 2
29
 4
33
33
 1
34
 1
35
 1
34
34
128 Kenya
30
 1
31
 3
28
 1
27
 1
28
 2
26
 1
25
25
 2
27
27
144 Kyrgyzstan
27
 4
31
 1
30
 1
29
29
 1
28
28
 1
27
 3
24
24
124 Mexico
31
31
 2
29
 1
28
 1
29
 1
30
 5
35
35
 1
34
34
140 Pakistan
28
 3
31
 1
32
 1
33
 1
32
32
 2
30
 1
29
 1
28
 1
27
128 Azerbaijan
30
30
30
 5
25
 6
31
 1
30
 1
29
29
 1
28
 1
27
124 Gabon
31
 1
30
 1
31
31
 1
32
 3
35
 1
34
 3
37
 3
34
 1
35
110 Malawi
35
 5
30
 1
31
 1
32
 1
31
31
31
 2
33
 4
37
37
136 Mali
29
 1
30
 1
29
 3
32
 1
31
 1
32
 3
35
 3
32
 4
28
 6
34
136 Russia
29
 1
30
 2
28
28
 1
29
29
29
 2
27
 1
28
28
128 Laos
30
 1
29
29
29
29
 1
30
 5
25
25
 1
26
 5
21
140 Mauritania
28
 1
29
 1
28
 1
27
 1
28
 1
27
 4
31
 1
30
30
 1
31
128 Togo
30
 1
29
29
 1
30
 2
32
32
32
 3
29
29
 1
30
128 Dominican Republic
30
 2
28
28
 2
30
 1
29
 2
31
 2
33
 1
32
 3
29
 3
32
136 Liberia
29
 1
28
28
 4
32
 1
31
 6
37
37
37
 1
38
 3
41
140 Myanmar
28
28
 1
29
29
 1
30
 2
28
 6
22
 1
21
21
 6
15
128 Paraguay
30
 2
28
28
 1
29
29
 1
30
 3
27
 3
24
24
 1
25
136 Angola
29
 2
27
 1
26
 7
19
19
 1
18
 3
15
 4
19
 4
23
 1
22
128 Djibouti
30
 3
27
 3
30
 1
31
31
 1
30
 4
34
34
 2
36
36
124 Papua New Guinea
31
 4
27
 1
28
28
 1
29
 1
28
 3
25
25
25
25
140 Uzbekistan
28
 2
26
 1
25
 2
23
 1
22
 1
21
 2
19
 1
18
 1
17
17
144 Uganda
27
27
 1
28
 2
26
26
 1
25
25
 1
26
26
3
29
144 Cameroon
27
 2
25
25
25
25
 1
26
 1
27
27
 2
25
 1
26
147 Bangladesh
26
26
26
26
 2
28
 2
26
 1
25
25
 2
27
 1
26
147 Madagascar
26
 1
25
 1
24
 1
25
 1
24
 2
26
 2
28
28
28
 4
32
147 Mozambique
26
 1
25
 1
26
 3
23
 2
25
 2
27
 4
31
31
 1
30
 1
31
150 Guinea
25
 3
28
 1
29
 1
28
 1
27
27
 2
25
25
 1
24
24
150 Guatemala
25
25
 1
26
 1
27
 1
28
28
28
 4
32
 3
29
 4
33
150 Iran
25
25
 1
26
 2
28
 2
30
 1
29
 2
27
27
 2
25
 3
28
150 Tajikistan
25
25
25
25
 4
21
 4
25
 1
26
 3
23
 1
22
22
154 Central African Republic
24
 2
26
 1
25
 1
26
 3
23
 3
20
 4
24
24
 1
25
 1
26
154 Lebanon
24
 1
25
 3
28
28
28
28
28
 1
27
 1
28
 2
30
154 Nigeria
24
 1
25
 1
26
 1
27
27
 1
28
 2
26
 1
27
 2
25
 2
27
157 Honduras
23
 1
24
 2
26
 3
29
29
 1
30
 1
31
 2
29
 3
26
 2
28
157 Iraq
23
 2
21
 1
20
 2
18
18
 1
17
 1
16
16
16
 2
18
157 Cambodia
23
 2
21
 1
20
20
 1
21
21
21
21
 1
20
 2
22
157 Zimbabwe
23
 1
24
24
 2
22
22
22
 1
21
21
21
 1
20
161 Eritrea
22
 1
21
 2
23
 1
24
 4
20
 2
18
18
18
 2
20
 5
25
162 Republic of the Congo
21
 2
19
19
19
 2
21
 1
20
 3
23
23
 1
22
 4
26
162 Guinea-Bissau
21
 2
19
 1
18
 9
28
 1
27
 11
16
 1
17
 2
19
19
 6
25
164 Comoros
20
 1
21
 4
25
 2
27
27
 3
24
 2
26
26
 2
28
28
164 Haiti
20
 2
18
18
 2
20
 2
22
 2
20
 3
17
 2
19
19
19
164 Nicaragua
20
 2
22
22
 3
25
 1
26
26
 1
27
 1
28
28
 1
29
164 Sudan
20
 2
16
16
16
16
 2
14
 2
12
 1
11
11
 2
13
164 Chad
20
 1
21
 1
20
 1
19
 1
20
20
 2
22
22
 3
19
19
165 Burundi
19
19
19
 2
17
 5
22
 2
20
 1
21
 1
20
 1
21
 2
19
162 Democratic Republic of the Congo
21
 3
18
18
 1
19
 2
21
21
 1
22
22
22
 1
21
169 Turkmenistan
19
19
19
 1
20
 1
19
 3
22
 4
18
 1
17
17
17
172 Equatorial Guinea
17
 1
16
16
16
 1
17
 2
19
 1
20
172 Libya
17
17
 1
18
 1
17
17
 3
14
 2
16
 2
18
 3
15
 6
21
174 Afghanistan
16
 3
19
 3
16
16
 1
15
15
 4
11
 1
12
 4
8
8
174 North Korea
16
 2
18
 1
17
 3
14
 3
17
 9
8
8
8
8
8
174 Yemen
16
 1
15
15
 1
14
 2
16
 2
14
 4
18
 1
19
 1
18
 5
23
177 Venezuela
14
 1
15
 1
16
 2
18
18
 1
17
17
 2
19
 1
20
 1
19
178 Somalia
13
 1
12
 3
9
 1
10
 1
9
 1
10
 2
8
8
8
8
178 Syria
13
 1
14
 1
13
13
 1
14
 1
13
 5
18
 2
20
 3
17
 9
26
180 South Sudan
11
 1
12
12
 1
13
 1
12
 1
11
 4
15
15
 1
14

