Cyril Ramaphosa

Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa (born 17 November 1952) is a South African businessman and politician who, since 2018, is serving as the fifth democratically elected president of South Africa, as well as president of the African National Congress (ANC) since 2017. Previously an anti-apartheid activist, trade union leader and businessman, Ramaphosa served as secretary general to ANC president Nelson Mandela, deputy president to President Jacob Zuma, and chairman of the National Planning Commission[2] from 2014 to 2018.

His Excellency
Cyril Ramaphosa
Ramaphosa in 2019
5th President of South Africa
Incumbent
Assumed office
15 February 2018
DeputyDavid Mabuza
Preceded byJacob Zuma
18th Chairperson of the African Union
In office
10 February 2020 – 6 February 2021
Preceded byAbdel Fattah el-Sisi[1]
Succeeded byFelix Tshisekedi
14th President of the African National Congress
Incumbent
Assumed office
18 December 2017
DeputyDavid Mabuza
Preceded byJacob Zuma
7th Deputy President of South Africa
In office
26 May 2014 – 15 February 2018
PresidentJacob Zuma
Preceded byKgalema Motlanthe
Succeeded byDavid Mabuza
9th Deputy President of the African National Congress
In office
18 December 2012 – 18 December 2017
PresidentJacob Zuma
Preceded byKgalema Motlanthe
Succeeded byDavid Mabuza
13th Secretary-General of the African National Congress
In office
1 March 1991 – 18 December 1997
PresidentNelson Mandela
Preceded byAlfred Baphethuxolo Nzo
Succeeded byKgalema Motlanthe
Personal details
Born
Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa

(1952-11-17) 17 November 1952
Soweto, Transvaal Province, Union of South Africa
Political partyAfrican National Congress
Spouse(s)
    Hope Ramaphosa
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1978; div. 1989)​

    Nomazizi Mtshotshisa
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1991; div. 1993)​

    Tshepo Motsepe
    ​
    (m. 1996)​
    Children5
    Parent(s)Samuel Ramaphosa
    Erdmuth Ramaphosa
    Alma materUniversity of Limpopo
    University of South Africa
    WebsiteFoundation website Presidency website

    Ramaphosa acted as the ANC's chief negotiator during South Africa's transition to democracy.[3] Ramaphosa built up the biggest and most powerful trade union in the country, the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM).[4] He played a crucial role, with Roelf Meyer of the National Party, during the negotiations to bring about a peaceful end to apartheid and steer the country towards its first fully democratic elections in April 1994.[5] Ramaphosa was Nelson Mandela's choice for future president.[6] Ramaphosa is well known as a businessman, and his estimated net worth is over R6.4 billion ($450 million) as of 2018,[7] with 31 properties[8] and previously-held notable ownership in companies such as McDonald's South Africa, chair of the board for MTN and member of the board for Lonmin.

    Ramaphosa served as the deputy president of South Africa from 2014 to 2018. He was later elected president of the African National Congress (ANC) at the ANC National Conference in December 2017. Ramaphosa is the former chairman of the National Planning Commission,[2] which is responsible for strategic planning for the future of the country, with the goal of rallying South Africa "around a common set of objectives and priorities to drive development over the longer term".[9] In 2018 he became President of South Africa without a general election, after Jacob Zuma resigned. Ramaphosa was re-elected president by the National Assembly to his first full term in May 2019 following the ANC's victory in the 2019 South African general election. Ramaphosa served as chairperson of the African Union from 2020 to 2021.[1]

    Despite his credentials as an important proponent of his country's peaceful transition to democracy, he has also been criticised for the conduct of his business interests,[10][11][12][13][14] although he has never been indicted for illegal activity in any of these controversies. Controversial business dealings include his joint venture with Glencore[15] and allegations of benefitting illegally from coal deals with Eskom which he has staunchly denied,[16][17] during which Glencore was in the public spotlight for its tendentious business activities involving Tony Blair in the Middle East; his son, Andile Ramaphosa, has also been found to have accepted payments totalling R2 million from Bosasa, the security company implicated in corruption and state capture by the Zondo Commission;[18][19] and his employment on the board of directors of Lonmin while taking an active stance when the Marikana Massacre took place on Lonmin's Marikana premises. On 15 August 2012 he called for action against the Marikana miners' strike, which he called "dastardly criminal" conduct that needed "concomitant action" to be taken.[20] He later admitted and regretted his involvement in the act and said that it could have been avoided if contingency plans had been made prior to the labour strike.[21]

