Malcolm Turnbull

Malcolm Bligh Turnbull AC (born 24 October 1954) is a former Australian politician who served as the 29th prime minister of Australia from 2015 to 2018. He held office as leader of the Liberal Party of Australia.

The Honourable
Malcolm Turnbull
AC
Turnbull in 2015
29th Prime Minister of Australia
In office
15 September 2015 – 24 August 2018
MonarchElizabeth II
Governor GeneralSir Peter Cosgrove
DeputyWarren Truss
Barnaby Joyce
Michael McCormack
Preceded byTony Abbott
Succeeded byScott Morrison
12th Leader of the Liberal Party
In office
14 September 2015 – 24 August 2018
DeputyJulie Bishop
Preceded byTony Abbott
Succeeded byScott Morrison
In office
16 September 2008 – 1 December 2009
DeputyJulie Bishop
Preceded byBrendan Nelson
Succeeded byTony Abbott
31st Leader of the Opposition
In office
16 September 2008 – 1 December 2009
Prime MinisterKevin Rudd
DeputyJulie Bishop
Preceded byBrendan Nelson
Succeeded byTony Abbott
Minister for Communications
In office
18 September 2013 – 14 September 2015
Prime MinisterTony Abbott
Preceded byAnthony Albanese
Succeeded byMitch Fifield
Minister for the Environment and Water
In office
30 January 2007 – 3 December 2007
Prime MinisterJohn Howard
Preceded byIan Campbell
Succeeded byPeter Garrett
Member of the Australian Parliament
for Wentworth
In office
9 October 2004 – 31 August 2018
Preceded byPeter King
Succeeded byKerryn Phelps
Personal details
Born
Malcolm Bligh Turnbull

(1954-10-24) 24 October 1954
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Political partyLiberal
Other political
affiliations		Coalition
Spouse
Lucy Hughes
​
(m. 1980)​
RelationsAngela Lansbury (second cousin once removed)
Children2
Parent(s)Bruce Turnbull
Coral Lansbury
EducationVaucluse Public School
Sydney Grammar St Ives Preparatory School
Sydney Grammar School
Alma materUniversity of Sydney (BA, LLB)
Brasenose College, Oxford (BCL)
Profession
WebsiteOfficial website
This article is part of
a series about
Malcolm Turnbull
  • Spycatcher trial
  • OzEmail
  • Member for Wentworth (2004-2018)
  • Howard Government
  • 2008 Liberal leadership spill
  • Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme
  • OzCar affair
  • 2009 Liberal leadership spill
  • Abbott Government
  • National Broadband Network
  • 2015 Liberal leadership spill

Prime Minister of Australia

  • First Ministry
  • Second Ministry
  • 2016 election
  • Robodebt scheme
  • Parliamentary eligibility crisis
  • Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey
  • 2018 Liberal leadership spills
  • 2018 Wentworth by-election
  • Australian republican movement

Turnbull graduated from the University of Sydney as a Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Laws, before attending Brasenose College, Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar, earning a Bachelor of Civil Law degree. For more than two decades, he worked as a journalist, lawyer, merchant banker, and venture capitalist. He served as Chair of the Australian Republican Movement from 1993 to 2000, and was one of the leaders of the unsuccessful "Yes" campaign in the 1999 republic referendum. He was first elected to the Australian House of Representatives as a member of parliament (MP) for the division of Wentworth in New South Wales at the 2004 election, and was Minister for the Environment and Water in the Howard government from January 2007 until December 2007.

After coming second in the 2007 leadership election, Turnbull won the leadership of the Liberal Party in a leadership spill the following year and became Leader of the Opposition. However, his support of the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme proposed by the Rudd government in December 2009 led in turn to a leadership challenge by Tony Abbott, who defeated Turnbull by a single vote. Though initially planning to leave politics after this, Turnbull chose to remain and was later appointed Minister for Communications in the Abbott government following the Liberal-National Coalition's victory at the 2013 election.