2011

The 20 top countries or regions that were ranked as having the lowest perceived levels of corruption were (note scale of 10 to 1):

#CountryScore#Country/RegionScore
1 New Zealand9.511 Luxembourg8.5
2 Denmark9.412 Hong Kong8.4
 Finland13 Iceland8.3
4 Sweden9.314 Germany8.0
5 Singapore9.2 Japan
6 Norway9.016 Austria7.8
7 Netherlands8.9 Spain
8 Australia8.8 United Kingdom
 Switzerland19 Belgium7.5
10 Canada8.7 Ireland
Source:[26]

The 20 bottom countries that were ranked as having the highest perceived levels of corruption were:

#CountryScore#CountryScore
182 Somalia1.0172 Equatorial Guinea1.9
 North Korea Burundi
180 Myanmar1.5168 Libya2.0
Afghanistan DR Congo
177 Uzbekistan1.6 Chad
 Turkmenistan Angola
 Sudan164 Yemen2.1
175 Iraq1.8 Kyrgyzstan
 Haiti Guinea
172 Venezuela1.9 Cambodia
Source:[26]

2010

The 20 top countries or regions that were ranked as having the lowest perceived levels of corruption were (note scale of 10 down to 1):

#CountryScore#Country/RegionScore
1 Denmark9.311 Iceland8.5
 New Zealand Luxembourg
 Singapore13 Hong Kong8.4
4 Finland9.214 Ireland8.0
 Sweden15 Austria7.9
6 Canada8.9 Germany
7 Netherlands8.817 Spain7.8
8 Australia8.7 Japan
 Switzerland19 Qatar7.7
10 Norway8.620 United Kingdom7.6
Source:[27]

The 20 bottom countries that were ranked as having the highest perceived levels of corruption were:

#CountryScore#CountryScore
178 Somalia1.1168 Angola1.9
176 Myanmar1.4164 Venezuela2.0
 Afghanistan Kyrgyzstan
175 Iraq1.5 Guinea
172 Uzbekistan1.6 DR Congo
 Turkmenistan159 Tajikistan2.1
 Sudan Russia
171 Chad1.7 Papua New Guinea
170 Burundi1.8 Laos
168 Equatorial Guinea1.9 Kenya
Source:[27]

Assessments

The Index was methodologically criticized in the past,[28] i.e. questioned based on its methodology.

According to political scientist Dan Hough, three flaws in the Index include:[29]

  • Corruption is too complex a concept to be captured by a single score. For instance, the nature of corruption in rural Kansas will be different from that in the city administration of New York, yet the Index measures them in the same way.
  • By measuring perceptions of corruption, as opposed to corruption itself, the Index may simply be reinforcing existing stereotypes and cliches.
  • The Index only measures public sector corruption, ignoring the private sector. This, for instance, means the well-publicized Libor scandal or the VW emissions scandal are not counted as corrupt actions.