    Early life

    Ramaphosa was born in Soweto, Johannesburg, on 17 November 1952, to Venda parents.[22][23] He is the second of the three children to Erdmuth and retired policeman Samuel Ramaphosa.[24] He attended Tshilidzi Primary School and Sekano Ntoane High School in Soweto.[25] In 1971, he matriculated from Mphaphuli High School in Sibasa, Venda where he was elected head of the Student Christian Movement.[26] He subsequently registered to study law at the University of the North (Turfloop) in Limpopo Province in 1972.[27]

    While at university, Ramaphosa became involved in student politics and joined the South African Students Organisation (SASO)[28] and the Black People's Convention (BPC).[29] This resulted in him being detained in solitary confinement for eleven months in 1974 under Section 6 of the Terrorism Act, 1967, for organising pro-Frelimo rallies.[30] In 1976 he was detained again, following the unrest in Soweto, and held for six months at John Vorster Square under the Terrorism Act.[30] After his release, he became a law clerk for a Johannesburg firm of attorneys and continued with his legal studies through correspondence with the University of South Africa (UNISA), where he obtained his B. Proc. Degree in 1981.[31]

    Political activist and trade union leader

    After completing his legal qualifications and obtaining his degree, Ramaphosa joined the Council of Unions of South Africa (CUSA) as an advisor in the legal department.[25][32] In 1982, CUSA requested that Ramaphosa start a union for mineworkers;[25] this new union was launched in the same year and was named the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM). Ramaphosa was arrested in Lebowa, on the charge of organising or planning to take part in a meeting in Namakgale which had been banned by the local magistrate.[33]

    Fight against apartheid

    In August 1982, CUSA resolved to form the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM), and in December Ramaphosa became its first secretary. Ramaphosa was the conference organiser in the preparations leading to the formation of the Congress of the South African Trade Union (COSATU). He delivered a keynote address at Cosatu's launch rally in Durban in December 1985. In March 1986, he was part of COSATU's delegation which met the African National Congress in Lusaka, Zambia.[34]

    Ramaphosa was elected as the first general secretary of the union, a position he held until he resigned in June 1991,[34] following his election as secretary-general of the African National Congress (ANC). Under his leadership, union membership grew from 6,000 in 1982 to 300,000 in 1992, giving it control of nearly half of the total black workforce in the South African mining industry. As general secretary, he, James Motlatsi (president of NUM), and Elijah Barayi (vice-president of NUM) also led the mineworkers in one of the biggest strikes ever in South African history.

    In December 1988, Ramaphosa and other prominent members of the Soweto community met Soweto's mayor to discuss the rent boycott crisis.[35]

    In January 1990, Ramaphosa accompanied released ANC political prisoners to Lusaka, Zambia. Ramaphosa served as chairman of the National Reception committee, which coordinated arrangements for the release of Nelson Mandela and subsequent welcome rallies within South Africa and became a member of the international Mandela Reception Committee. He was elected general-secretary of the ANC in a conference held in Durban in July 1991. Ramaphosa was a visiting professor of law at Stanford University in the United States in October 1991.[36]

    In 1985, the NUM broke away from CUSA and helped to establish the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU). When COSATU joined forces with the United Democratic Front (UDF) political movement against the National Party government of P. W. Botha, Ramaphosa took a leading role in what became known as the Mass Democratic Movement (MDM).[37]

    When Nelson Mandela was released from prison, Ramaphosa was on the National Reception Committee.[34]

    Secretary-general of the ANC

    Subsequent to his election as secretary-general of the African National Congress in 1991, he became head of the negotiation team of the ANC in negotiating the end of apartheid with the National Party government. Following the first fully democratic elections in 1994, Ramaphosa became a member of parliament; he was elected the chairperson of its Constitutional Assembly on 24 May 1994 and played a central role in the government of national unity.