Two years later, citing consistently poor opinion polling, Turnbull resigned from the Cabinet on 14 September 2015 and challenged Abbott, successfully reclaiming the leadership of the Liberal Party by ten votes. He was sworn in as prime minister the following day. The Turnbull government initiated the National Innovation and Science Agenda as its key economic priority, working to promote STEM education, increase venture capital funding for new start-ups, and launch an "ideas boom".[1] Turnbull also pursued "city deals" with local and state governments to improve planning outcomes and encourage investment in major infrastructure projects such as the Western Sydney Airport.[2] In 2016, Turnbull led the Coalition to a narrow victory in a double dissolution election.[3] In his second term, Turnbull initiated and campaigned for the "Yes" side in the same-sex marriage plebiscite, which was ultimately successful. Turnbull also announced "Snowy Hydro 2.0", a major expansion of the Snowy Mountains Scheme as a key component in enabling the transition to renewable energy.[4] In late 2017, the government experienced a parliamentary eligibility crisis that saw fifteen parliamentarians forced out of Parliament due to concerns about dual citizenship.

To address climate change and reform energy policy, in August 2018 Turnbull proposed the National Energy Guarantee. Although initially agreed to by the Cabinet, the policy was ultimately rejected by the party room. This, combined with poor opinion polling, led to Peter Dutton challenging Turnbull for the Liberal leadership. Although Turnbull defeated Dutton in the party room, a majority of MPs demanded a second spill, which Turnbull did not contest. On 24 August 2018, Scott Morrison defeated Dutton and Julie Bishop in the contest, and replaced Turnbull as prime minister. Turnbull resigned from Parliament, triggering a by-election in his former seat of Wentworth.[5] The Liberal Party lost the by-election to independent candidate Kerryn Phelps, which resulted in the Coalition losing its absolute majority in the House of Representatives.

Since retiring from politics, Turnbull has become an advisor to Kasada, an Australian cybersecurity start-up.[6]

Early life and education

Malcolm Bligh Turnbull was born in Sydney, on 24 October 1954, the only child of Bruce Bligh Turnbull and Coral Magnolia Lansbury. His father was a hotel broker, while his mother was a radio actor, writer, and academic, and a second cousin of the British film and television actress Angela Lansbury.[7][8][9] His maternal grandmother, May Lansbury (née Morle), was born in England, while his other grandparents were Australian-born.[8][10] He is also of Scottish descent; his great-great-great-grandfather John Turnbull (1751–1834) arrived on the Coromandel in 1802 in New South Wales and became a tailor. In an interview in 2015, Turnbull said that his middle name "Bligh" has been a family tradition for generations, originally given in honour of Governor William Bligh.[11] Turnbull's parents married in December 1955, fourteen months after his birth.[12] They separated when he was nine, with his mother leaving first for New Zealand and then the United States.[13] Turnbull was from then raised solely by his father.[14][15][16][17] Turnbull suffered from asthma as a young child.[18]

Turnbull spent his first three years of school at Vaucluse Public School. He then boarded at Sydney Grammar Preparatory School in St Ives, before attending Grammar's high school campus on College Street on a partial scholarship.[19] During this time he lived at the school's former Randwick boarding facilities.[13][20][21][22] He was made senior school co-captain in 1972, as well as winning the Lawrence Campbell Oratory Competition, excelling particularly in the literary subjects such as English and history.[18][13][23] However, contrary to certain sources, Turnbull was not the dux of his graduating year at Sydney Grammar.[22][24] In 1987, in memory of his late father, he set up the Bruce Turnbull means-tested scholarship at Sydney Grammar, which offers full remission of fees to a student unable to afford them.[21]

In 1973, Turnbull attended the University of Sydney, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in political science in 1977 and a Bachelor of Laws in 1978.[25][26][27][28] During his studies, he was involved in student politics, serving as board director of the University of Sydney Union.[29][30] He also worked part-time as a political journalist for Nation Review, Radio 2SM and Channel 9, covering state politics.[31]

In 1978, Turnbull won a Rhodes Scholarship and attended Brasenose College, Oxford, where he studied for a postgraduate Bachelor of Civil Law from 1978 to 1980, graduating with honours.[32] While at Oxford, he worked for The Sunday Times and contributed to newspapers and magazines in both the United States and Australia.[33] During Turnbull's time at Oxford, a university don wrote of him that he was "always going to enter life's rooms without knocking".[34]

