Cymbopogon

Cymbopogon, also known as lemongrass, barbed wire grass, silky heads, Cochin grass, Malabar grass, oily heads, citronella grass or fever grass, is a genus of Asian, African, Australian, and tropical island plants in the grass family.[5][6][7][8][9] Some species (particularly Cymbopogon citratus) are commonly cultivated as culinary and medicinal herbs because of their scent, resembling that of lemons (Citrus limon). The name cymbopogon derives from the Greek words kymbe (κύμβη, 'boat') and pogon (πώγων, 'beard') "which mean [that] in most species, the hairy spikelets project from boat-shaped spathes."[10] Lemongrass and its oil are believed to possess therapeutic properties.[11][12][13]

Lemongrass
Cymbopogon citratus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Panicoideae
Supertribe: Andropogonodae
Tribe: Andropogoneae
Subtribe: Andropogoninae
Genus: Cymbopogon
Spreng.[1]
Type species
Cymbopogon schoenanthus
(L.) Spreng.[2]
Synonyms[3][4]
  • Andropogon sect. Cymbopogon (Spreng.) Steud.
  • Andropogon subg. Cymbopogon (Spreng.) Nees
  • Gymnanthelia Andersson

Uses
C. citratus from the Philippines, where it is locally known as tanglad

Citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus and Cymbopogon winterianus) grow to about 2 metres (6+1⁄2 feet) and have magenta-colored base stems. These species are used for the production of citronella oil, which is used in soaps, as an insect repellent (especially mosquitoes and houseflies) in insect sprays and candles, and in aromatherapy. The principal chemical constituents of citronella, geraniol and citronellol, are antiseptics, hence their use in household disinfectants and soaps. Besides oil production, citronella grass is also used for culinary purposes, as a flavoring.

East Indian lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus), also called Cochin grass or Malabar grass, is native to Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, India, Sri Lanka, Burma, and Thailand, while West Indian lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) is native to maritime Southeast Asia. While both can be used interchangeably, C. citratus is more suitable for cooking.

In India, C. citratus is used both as a medical herb and in perfumes. C. citratus is consumed as a tea for anxiety in Brazilian folk medicine,[14] but a study in humans found no effect.[15] The tea caused a recurrence of contact dermatitis in one case.[16] In the Caribbean, the tea is also brewed and consumed to boost immunity. It is called Tanglad in the Philippines, where it is believed that it has health benefits for the liver and the kidneys.

One study found the tea may exert an erythropoiesis boosting effect.[17]

In Hoodoo, lemongrass is the primary ingredient of van van oil, one of the most popular oils used in conjure.[18] Lemongrass is used in this preparation and on its own in hoodoo to protect against evil, spiritually clean a house, and to bring good luck in love affairs.[19]

In beekeeping, lemongrass oil imitates the pheromone emitted by a honeybee's Nasonov gland to attract bees to a hive or to a swarm.

Species

Species included in the genus include:[3]

