Grignard reaction

Grignard reaction
Named after Victor Grignard
Reaction type Coupling reaction
Identifiers
Organic Chemistry Portal grignard-reaction
RSC ontology ID RXNO:0000014
A solution of a carbonyl compound is added to a Grignard reagent. (See gallery)

The Grignard reaction (French: [ɡʁiɲaʁ]) is an organometallic chemical reaction in which alkyl, allyl, vinyl, or aryl-magnesium halides (Grignard reagent) is added to a carbonyl group in an aldehyde or ketone.[1][2] This reaction is important for the formation of carbon–carbon bonds.[3][4] The reaction of an organic halide with magnesium is not a Grignard reaction, but provides a Grignard reagent.[5]

Grignard reactions and reagents were discovered by and are named after the French chemist François Auguste Victor Grignard (University of Nancy, France), who published it in 1900 and was awarded the 1912 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work.[6]

Reaction mechanism

Because carbon is more electronegative than magnesium, the carbon attached to magnesium functions as a nucleophile and attacks the electrophilic carbon atom that is present within the polar bond of a carbonyl group. The addition of the Grignard reagent to the carbonyl typically proceeds through a six-membered ring transition state.[7]

The mechanism of the Grignard reaction.

Based on detection of radical coupling side products, an alternative single electron transfer (SET) mechanism that involves the initial formation of a ketyl radical intermediate has also been proposed. A recent computational study suggests that the operative mechanism (polar vs. radical) is substrate dependent, with the reduction potential of the carbonyl compound serving as a key parameter.[8]

See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grignard reactions.

References
  1. Smith, Michael B.; March, Jerry (2007), Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure (6th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, ISBN 978-0-471-72091-1
  2. Chapter 19: Carboxylic Acids. Organic Chemistry 4e Carey. mhhe.com
  3. Shirley, D. A. (1954). "The Synthesis of Ketones from Acid Halides and Organometallic Compounds of Magnesium, Zinc, and Cadmium". Org. React. 8: 28–58.
  4. Huryn, D. M. (1991). "Carbanions of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Cations: (ii) Selectivity of Carbonyl Addition Reactions". In Trost, B. M.; Fleming, I. (eds.). Comprehensive Organic Synthesis, Volume 1: Additions to C—X π-Bonds, Part 1. Elsevier Science. pp. 49–75. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-052349-1.00002-0. ISBN 978-0-08-052349-1.
  5. IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. doi:10.1351/goldbook.
  6. Grignard, V. (1900). "Sur quelques nouvelles combinaisons organométaliques du magnésium et leur application à des synthèses d'alcools et d'hydrocabures". Compt. Rend. 130: 1322–25.
  7. Maruyama, K.; Katagiri, T. (1989). "Mechanism of the Grignard reaction". J. Phys. Org. Chem. 2 (3): 205–213. doi:10.1002/poc.610020303.
  8. Peltzer, Raphael Mathias; Gauss, Jürgen; Eisenstein, Odile; Cascella, Michele (February 12, 2020). "The Grignard Reaction – Unraveling a Chemical Puzzle". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 142 (6): 2984–2994. doi:10.1021/jacs.9b11829. hdl:10852/83918. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 31951398. S2CID 210709021.
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