Professional career

After graduating from Oxford, Turnbull returned to Australia and began working as a barrister. He was general counsel and secretary for Australian Consolidated Press Holdings Group from 1983 to 1985. During this time, he defended Kerry Packer against the "Goanna" allegations made by the Costigan Commission. Turnbull attempted to use the press to goad the counsel assisting the commission, Douglas Meagher QC, into suing him and Packer for the withering public attack both undertook to sully Meagher's and Costigan's names. Turnbull accused Meagher and Costigan of being "unjust, capricious, dishonest and malicious". Turnbull later advised Packer to sue Meagher for defamation, an action that was struck down by Justice David Hunt as being an abuse of process, saying that Turnbull had managed "to poison the fountain of justice". These tactics made Turnbull enemies within the NSW Bar Association, leading to Turnbull's departure from that organisation.[35]

In partnership with Bruce McWilliam, he established his own law firm, Turnbull McWilliam. During 1986, Turnbull defended Peter Wright, a former MI5 official who wrote the book Spycatcher, successfully stopping the British government's attempts to suppress the book's publication in Australia. The case was widely reported, making Turnbull a public figure in Australia and the United Kingdom;[36] Turnbull later wrote a book on the trial.[37]

"The fact of the matter is that nothing is achieved in this world, particularly politically, other than with persistence, and persistence involves repetition and it involves argument and re-argument... The public interest in free speech is not just in truthful speech, in correct speech, in fair speech... The interest is in the debate. You see, every person who has ultimately changed the course of history has started off being unpopular." Turnbull's closing submissions, 18 December 1986[38]

In 1987, Turnbull established an investment banking firm, Whitlam Turnbull & Co Ltd, in partnership with Neville Wran, the former Labor Premier of New South Wales, and Nicholas Whitlam, the former Chief Executive of the State Bank of New South Wales and the son of former Labor Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. Whitlam parted company with the firm in 1990; it operated as Turnbull & Partners Ltd until 1997.

Turnbull left the firm he co-founded in 1997 to become a managing director of Goldman Sachs Australia, eventually becoming a partner in Goldman Sachs and Co. Additionally, he worked as a director of Star Technology Systems from 1993 to 1995. During this time Turnbull was also the chairman of Axiom Forest Resources, which conducted logging in the Solomon Islands under the trading name Silvania Forest Products. The latter's work was described by the Australian International Development Assistance Bureau as a "clear-felling operation",[39] and the then Solomon Islands Prime Minister Solomon Mamaloni reportedly threatened to close it down for "constant breaches of logging practices", according to a critical article in the Solomon Times.[40][41]

Turnbull purchased a stake in the internet service provider OzEmail in 1994 for $500,000. He sold this stake several months before the dot com bubble burst in 1999 for $57 million to then-telecommunications giant MCI Worldcom.[42]

In May 2002, Turnbull appeared before the HIH Insurance royal commission to be questioned on Goldman Sachs's involvement in the possible privatisation of one of the acquisitions of the collapsed insurance company. The Royal Commissioner's report made no adverse findings against him or Goldman Sachs,[43] however, Turnbull was one of nine defendants who settled later litigation over the collapse in undisclosed payments, thought to be worth as much as $500m.[44]

Early political involvement

In 1981, Turnbull stood for Liberal Party preselection in the Division of Wentworth prior to the 1981 Wentworth by-election. He was defeated by Peter Coleman, who went on to win the seat.[14] In 1982, following his retirement from politics, former prime minister William McMahon nominated Turnbull as his preferred successor in Lowe; the Liberals chose another candidate, and lost the by-election to Labor.[45] Turnbull later attempted preselection in the safe state seat of Mosman in 1983, losing to Phillip Smiles. He let his membership of the Liberal Party lapse in 1986, before rejoining in 2000.[46] Turnbull was made Federal Treasurer of the Liberal Party in 2000, and was a member of the party's federal and New South Wales executives from 2002 to 2003. He also spent time as a director of the Menzies Research Centre, the Liberal Party's research centre.

Australian Republican Movement

In 1993, Turnbull was appointed by Prime Minister Paul Keating as Chair of the Republic Advisory Committee, charged with exploring ways of moving Australia to a republican form of government by replacing the Queen of Australia with an elected Australian head of state. Later that year, Turnbull became Chair of the Australian Republican Movement, a position he would hold until 2000. He was an elected delegate at the 1998 Australian Constitutional Convention in Canberra.[47] At the convention, Turnbull cautioned against mixing the roles of President and Prime Minister, advocating a parliamentary republic, and supported the bi-partisan appointment republican model adopted by the convention.[48]