  • Cymbopogon ambiguus (Australian lemon-scented grass) – Australia, Timor
  • Cymbopogon annamensis – Yunnan, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand
  • Cymbopogon bhutanicus – Bhutan
  • Cymbopogon bombycinus silky oilgrass – Australia
  • Cymbopogon caesius – Sub-Saharan Africa, Indian Subcontinent, Yemen, Afghanistan, Madagascar, Comoros, Réunion
  • Cymbopogon calcicola – Thailand, Kedah
  • Cymbopogon calciphilus – Thailand
  • Cymbopogon cambogiensis – Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam
  • Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass or West Indian lemon grass) – Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Philippines
  • Cymbopogon clandestinus – Thailand, Myanmar, Andaman Islands
  • Cymbopogon coloratus – Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Myanmar, Vietnam
  • Cymbopogon commutatus – Sahel, East Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, India, Pakistan
  • Cymbopogon densiflorus – central + south-central Africa
  • Cymbopogon dependens – Australia
  • Cymbopogon dieterlenii – Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa
  • Cymbopogon distans – Gansu, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan, Nepal, northern Pakistan, Jammu & Kashmir
  • Cymbopogon exsertus – Nepal, Assam
  • Cymbopogon flexuosus (East Indian lemon grass) – Indian Subcontinent, Indochina
  • Cymbopogon gidarba – Indian Subcontinent, Myanmar, Yunnan
  • Cymbopogon giganteus – Africa, Madagascar
  • Cymbopogon globosus – Maluku, New Guinea, Queensland
  • Cymbopogon goeringii – China, Korea, Japan incl Ryukyu Islands, Vietnam
  • Cymbopogon gratus – Queensland
  • Cymbopogon jwarancusa – Socotra, Turkey, Middle East, Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Indian Subcontinent, Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, Vietnam
  • Cymbopogon khasianus – Yunnan, Guangxi, Assam, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand
  • Cymbopogon liangshanensis – Sichuan
  • Cymbopogon mandalaiaensis – Myanmar
  • Cymbopogon marginatus – Cape Province of South Africa
  • Cymbopogon martini (palmarosa) – Indian Subcontinent, Myanmar, Vietnam
  • Cymbopogon mekongensis – China, Indochina
  • Cymbopogon microstachys Indian Subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Yunnan
  • Cymbopogon microthecus – Nepal, Bhutan, Assam, West Bengal, Bangladesh
  • Cymbopogon minor – Yunnan
  • Cymbopogon minutiflorus – Sulawesi
  • Cymbopogon nardus (citronella grass) – Indian Subcontinent, Indochina, central + southern Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles
  • Cymbopogon nervatus – Myanmar, Thailand, central Africa
  • Cymbopogon obtectus Silky-heads – Australia
  • Cymbopogon osmastonii – India, Bangladesh
  • Cymbopogon pendulus – Yunnan, eastern Himalayas, Myanmar, Vietnam
  • Cymbopogon polyneuros – Tamil Nadu, Sri Lanka, Myanmar
  • Cymbopogon pospischilii – eastern + southern Africa, Oman, Yemen, Himalayas, Tibet, Yunnan
  • Cymbopogon procerus – Australia, New Guinea, Maluku, Lesser Sunda Islands, Sulawesi
  • Cymbopogon pruinosus – islands of Indian Ocean
  • Cymbopogon queenslandicus – Queensland
  • Cymbopogon quinhonensis – Vietnam
  • Cymbopogon rectus – Lesser Sunda Islands, Java
  • Cymbopogon refractus (barbed wire grass) – Australia incl Norfolk Island
  • Cymbopogon schoenanthus (camel hay or camel grass) – Sahara, Sahel, eastern Africa, Arabian Peninsular, Iran
  • Cymbopogon tortilis – China incl Taiwan, Ryukyu + Bonin Is, Philippines, Vietnam, Maluku
  • Cymbopogon tungmaiensis – Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan
  • Cymbopogon winterianus (citronella grass) – Borneo, Java, Sumatra
  • Cymbopogon xichangensis – Sichuan
Formerly included[3]

Numerous species now regarded as better suited to other genera including Andropogon, Exotheca, Hyparrhenia, Iseilema, Schizachyrium, and Themeda.

Images
  • Lemongrass at a market
  • Prepared lemongrass
  • Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) essential oil in clear glass vial
  • Thai yam takhrai kung sot (ยำตะไคร้กุ้งสด), a salad (yam) made with prawns and finely sliced fresh lemongrass
  • A knot of lemongrass used to impart fragrance in dinuguan (Filipino pork blood stew)
  • Knots of lemongrass ready for use in Filipino cuisine

