HMV

A record featuring the "His Master's Voice" title and Nipper

The antecedents of HMV began in the 1890s at the dawn of the disc gramophone. By 1902 it had become the beginnings of the Gramophone Company. In February 1907 it commenced the building of a new dedicated record factory at Hayes, Middlesex. Disc records were sold in music shops and independent retailers at this time. In 1921 the Gramophone Company opened the first dedicated HMV shop at 363 Oxford Street,[12] London, in a former men's clothing shop; the composer Edward Elgar participated in the opening ceremonies.[13] In March 1931 the Gramophone Company merged with Columbia Graphophone Company to form Electric and Musical Industries Ltd (EMI).[2]

From the 1930s onwards, HMV manufactured radio and television sets and radiograms under the HMV and Marconiphone brand names in its factory in Hayes, Middlesex.

The original HMV shop was severely damaged by a fire in 1937, but was rebuilt and reopened two years later on 8 May 1939. Sir Thomas Beecham opened the new store.[14]

HMV's former flagship branch at 150-154 Oxford Street, London

In 1966, HMV began expanding its retail operations in London. Throughout the 1970s, the company continued to expand, doubling in size, and in six years became the country's leading specialist music retailer. It faced strong competition, however, from Virgin Megastores, established in 1976, and from Our Price, established in 1972, which had numerous high street retail stores around the UK. Subsequently, HMV overtook Our Price in popularity and threatened its existence, having established a chain of newer and larger stores.

The company opened its flagship store at a new location at 150-154 Oxford Street in 1986, announcing it was the largest record store in the world at the time, and the official opening was attended by Bob Geldof and Michael Hutchence.[15] Growth continued for a third decade into the 1990s, with the company reaching over 320 stores[15] including in 1990 its first store in the U.S. located at 86th and Lexington in New York City, which was the largest music shop in North America at the time.[16] HMV celebrated its 75-year anniversary in 1996.[2]

In February 1998, EMI entered into a joint venture with Advent International to form HMV Media Group led by Alan Giles, which acquired HMV's stores and Dillons, leaving EMI with a holding of around 45%.[17] The new joint venture then bought the Waterstones chain of bookshops to merge with Dillons.[18]

By 2002, EMI's holding in HMV Media was 43%, with Advent International owning 40% and management the remainder. The company floated on the London Stock Exchange later in the year as HMV Group plc, leaving EMI with only a token holding.[19]

The group became susceptible to a takeover following a poor period of trading up to Christmas 2005. Private equity firm Permira made a £762 million conditional bid for the group (based on 190p a share) on 7 February 2006, which was rejected by HMV as an insufficient valuation of the company.[20] Permira made a second offer which increased the value, although HMV declined it on 13 March 2006, subsequently issuing a statement that the offer undervalued the medium and long term prospects for the company,[21] resulting in Permira withdrawing from bidding.[22]

A large HMV branch in Leeds incorporating an Orange shop

In 2006, the HMV Group purchased the Ottakar's book chain and merged it into Waterstones. The merger tied into HMV's strategy for growth, as many of the Ottakar's branches were in smaller towns. The Competition Commission provisionally cleared HMV Group, through Waterstones, for takeover of the Ottakar's group on 30 March 2006, stating that the takeover would "not result in a substantial lessening of competition".[23] Waterstones then announced that it had successfully negotiated a takeover of Ottakar's on 31 May 2006.[24] All 130 Ottakar's stores were rebranded as Waterstones prior to Christmas 2006. In March 2007, new group CEO Simon Fox announced a 10% reduction over three years in the enlarged Waterstones total store space, comprising mostly dual location shops created by the acquisition of Ottakar's.[25]

On 29 June 2007, the entertainment retailer Fopp went into administration, with the closure of 81 stores and 800 staff made redundant.[26] On 31 July HMV bought the brand and six stores that it said had traded profitably, saving around 70 jobs.[27]