Turnbull was an active campaigner in the unsuccessful 1999 referendum to establish an Australian republic, serving as Chair of the Yes Committee. He published a book on the campaign, titled Fighting for the Republic. When the referendum failed, he accused incumbent Prime Minister and monarchist John Howard of "breaking the nation's heart".[49] Turnbull retired from the Australian Republican Movement in 2000, having already left the board of Ausflag in 1994; he joined the Australian National Flag Association in 2004.[50]

Choice of political party

Turnbull has had a long affiliation with the Liberal Party of Australia throughout his career. During his time in the Australian Republican Movement however, he considered running for preselection for the Australian Labor Party. In 2015, it was revealed that Turnbull had held talks with Labor state politician John Della Bosca during the 1990s on a possible party switch, and that he had harboured aspirations in his youth to head the Australian Workers' Union, which is linked with the Labor Party.[51] The accusation, made by former Labor Foreign Minister Bob Carr, was cited by Labor Leader Bill Shorten during the Royal Commission into Trade Union Governance and Corruption.[52]

Howard government

Entry to parliament

In 2000, Turnbull intended to seek Liberal preselection for Wentworth but did not eventually contest after concluding that preselection hopeful Peter King had the numbers in the branches.[26] In 2003, Turnbull announced that he would challenge King for the seat and successfully defeated him to become the Liberal candidate.[53][26] During what was a bitter preselection campaign, King accused Turnbull of branch stacking, by having local members transferring their membership to a branch that would decide the pre-selection, what King referred to as "branch stripping".[54]

Following his preselection loss, King stood against Turnbull at the 2004 federal election as an independent candidate. As a result, the traditionally safe Liberal seat became an electoral wildcard, the contest becoming a three-person race between Turnbull, King and the Labor candidate David Patch. During the campaign, Turnbull spent over A$600,000 on his campaign.[55] While the Liberal primary vote eventually fell by 10.3% to a total 41.8%, King received only 18% of the primary vote with a 57%/43% Liberal/Labor preference split which meant Turnbull was elected, albeit on a reduced 55.5% two-party vote after a 2.4% swing. The result meant that Wentworth was classified as a marginal seat for the first time since the 1993 federal election.[56]

Cabinet Minister

Announcing a cabinet reshuffle on 24 January 2006, Prime Minister John Howard promoted Turnbull from the backbench to the role of parliamentary secretary, giving him special responsibility for water at the height of the 2000s Australian drought.[57] On 26 September 2006, Howard announced the creation of a new Office of Water Resources, sitting within the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet,[58] to address the problem of drought in Australia; Turnbull was given responsibility for this office.

In January 2007, Howard promoted Turnbull to the Cabinet as Minister for the Environment and Water. In this position, Turnbull approved a proposed A$1.7 billion Bell Bay Pulp Mill in north Tasmania, near Launceston.[59] Turnbull's approval of the Bell Bay Pulp Mill project of Gunns came on 4 October 2007 and followed a report by the government's chief scientist Jim Peacock on the project's potential environmental impact, which required the project to meet 48 "strict environmental" conditions.

In February 2007, Turnbull was criticised for claiming a government allowance of A$175 a night and paying it to his wife as rent while living in a townhouse owned by her in Canberra.[60]

During the 2007 federal election campaign, Turnbull announced that if re-elected the government would contribute A$10 million to the investigation of an untried Russian technology that aims to trigger rainfall from the atmosphere, even when there are no clouds. The Australian Rain Corporation presented research documents written in Russian, explained by a Russian researcher who spoke to local experts in Russian.[61] Although Turnbull claimed that the Australian Rain Corporation was Australian-based, investigations revealed that it was 75% Swiss-owned. It was also revealed that a prominent stakeholder in the Australian Rain Corporation, Matt Handbury, is a nephew of Rupert Murdoch. Turnbull refused to answer questions regarding Handbury's contribution to the Wentworth Forum, the main fund-raising organisation for Turnbull's 2007 election campaign.[61]

Opposition

Aftermath of 2007 election

Turnbull retained his seat at the 2007 federal election with a two-party vote 1.3% swing in Wentworth, despite a 5.6% swing away from the Coalition in the state, and a 5.4% swing against them nationwide.[62][63] After John Howard lost his seat of Bennelong, on 25 November 2007 Peter Costello, who Howard stated publicly should succeed him, announced he would not seek the party leadership. Turnbull declared his candidacy later that same day, and was considered by the media as a favourite.[64]