    In 2000, he was appointed to the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning as an arms inspector, responsible for supervising the decommissioning of Provisional IRA armaments.[38]

    After he lost the race to become President of South Africa to Thabo Mbeki, he resigned from his political positions in January 1997 and moved to the private sector, where he became a director of New Africa Investments Limited. He came in first place in the 1997 election to the ANC's National Executive Committee.[39]

    While not a member of the South African Communist Party (SACP), Ramaphosa has claimed that he is a committed socialist.[40]

    The media continually speculated on Ramaphosa joining the race for the presidency of the ANC in 2007, before the 2009 South African presidential election.[41] However, he stated that he is not interested in the presidency. On 2 September 2007, The Sunday Times reported that Ramaphosa was in the election race, but by that evening he had released a statement once again holding back on any commitment.[42]

    In December 2007, he was again elected to the ANC National Executive Committee, this time in 30th place with 1,910 votes.[39]

    On 20 May 2012, prominent Afrikaner ANC member Derek Hanekom asked Ramaphosa to run for president of the ANC, stating that "We need leaders of comrade Cyril's calibre. I know Cyril is very good at business, but I really wish he would put all his money in a trust and step up for a higher and more senior position". Although it was unknown whether or not Ramaphosa will run for president of the ANC, he attempted to quieten the speculation by responding to Hanekom's comment by stating "You can't read anything [into what he said]. He was joking".[43]

    He officially became a candidate for the Deputy Presidency on 17 December 2012 and entered the race with the strong backing of the Zuma camp. On 18 December 2012, he was elected as Deputy President of the ANC. Cyril Ramaphosa received 3,018 votes, while Mathews Phosa received 470 votes and Tokyo Sexwale received 463 votes.[44][45]

    Deputy President of South Africa (2014–2018)
    Cyril Ramaphosa meets with Chilean president Michelle Bachelet, in 2014

    Ramaphosa was appointed Deputy President by Jacob Zuma on 25 May 2014 and sworn into office by Chief Justice Mogoeng Mogoeng the following day.[46] Following his appointment, Ramaphosa was made Leader of Government Business in the National Assembly in terms of section 91(4) of the Constitution. His responsibilities included: The affairs of the national executive in Parliament; the programming of parliamentary business initiated by the national executive, within the time allocated for that purpose and ensuring that Cabinet members attend to their parliamentary responsibilities.

    On 3 June 2014, President Jacob Zuma announced that Ramaphosa would be appointed as chairman of the National Planning Commission, with Minister in the Presidency for Planning, Jeff Radebe serving as the commission's deputy chairman.[47]

    In July 2014, Ramaphosa called for unity in the country, following calls by Julius Malema to scrap the singing of the Afrikaans portion of the national anthem. Ramaphosa said: "We are about building a nation and we must extend a hand of friendship, a hand of continued reconciliation to those who feel that the national anthem does not represent them any longer, and it can happen on both sides".[48]

    Vietnam and Singapore

    Ramaphosa went on a two-day working visit to both Vietnam and Singapore.[49] Ramaphosa said that South Africa and Vietnam needed to expand trade.[50] The two countries have also agreed to co-operate further on education.[51] Both working visits were undertaken to consolidate existing bilateral political, economic and trade relations between South Africa and the two countries. The visit to Singapore provided the South African delegation, led by Ramaphosa, to learn from the Singapore model of economic success and the role of state-owned enterprises and economic growth and national developmental objectives of the country. Bilateral trade has grown significantly with Singapore being South Africa's second-largest trading partner in the ASEAN region; by 2014 bilateral trade amounted to R28.9 billion compared to R23.5 billion in 2015.[52]

    Davos

    In January 2018, it was announced that President Jacob Zuma would not be leading the South African delegation to the World Economic Forum for the second time, the South African Government announced that Cyril Ramaphosa would be leading the delegation consisting of several South African cabinet officials to promote investment and business in the country.[53]

    Stance on corruption

    In November 2016, while speaking at the Limpopo Provincial Summit, Ramaphosa said that corruption was at the root of the country's economic ailments. He stated that the South African Government and business community had to find a way to combat corruption, although he didn't mention it by name. He suggested the summit should look at addressing quality and depth of leaders within the public and private sectors by adhering to the National Development Plan.[54]

    In the lead up to the 53rd ANC National Conference he spoke of the need to remove corruption from the ANC itself.[55] In his first speech to the Conference as ANC leader he pledged to stamp out corruption.[56]