On 24 December 2008, HMV's rival Zavvi, also an entertainment retailer, entered administration. On 14 January 2009 a placing announcement by HMV revealed that it intended to acquire 14 of Zavvi's stores.[28] On 18 February 2009 five additional Zavvi stores were purchased by HMV Group, to be rebranded as HMV outlets. An additional former Zavvi store in Exeter's Princesshay development was also added.[29] The acquisitions were investigated and cleared by the Office of Fair Trading in April 2009.[30]

In the 2008 MCV Industry Excellence Awards, HMV was given the title Entertainment Retailer of the Year.[31]

In January 2009, HMV bought a 50% stake in MAMA Group, forming a joint venture with the group called the Mean Fiddler Group.[32] The deal introduced the HMV brand to live music venues, including the Hammersmith Apollo.[33] On 23 December 2009, it bought the whole of the MAMA Group in a live music takeover deal worth £46 million.[34]

HMV bought 50% of 7digital for £7.7 million in September 2009, as part of a strategy to increase its digital content offering. 7digital provided HMV's music download service, and the company planned to introduce an e-books service for Waterstone's.[35]

On 5 January 2011, HMV announced that profits would be at the lower end of analysts' forecasts due to falling sales, resulting in the share price falling by 20%[36] and an announcement of the group's intention to close 40 HMV stores, as well as 20 Waterstone's stores, mainly in towns and cities where the company operated at multiple locations. The first of the store closures began at the end of January 2011.[37]

The sale of Waterstone's to A&NN Capital Fund Management for £53 million was completed on 29 June 2011, and was approved by the vast majority of shareholders at an emergency general meeting.[38]

HMV sold the Hammersmith Apollo to AEG Live and Eventim in May 2012 for £32 million.[39] It sold the remainder of MAMA Group to Lloyds Development Capital in December 2012 for £7.3 million, which also included the company's 50% stake in Mean Fiddler Group.[40]

A branch in Wakefield closing as part of the group administration (March 2013).

On 15 January 2013, HMV Group appointed Deloitte as company administrators.[41] and suspended shares,[5] putting its 4,350 UK employees at the risk of redundancy.[41][42] Store gift vouchers were initially declared void since holders are classified as unsecured creditors to whom the company owed the value,[43] but were accepted again from 22 January 2013.[44] HMV Ireland followed by declaring receivership on 16 January 2013, which required the company under Irish law to close all its stores immediately.[6]

Restructuring firm Hilco UK bought HMV's debt from its creditors The Royal Bank of Scotland and Lloyds Banking Group, as a step towards potentially taking control of the company.[45] It was revealed that the total debt Hilco had bought amounted to around £110 million,[46] and that HMV owed around £20 million in tax to HM Revenue and Customs at the time of its entry into administration.

On 31 January 2013, it was reported that 190 redundancies had been made at the head office and distribution centres.[47]

On 7 February 2013, Deloitte confirmed that 66 stores had been identified for closure.[48] No fixed date was given for the closures but they were expected to take place in the following two months. The next day, Deloitte confirmed that an additional 60 redundancies, including the chief executive Trevor Moore, had been made at the group's offices in London, Marlow and Solihull.[49] Deloitte confirmed on 20 February 2013 that an additional 37 stores would close.[50] On 26 February 2013, six stores were sold to supermarket chain Morrisons.[51]

On 28 February 2013, eight stores in Hong Kong and Singapore were sold to AID Partners Capital Limited and the operation then became independent from HMV Group that was bought by Hilco UK. This transaction also enabled AID Partners Capital Limited to own the rights to use the HMV brand in Hong Kong, Macau, China, Taiwan and Singapore.[52]

By 23 March 2013, Deloitte was seeking to complete a deal to sell 120 stores as a going concern.[53] The decision to close several stores that had previously been identified for closure were reversed following talks with landlords.[54]

By 21 March 2016, China 3D Digital Entertainment Limited acquired HMV Hong Kong operations from AID Partners Capital Limited, later renamed to HMV Digital China Group Limited.

HMV reopened its original store at 363 Oxford Street in October 2013. This store was closed on 5 February 2019 following the purchase of HMV by Sunrise Records.