Media outlets frequently use the raw numbers as a yardstick for government performance, without clarifying what the numbers mean. The local Transparency International chapter in Bangladesh disowned the index results after a change in methodology caused the country's scores to increase; media reported it as an "improvement".[30]

In a 2013 article in Foreign Policy, Alex Cobham suggested that CPI should be dropped for the good of Transparency International. It argues that the CPI embeds a powerful and misleading elite bias in popular perceptions of corruption, potentially contributing to a vicious cycle and at the same time incentivizing inappropriate policy responses. Cobham writes, "the index corrupts perceptions to the extent that it's hard to see a justification for its continuing publication."[31]

Recent econometric analyses that have exploited the existence of natural experiments on the level of corruption and compared the CPI with other subjective indicators have found that, while not perfect, the CPI is argued to be broadly consistent with one-dimensional measures of corruption.[32]

In the United States, many lawyers advise international businesses to consult the CPI when attempting to measure the risk of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act violations in different nations. This practice has been criticized by the Minnesota Journal of International Law, which wrote that since the CPI may be subject to perceptual biases it therefore should not be considered by lawyers to be a measure of actual national corruption risk.[33]

Transparency International also publishes the Global Corruption Barometer, which ranks countries by corruption levels using direct surveys instead of perceived expert opinions, which has been under criticism for substantial bias from the powerful elite.[31]

Transparency International has warned that a country with a clean CPI score may still be linked to corruption internationally. For example, while Sweden had the 3rd best CPI score in 2015, one of its state-owned companies, TeliaSonera, was facing allegations of bribery in Uzbekistan.[34]

See also

References
  1. "Corruption Perception Index". transparency.org. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  2. Transparency International (2011). "Corruption Perceptions Index". Transparency International. Transparency International. Archived from the original on 13 December 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
  3. CPI 2010: Long methodological brief, p. 2
  4. "1995 - CPI". Transparency.org. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  5. "Corruption Perceptions Index 2021". Transparency International.
  6. "CPI 2021". Transparency International. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  7. "Frequently Asked Questions: TI Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI 2005)". Retrieved 22 November 2005.
  8. CPI 2010: Long methodological brief, p. 1
  9. CPI 2010: Long methodological brief, p. 7
  10. Transparency International (2010). Corruption Perceptions Index 2010: Sources of information (PDF) (Report). Transparency International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  11. Transparency International (2010). "Frequently asked questions (FAQs)". Corruption Perceptions Index 2010. Transparency International. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  12. Wilhelm, Paul G. (2002). "International Validation of the Corruption Perceptions Index: Implications for Business Ethics and Entrepreneurship Education". Journal of Business Ethics. Springer Netherlands. 35 (3): 177–189. doi:10.1023/A:1013882225402. S2CID 151245049.
  13. Cobham, Alex (23 July 2013). "Corrupting Perceptions: Why Transparency International's Flagship Corruption Index Falls Short". www.cgdev.org.
  14. Shao, J.; Ivanov, P. C.; Podobnik, B.; Stanley, H. E. (2007). "Quantitative relations between corruption and economic factors". The European Physical Journal B. 56 (2): 157. arXiv:0705.0161. Bibcode:2007EPJB...56..157S. doi:10.1140/epjb/e2007-00098-2. S2CID 2357298.
  15. Podobnik, B.; Shao, J.; Njavro, D.; Ivanov, P. C.; Stanley, H. E. (2008). "Influence of corruption on economic growth rate and foreign investment". The European Physical Journal B. 63 (4): 547. arXiv:0710.1995. Bibcode:2008EPJB...63..547P. doi:10.1140/epjb/e2008-00210-2. S2CID 3038265.
  16. "Corruption Perceptions Index (latest)". Transparency International. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  17. "CPI 2020". Transparency International. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  18. "CPI 2019". Transparency International. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  19. "CPI 2018". Transparency International. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  20. "CPI 2017". Transparency International. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  21. "CPI 2016". Transparency International. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  22. "CPI 2015". Transparency International. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
  23. "CPI 2014". Transparency International. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  24. "CPI 2013". Transparency International. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  25. "CPI 2012". Transparency International. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  26. Corruption Perceptions Index 2011. Full table and rankings Archived 10 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Transparency International. Retrieved: 4 December 2013.
  27. Corruption Perceptions Index 2010. Full table and rankings Archived 22 January 2014 at archive.today. Transparency International. Retrieved: 4 December 2013.
  28. "Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index: Whose Perceptions Are They Anyway?" (PDF). 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2020.
  29. Hough, Dan (27 January 2016). "Here's this year's (flawed) Corruption Perception Index. Those flaws are useful". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  30. Werve, Jonathan (23 September 2008). "TI's Index: Local Chapter Not Having It". Global Integrity. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013.
  31. Cobham, Alex (22 July 2013). "Corrupting Perceptions". Foreign Policy.
  32. Hamilton, Alexander (2017). "Can We Measure the Power of the Grabbing Hand? A Comparative Analysis of Different Indicators of Corruption" (PDF). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series.
  33. Campbell, Stuart Vincent. "Perception is Not Reality: The FCPA, Brazil, and the Mismeasurement of Corruption" 22 Minnesota Journal of International Law 1, p. 247 (2013).
  34. CPI index 2015. Accessed 3 February 2016.
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