On 29 November he narrowly lost the leadership vote to Brendan Nelson by three votes; Nelson quickly appointed Turnbull Shadow Treasurer.[65] Shortly after the vote, fellow Shadow Cabinet Minister Nick Minchin publicly suggested that Turnbull's failure to consult with party colleagues before declaring his opinion to the media on issues such as an apology to the Stolen Generations was what had cost him the leadership.[66] This led to a disagreement between the two and culminated in Minchin privately telling Turnbull that he was "too fucking sensitive."[67] In May 2008, Turnbull led the Coalition response to the 2008 Australian federal budget, criticising the increased taxes on luxury cars and certain alcoholic drinks, citing a possible increase in inflation as a concern.[68]

Leader of the Opposition (2008–2009)
Turnbull with Deputy Leader Julie Bishop (right) and Helen Coonan (left) in July 2009.

After months of consistently poor opinion polling, Turnbull challenged Brendan Nelson for the leadership on 16 September 2008. He won the ballot by four votes and became Leader of the Opposition. Later that month, Turnbull confessed that he had smoked marijuana in his younger days, becoming the first Liberal Leader to make such an admission.[69] In early 2009, Turnbull appointed Chris Kenny, a former staffer to Alexander Downer and an Advertiser journalist, as his chief of staff.[70] In May 2009, Turnbull attacked the 2009 Australian federal budget which came amidst the fallout from the global financial crisis.[71]

In June 2009, Godwin Grech, a Treasury civil servant, privately contacted Turnbull, alleging that a car dealer with links to the Labor Party had received preferential treatment under the OzCar program, sparking the 'OzCar affair'. Turnbull later repeated these allegations in Parliament, stating that Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and Treasurer Wayne Swan had "used their offices and taxpayers' resources to seek advantage for one of their mates and then lied about it to the Parliament" and that they needed to "either explain their actions or resign".[72] On 22 June, the email Grech had secretly provided to Turnbull supporting allegation was alleged to have been faked by Grech. Grech subsequently admitted the forgery, with an Australian National Audit Office inquiry on 4 August clearing both Rudd and Swan of any wrongdoing.[73][74] The resulting embarrassment of having repeated false allegations, as well as Turnbull's demeanour throughout the OzCar affair, was judged as the cause of a subsequent significant decline in his approval ratings in opinion polls.[75]

On 24 November 2009, Liberal and National MPs and Senators met to discuss the Rudd government's proposed Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS). Turnbull announced that his policy would be to support the CPRS, despite significant disagreement among his colleagues.[76] In response, Liberal MPs Wilson Tuckey and Dennis Jensen looked to move a leadership spill motion, intending to nominate Kevin Andrews as a challenger to Turnbull.[77] While this attempt failed, increasing numbers of MPs and Senators publicly criticised the position, with several resigning from the Shadow Cabinet, including Tony Abbott.[78]

On 1 December 2009, just one week after Turnbull announced the policy on the CPRS, Abbott announced he would challenge Turnbull for the leadership. Though initially regarded as having little chance of success, with Turnbull stating in public that Abbott did not have the numbers to win, Abbott defeated Turnbull in the ballot by a single vote.[79] After the shock result, Turnbull returned to the backbench and said he would serve out the remainder of his term as Member for Wentworth.[80] On 6 April 2010, he announced he would not seek re-election to the Australian Parliament.[81] However, on 1 May 2010 he reversed this decision saying that he had been convinced by former Prime Minister John Howard to not give up his political career.[82][49]

Shadow Minister (2010–2013)

At the 2010 federal election, Turnbull was re-elected with an 11.01% two-party swing towards him.[83] After discussing the possibility of a return to the Shadow Cabinet with Tony Abbott, Turnbull was made Shadow Minister for Communications.[84] In his first policy announcement in the role, Turnbull stated that a Coalition government would "demolish" the recently introduced National Broadband Network.[85][86]

Delivering the 2012 Alfred Deakin Lecture on digital liberty, he spoke out strongly against the Gillard government's proposed two-year data retention law.[87][88] In July 2012, Turnbull was criticised by some Liberal MPs for saying that civil unions should be introduced as a first step towards establishing same-sex marriage in Australia. Tony Abbott rejected Turnbull's suggestion of holding a conscience vote on the issue.[89]

Abbott government

Minister for Communications (2013–2015)
Turnbull at the 2014 International Telecommunication Union Conference in South Korea.