    President of the ANC

    Ramaphosa has long been considered a potential presidential candidate and ran in the 1997 ANC presidential election, losing to Thabo Mbeki.[57]

    Ramaphosa announced that he would seek the ANC presidency in 2017, with his second run for president.[58] Ramaphosa launched his campaign slogan as #CR17 Siyavuma.[59]

    By August 2017, Ramaphosa had received the endorsement of the trade union COSATU, the National Union of Mineworkers as well as the Northern Cape, Eastern Cape, and Gauteng provincial ANC leadership. Individuals who also stepped forward to support Ramaphosa include education minister Angie Motshekga, Cosatu's president Sdumo Dlamini, former finance minister Pravin Gordhan and former KwaZulu-Natal Premier Senzo Mchunu.[60]

    On 18 December 2017, Ramaphosa was elected the president of the ANC at the party's 54th Elective Conference, defeating his rival Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, ex-wife of President Zuma, by 2,440 votes to 2,261.[61][62]

    On 5 May 2021, a letter by suspended party secretary-general, Ace Magashule, was leaked in which Magashule suspends Ramaphosa as ANC president. The reason for the suspension is related to accusations of irregularities in his party election campaign in 2017. However, Gwede Mantashe, national chairperson, indicated that the suspension is invalid, as Magashule was himself suspended at the time of writing the letter[63]

    Presidency (2018–present)
    Presidency of Cyril Ramaphosa
    15 February 2018 – present
    Cyril Ramaphosa
    Cabinet1st Ramaphosa Cabinet
    2nd Ramaphosa Cabinet
    PartyAfrican National Congress
    Election2019
    SeatMahlamba Ndlopfu, Pretoria
    Genadendal Residence, Cape Town
    Ramaphosa at the 11th BRICS summit, 2019

    Following President Jacob Zuma's resignation in February 2018, Ramaphosa was elected unopposed as President of South Africa by the National Assembly on 15 February 2018.[64] Ramaphosa took his oath of office in the presidential guesthouse, Tuynhuys, by Chief Justice Mogoeng Mogoeng.[65][66][67]

    Markets rallied strongly the day after Ramaphosa assumed the presidency with stocks rising and the rand reaching its firmest since early 2015. Government bonds also increased in strength.[68][69]

    On 16 February 2018, Ramaphosa gave his first State of the Nation Address as the president of South Africa, the first time in a democratic South Africa where the president delivered his State of the Nation Address without a deputy president. Ramaphosa emphasised the need to grow the economy of South Africa, increase tourism and youth employment, as well as reduce the size of the Cabinet. In this speech, Ramaphosa also focused on the importance of keeping Mandela's legacy alive.[70]

    Ramaphosa's speech was met with mostly positive reviews from opposition parties saying that his speech was positive and that it would bring about change, but that they would hold him accountable.[71][72]

    On 17 February 2018, Ramaphosa, as commander in chief of the South African National Defence Force, attended the Armed Forces Inter-Faith Service at the Mittah Seperepere Convention Centre in Kimberley and made his first public speech as the president of South Africa.[73]

    On 26 February 2018, Ramaphosa, who had inherited Jacob Zuma's cabinet, reshuffled cabinet for the first time removing many of the cabinet members who had been controversial through the Zuma era and who had close links to the Gupta family. Ramaphosa also named the deputy president of the African National Congress and the Premier of Mpumalanga, David Mabuza, as the country's Deputy President.[74][75]

    Ramaphosa made his first international trip as the president of South Africa on 2 March 2018 to the Republic of Angola and met with President João Lourenço as the chair of the SADC.[76]

    On 8 May 2019, the African National Congress led by President Ramaphosa won 57.50% of the vote in the 2019 South African general election.[77][78] Ramaphosa was subsequently elected unopposed to his first full term as president by the National Assembly on 22 May 2019.[79] As Ramaphosa had previously been elected as president to fill the vacancy left by the resignation of his predecessor, he is constitutionally eligible to serve two full terms.[80]