References
  1. Sprengel, Curt (Kurt, Curtius) Polycarp Joachim 1815. Plantarum Minus Cognitarum Pugillus 2: 14
  2. lectotype designated by N.L. Britton & P. Wilson, Bot. Porto Rico 1: 27 (1923)
  3. Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  4. Tropicos, Cymbopogon Spreng.
  5. Soenarko, S. 1977. The genus Cymbopogon Sprengel (Gramineae). Reinwardtia 9(3): 225–375
  6. Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 624 香茅属 xiang mao shu Cymbopogon Sprengel, Pl. Min. Cogn. Pug. 2: 14. 1815.
  7. "Atlas of Living Australia, Cymbopogon Spreng., Lemon Grass". Archived from the original on 2016-04-06. Retrieved 2015-03-21.
  8. Bor, N. L. 1960. Grass. Burma, Ceylon, India & Pakistan i–767. Pergamon Press, Oxford
  9. Khalifah, Ayman M.; Abdalla, Sara A.; Dosoky, Waleed M.; Shehata, Mohamed G.; Khalifah, Mohamed M. (2021-12-01). "Utilization of lemongrass essential oil supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, blood traits and caecum microflora of growing quails". Annals of Agricultural Sciences. 66 (2): 169–175. doi:10.1016/j.aoas.2021.12.001. ISSN 0570-1783. S2CID 245322872.
  10. Cymbopogon caesius South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), PlantZAfrica
  11. Khalifah, Ayman M.; Abdalla, Sara A.; Dosoky, Waleed M.; Shehata, Mohamed G.; Khalifah, Mohamed M. (2021-12-01). "Utilization of lemongrass essential oil supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, blood traits and caecum microflora of growing quails". Annals of Agricultural Sciences. 66 (2): 169–175. doi:10.1016/j.aoas.2021.12.001. ISSN 0570-1783. S2CID 245322872.
  12. Do, Dinh Nhat; Nguyen, Dinh Phuc; Phung, Viet-Duc; Le, Xuan-Tien; Le, Tuan Minh; Do, Van Manh; Minh, Bui Quang; Luu, Xuan Cuong (2021-03-29). "Fractionating of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Essential Oil by Vacuum Fractional Distillation". Processes. 9 (4): 593. doi:10.3390/pr9040593. ISSN 2227-9717.
  13. de Souza, Matheus Chiaradia; Vieira, Ana Júlia; Beserra, Fernando Pereira; Pellizzon, Cláudia Helena; Nóbrega, Rafael Henrique; Rozza, Ariane Leite (2019-09-04). "Gastroprotective effect of limonene in rats: Influence on oxidative stress, inflammation and gene expression". Phytomedicine. 53: 37–42. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.027. PMID 30668410. S2CID 58949851.
  14. Blanco MM, Costa CA, Freire AO, Santos JG, Costa M (March 2009). "Neurobehavioral effect of essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus in mice". Phytomedicine. 16 (2–3): 265–70. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2007.04.007. PMID 17561386.
  15. Leite JR, Seabra Mde L, Maluf E, et al. (July 1986). "Pharmacology of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf). III. Assessment of eventual toxic, hypnotic and anxiolytic effects on humans". J Ethnopharmacol. 17 (1): 75–83. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(86)90074-7. PMID 2429120.
  16. Bleasel N, Tate B, Rademaker M (August 2002). "Allergic contact dermatitis following exposure to essential oils". Australas. J. Dermatol. 43 (3): 211–3. doi:10.1046/j.1440-0960.2002.00598.x. PMID 12121401. S2CID 46674505.
  17. Ekpenyong, Christopher E.; Daniel, Nyebuk E.; Antai, Atim B. (January 2015). "Bioactive natural constituents from lemongrass tea and erythropoiesis boosting effects: potential use in prevention and treatment of anemia". Journal of Medicinal Food. 18 (1): 118–127. doi:10.1089/jmf.2013.0184. ISSN 1557-7600. PMID 25162916.
  18. Greer, John Michael (2016). The New Encyclopedia of the Occult (First ed.). Woodbury, MN: Llewellyn Publications. p. 500. ISBN 978-1-56718-336-8.
  19. Yronwode, Catherine (2002). Hoodoo Herb and Root Magic: A Materia Magica of African-American Conjure. Forestville, California: Lucky Mojo Curio Company. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-9719612-0-3.

Bibliography
  • Akhila, Anand (2010). Essential Oil-Bearing Grasses - The genus Cymbopogon. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-7857-7.
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