On 5 April 2013, Hilco UK announced that it had acquired HMV, taking the company out of administration and saving 141 of its stores and around 2,500 jobs. The total included 25 stores that had previously been selected for closure by Deloitte during the administration process. All nine Fopp stores which HMV owned were also included in the purchase. Hilco also stated that it hoped to reopen an HMV store in Ireland following the closure of all stores in the country.[55] The takeover deal was estimated at around £50 million.[7]

On 9 June 2013, it was confirmed that Hilco Capital Ireland had purchased HMV Ireland, and would reopen five stores within six weeks.[56]

The company moved its flagship Oxford Street store back to the original site at 363 Oxford Street on 23 October 2013.[57] HMV's existing flagship store at 150-154 Oxford Street, formerly the largest music store in the world, closed on 14 January 2014.[58]

By 2014, HMV had gained the second highest share of the UK entertainment market, behind Amazon.[59] The company's filing to Companies House in September 2014 revealed it had made a profit of £17 million in the 11 months since it had entered administration.[60] In January 2015, HMV overtook Amazon to become the largest retailer of physical music in the UK.[61]

However, the originally safe stores of York, Soilhull, Portsmouth and Belfast would shut.

Interior of HMV on Lands Lane in Leeds in 2019.

On 28 December 2018, HMV confirmed it had again been placed into administration. Hilco UK cited the "tsunami" of retail competition as the reason for the move.[62] On 5 February 2019, Canadian record store chain Sunrise Records announced its acquisition of HMV Retail Ltd. from Hilco UK for an undisclosed amount. Sunrise had previously acquired the leases for over 70 HMV locations in Canada after HMV Canada entered receivership, which expanded the Ontario-based retailer into a national chain. Sunrise plans to maintain the HMV chain and five Fopp stores, but immediately closed 27 locations, including the flagship Oxford Street branch and other locations with high rent costs.[63]

Company founder Doug Putman stated that he planned to increase the chain's emphasis on vinyl phonograph sales as part of the turnaround plan: Sunrise's leverage of the vinyl revival had helped bolster the Canadian locations' performance after the shops' transitions from HMV, having sold at least 500,000 vinyl LPs in 2017 alone. Putman argued that, despite the growth of digital music sales and streaming, "talk about the demise of the physical business is sometimes a bit exaggerated, especially in music specialists. Most of the decline is coming from nontraditional sellers like the grocery chains. We'll be here for quite some time."[64][65][63]

On 25 February 2019, the Financial Times reported that the Sunrise acquisition was valued at £883,000. Following subsequent negotiations with its landlords, by late-February, HMV reopened 13 of its stores (including one Fopp store).[66][67][68]

In October 2019, the new owners opened the HMV Vault on Dale End, Birmingham, billed as Europe's biggest entertainment store and stocking tens of thousands of CDs and vinyl records and other products.[69]

From 22 March to 15 June, and then from 5 November to 2 December 2020 and from 4 January 2021 to 12 April 2021 (in England), all HMV stores were closed because of the COVID-19 pandemic.[70]

Into the 2020s, HMV began opening new and relocated stores, including in locations which previously had HMV branches that had earlier shut, such as Solihull.[71] In some cases these new outlets were opened in stores vacated by the demise of other retail chains, particularly Arcadia Group, with an HMV store opened in Dunfermline premises previously occupied by Burton Menswear and Dorothy Perkins,[72] a return to Broadway Shopping Centre, Bexleyheath - again in former Burton/Perkins premises - nine years after the closure of their previous store in the town,[73] and a relocation in Wigan from a smaller prior site to larger premises vacated by Topshop/Topman.[74]

In July 2021, HMV celebrated its 100th birthday. In celebration, the firm released 37 limited edition vinyl albums.[75] A 100 track CD compilation entitled Now That's What I Call HMV was also released. The album was only available to buy at HMV stores, and online on HMV's website, plus eBay.

3D Nipper Model in Musée des ondes Emile Berliner