    On 19 July 2019, the Public Protector, Busisiwe Mkhwebane, released a report in which she claimed that Ramaphosa had intentionally misled the Parliament of South Africa over the controversial Bosasa donations to his CR17 ANC presidential campaign. COPE Leader Mosiuoa Lekota called for Ramaphosa to be impeached while DA Leader Mmusi Maimane proposed the establishment of an ad hoc committee to effectively investigate these allegations. Ramaphosa briefed the nation on 21 July 2019 and described the report as "fundamentally flawed" and called for a judicial review of Mkhwebane's findings.[81][82][83][84][85]

    At the 2020 AU summit, Ramaphosa expressed support for the African Continental Free Trade Area and described it as a major driver for reigniting industrialization and paving the way for Africa's integration into the global market.[1] Ramaphosa also stated that the free trade agreement will make Africa a player of considerable weight and scale in the global market as well.[1]

    At the 2020 AU Summit, Ramaphosa also expressed support for closing the gender gap and ending gender inequality.[1]

    His government responded to the 2021 South African unrest, the deadliest riots since Apartheid.[86]

    Domestic policy

    Since Ramaphosa became president he has made land reform and the economy his main priorities, as well as dealing with the outbreak of listeriosis which has claimed the lives of over 100 since the start of 2018.

    In February 2018, South Africa's parliament voted 241–83 to begin amending the "property clause" in the constitution to allow the expropriation of land without compensation.[87][88]

    On 19 March 2018, Ramaphosa suspended Tom Moyane as the Commissioner of the South African Revenue Service after Moyane had refused to step down.[89][90]

    Under his leadership, the African National Congress has pushed for a constitutional amendment allowing the government to confiscate farms owned by White South Africans. He has said that the state having the power to seize property for no compensation will encourage economic growth.[91] In a time when the Rand is at a two-year low, economists have been doubtful over the possibility of this policy being successful.[92]

    On 14 August 2018, Ramaphosa appointed Dr. Silas Ramaite as the Acting National Director of Public Prosecutions (NDPP) following the ruling by the Constitutional Court that Director Shaun Abrahams had been appointed unlawfully by the former president, Jacob Zuma.[93]

    South Africa made world headlines because of attacks against foreign nationals within the borders of the country, with many South Africans blaming foreign nationals for the country's socio-economic issues.[94]

    On 10 June 2021, Ramaphosa announced that his government would raise the threshold for the amount of electricity that private companies could produce without a license - from 1 Megawatt to 100 Megawatts.[95] The decision was taken in order to respond to the increasing challenges faced by the country during the ongoing energy crisis, and to give "oomph" in Ramaphosa's words, to South Africa's economic recovery.[96]

    On 11 February 2022, Ramaphosa announces that his government will formalise the South African cannabis industry, seeking to grow both production and exports.[97]

    Initiatives

    Ramaphosa launched the Youth Employment Service (YES) initiative as a means to employ one million youth and giving them more experience in the working field, with the South African Government even introducing the Employment Tax Incentive, which would reduce employer's costs when hiring youth.[98][99]

    On 14 August 2018, President Ramaphosa addressed the launch of the Sanitation Appropriate For Education (SAFE) initiative in Pretoria to respond to the sanitary challenges facing the country's poorest schools.[100][101]

    Foreign policy
    Map showing a summary of the countries Ramaphosa made official trips as president
    Ramaphosa with Vladimir Putin, president of Russia in 2018

    Ramaphosa made his first international trip as President of South Africa to the Republic of Angola and met with President João Lourenço in his capacity as chairperson of the SADC to talk about peace and defence.

    On 20 March 2018, Ramaphosa made a trip to Kigali, Rwanda along with Foreign Minister Lindiwe Sisulu, and met with President Paul Kagame and spoke about restoring relations between South Africa and Rwanda, later participating as panelists on the African Continental Free Trade Area Business Forum (ACFTABF) ahead of the 10th African Union Extraordinary Summit. The following day, Ramaphosa signed the Kigali Declaration on the establishment of the ACFTABF at the 10th African Union Extraordinary Summit.[102]

    Ramaphosa hosted the 11th BRICS summit for 25–27 July 2018, at the Sandton Convention Centre in Johannesburg.[103]

    In January 2019, Ramaphosa congratulated Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro following his second inauguration.[104]

    Ramaphosa with U.S. president Joe Biden in September 2022

    On 10 May 2021, Ramaphosa said that the ANC condemned "in the strongest possible terms" the potential evictions of Palestinian families from their homes in Israeli-occupied East Jerusalem and the "brutal attacks on Palestinian protesters" at Al-Aqsa Mosque.[105]

    Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, launched on 24 February 2022, Ramaphosa did not move to condemn Russia or agree to enter any sanctions against Russia.[106][107] A month later, he stated that maintaining neutrality was essential to his having been asked to mediate between the two countries leadership. Despite the on-going invasion and reports of alleged war crimes being committed by Russia; Ramaphosa also then blamed NATO's proximity to Russian borders for the actions of Vladimir Putin and his allies, stating that "The war could have been avoided if NATO had heeded the warnings from amongst its own leaders and officials over the years that its eastward expansion would lead to greater, not less, instability in the region."[108]

    Coronavirus response
    See also: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

    Ramaphosa has been internationally praised for his response to the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa with the BBC commenting that, in this regard, "Ramaphosa has emerged as a formidable leader — composed, compassionate, but seized by the urgency of the moment."[109] In October 2020, Ramaphosa began a period of self-isolation after a guest at a dinner party he attended tested positive for coronavirus.[110]

    On 12 December 2021, Minister in the Presidency, Mondli Gungubele announced that Ramaphosa had tested positive for COVID-19, and deputy president, David Mabuza would take over "all responsibilities" for the following week.[111]

    Political philanthropy

    Ramaphosa publicly declared in South Africa on 24 May 2018 that he would be donating half of his salary (R3.6 million annually) to charity in honour of late former South African president Nelson Mandela. He said the gesture was aimed at encouraging the wealthy to dedicate some of their pay to help build the nation. The donation was set to be managed by the Nelson Mandela Foundation (NMF).[112]

    Business career

    Among other positions, he was an executive chairman of Shanduka Group, a company he founded. Shanduka Group has investments in the resources sector, energy sector, real estate, banking, insurance, and telecoms (SEACOM).[113] He was also a chairman of Bidvest, and MTN. His other non-executive directorships include Macsteel Holdings, Alexander Forbes and Standard Bank. In March 2007, he was appointed non-executive joint chairman of Mondi, a leading international paper and packaging group, when the company demerged from Anglo American plc. In July 2013, he retired from the board of SABMiller plc.[114]

    He is one of South Africa's richest men,[115] with an estimated wealth of R6.4 billion ($450 million).[116]

    In 2011, Ramaphosa paid for a 20-year master franchise agreement to run 145 McDonald's restaurants in South Africa.[117] Shortly after the 2014 general election, Ramaphosa announced that he was going to disinvest from Shanduka to fulfil his new responsibilities as deputy president without the possibility of conflict of interest.[118] McDonald's South Africa announced that there would be a process underway to replace Ramaphosa as the current development licensee of the fast-food chain operation in South Africa.[119]

    In 2014, after Ramaphosa became Deputy President of South Africa, the Register of Members' Interests, tabled in Parliament, revealed his wealth. Over and above the more than R76 million he had accumulated in the company shares, the documents showed that he owned 30 properties in Johannesburg and two apartments in Cape Town. The register also confirmed Ramaphosa's resignation from his directorship at Lonmin, for which he had been criticised over the Marikana massacre in 2012.[120][121]

    Farmer

    During a visit to Uganda in 2004, Ramaphosa became interested in the Ankole cattle breed. Because of inadequate disease control measures in Uganda, the South African government denied him permission to import any of the breed. Instead, Ramaphosa purchased 43 cows from Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni and shipped them to Kenya. There the cows were artificially inseminated, the embryos removed and shipped to South Africa, there transferred to cows and then quarantined for two months. As of August 2017, Ramaphosa had 100 Ankole breeding cows at his Ntaba Nyoni farm in Mpumalanga.[122][123]

    In 2017, Ramaphosa co-wrote a book on the breed, Cattle of the Ages, Stories, and Portraits of the Ankole Cattle of Southern Africa.[124]

    Controversies
    Main article: Marikana miners' strike

    The Marikana massacre,[125] as referred to in the media, occurred when police broke up an occupation by striking Lonmin workers of a "koppie" (hilltop) near Nkaneng shack settlement in Marikana on 16 August 2012. As a result of the police shootings, 34 miners died and an additional 78 miners were injured causing anger and outcry against the police and South African government. Further controversy emerged after it was discovered that most of the victims were shot in the back[126] and many victims were shot far from police lines.[127] The violence on 16 August 2012 was the single most lethal use of force by South African security forces against civilians since the end of the apartheid era.[128]

    During the Marikana Commission, it also emerged that Lonmin management solicited Ramaphosa, as Lonmin shareholder and ANC heavyweight, to coordinate "concomitant action" against "criminal" protesters and therefore is seen by many as being responsible for the massacre.[129][130]

    Under the investigation of Farlam committee, Ramaphosa said that Lonmin lobbied government and the SAPS firstly to secure a massive police presence at Lonmin and secondly to characterise what was taking place as a criminal rather than an industrial relations event.[131]

    The Marikana Commission of Inquiry ultimately found that given the deaths that had already occurred, his intervention did not cause the increase in police on site, nor did he know the operation would take place on 16 August.[132]

    In August 2017, Ramaphosa was involved in a scandal that alleged he had been in several extramarital affairs and was involved in paying money to individuals while maintaining the affairs. Ramaphosa later denied the allegations claiming they were politically motivated to derail his presidential campaign.[133]

    On 9 February 2020 about US$4 million in cash was stolen from Ramaphosa’s Phala Phala game farm in Limpopo.[134]

    Honorary doctorates and awards

    Among others, Ramaphosa has received honorary doctorates from the University of Natal, the University of Port Elizabeth, the University of Cape Town, the University of the North, the National University of Lesotho, National University of Ireland Galway[135] the University of Massachusetts Boston[136] and the University of Pennsylvania.[137]

    Ramaphosa received the Olof Palme prize in Stockholm in October 1987.[138]

    In 2004, he was voted 34th in the Top 100 Great South Africans.

    Ramaphosa was included in the 2007 Time 100,[139] an annual list of 100 men and women whose power, talent or moral example is transforming the world.

    Ramaphosa received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 2009, presented by Awards Council member Archbishop Desmond Tutu at an awards ceremony at St. George's Cathedral in Cape Town, South Africa.[140][141]

    Ramaphosa was named one of Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People of 2019.[142]

    International positions

    In his role as a businessman, Ramaphosa is a member of the Coca-Cola Company International Advisory Board as well as the Unilever Africa Advisory Council. He was also the first deputy chairman of the Commonwealth Business Council.

    Along with the ex-president of Finland, Martti Ahtisaari, he was appointed an inspector of the Irish Republican Army weapon dumps in Northern Ireland. Ramaphosa is the honorary consul general for Iceland in Johannesburg, South Africa.

    In the 2007–2008 Kenyan crisis, which followed the disputed re-election of President Mwai Kibaki in December 2007, Ramaphosa was unanimously chosen by the mediation team headed by Kofi Annan to be the chief mediator in charge of leading long-term talks. However, Kibaki's government expressed dissatisfaction with the choice of Ramaphosa, saying that he had business links with Kibaki's opponent Raila Odinga, and Annan accepted Ramaphosa's withdrawal from the role of chief mediator on 4 February.[143] According to Ramaphosa, Odinga visited him in 2007, but he did not have any "special interest" that would lead him to favour one side or the other;[144] however, he said that he could not be an effective mediator without "the trust and confidence of all parties" and that he, therefore, felt it would be best for him to return to South Africa to avoid becoming an obstacle in the negotiation.[145]

    Personal life

    Ramaphosa is a very private person and not much is known about his personal life. Ramaphosa was previously married to Hope Ramaphosa (1978–1989) with whom he has a son, and later married and divorced, the now late businesswoman Nomazizi Mtshotshisa (1991–1993). In 1996, he married Tshepo Motsepe,[146] a medical doctor and the sister of South African mining billionaire Patrice Motsepe.[147] Ramaphosa has five known children.[148][149]

    He owns a luxury mansion at the foot of Lion's Head in Cape Town.[150] Ramaphosa is known to be one of the richest people in Africa, with an estimated net worth of more than $450 million and has appeared in financial magazines such as Forbes Africa and Bloomberg.[151]

    He is a polyglot, and is known for including a variety of South African languages when delivering most of his speeches.[152]

    Ramaphosa is also the founder of the Cyril Ramaphosa Foundation.

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