On 9 April 2013, Turnbull and Tony Abbott presented their party's alternative National Broadband Network (NBN) plan.[90] The plan prioritised a modified and scaled-down NBN with "fibre to the node" (FTTN) and last-mile by copper cable.[91] The new policy contrasted with the previous position which had called for the dismantling of the entire NBN.[91]

After the Coalition victory in the 2013 federal election, Turnbull was appointed Minister for Communications and began implementing the alternative NBN strategy. In 2014, Turnbull announced that the Vertigan Report, a cost–benefit analysis of providing fast broadband to regional and rural Australia through wireless and satellite services, revealed that continuing the plan would cost nearly A$5 billion and was expected to produce only A$600 million in economic benefits – a return of just 10%. In spite of the economic cost, Turnbull stated that whilst subsidising broadband to regional areas is "fiendishly expensive", there was no other option.[92]

In December 2014, Turnbull brokered a deal between the Australian government, NBN Co and Telstra whereby NBN Co acquired Telstra's copper network and hybrid-fibre coaxial (HFC) to deliver the NBN. Telstra and NBN Co agreed to work together on the FTTN trial involving 200,000 premises.[93] In August 2015, Turnbull revealed that the overall end cost of the network build would likely expand up to an additional $15 billion, with NBN Co likely to take on the additional expenditure as debt. Though still cheaper than the original Labor Party NBN policy, which aimed to deliver much faster connection speeds, the peak funding requirement under the Liberal model ran to between $46 billion and $56 billion.[94]

February 2015 leadership spill motion

Following persistent leadership tensions amidst poor opinion polling, a leadership spill motion was moved against Tony Abbott on 9 February 2015. Although the spill motion was defeated 61 votes to 39, Turnbull had been reported as considering a run for the leadership if the spill motion had succeeded. Before the motion Turnbull had told reporters that "if, for whatever reason, the leadership of a political party is vacant then anyone, any member of the party can stand, whether they be a minister or a backbencher, without any disloyalty to the person whose leadership has been declared vacant."[95][96]

Prime Minister of Australia (2015–2018)
Premiership of Malcolm Turnbull
15 September 2015 – 24 August 2018
MonarchElizabeth II
Malcolm Turnbull
CabinetFirst Turnbull Ministry
Second Turnbull Ministry
PartyLiberal Party
Election2016
Appointed bySir Peter Cosgrove
SeatThe Lodge (Canberra)
Kirribilli House (Sydney)

Official website

September 2015 leadership election
Turnbull sworn in as Prime Minister by Governor-General Sir Peter Cosgrove

Despite the defeat of the February 2015 spill motion, questions over Abbott's leadership did not abate, with the government consistently performing poorly in opinion polls. On 14 September 2015, after 30 consecutive Newspolls had put the Liberals far behind Labor, Turnbull resigned from the Cabinet and announced he would challenge Abbott for the leadership of the Liberal Party.[97] Turnbull stated that Abbott "was not capable of providing the economic leadership we need" and that the Liberal Party needs a "style of leadership that respects the people's intelligence."[98][99] Turnbull defeated Abbott by 54 votes to 44 at the subsequent leadership ballot.[100][101] He was sworn in as the 29th prime minister of Australia the following day.[102][103]

Turnbull announced an extensive reshuffle of the Cabinet on 20 September 2015 to form the first Turnbull ministry. Notably, he increased the number of female Cabinet ministers from two to five and appointed Marise Payne as Australia's first female Minister for Defence. The number of Cabinet ministers rose from 19 to 21. On Turnbull's key policy differences with Abbott, particularly climate change, republicanism and same-sex marriage, he stated that there would be no immediate change before any election.[104] The Nationals successfully negotiated a total of $4 billion worth of deals from Turnbull, as well as control of the water portfolio, in exchange for a continued Coalition agreement.[105][106] Turnbull stated that he would not lead a government that did not take climate change seriously.[107]

2016 federal election
Turnbull visits Peter Cosgrove to request both Houses of Parliament be dissolved ahead of a double dissolution election.

On 21 March 2016, Turnbull announced that Parliament would consider bills to reinstate the Australian Building and Construction Commission (ABCC), with the bills having previously been rejected twice before. Turnbull stated if the Senate rejected the bills a third time, he would advise the governor-general, Sir Peter Cosgrove, to call a double dissolution of Parliament and a federal election for 2 July. Turnbull also brought forward the delivery of the federal budget from 10 to 3 May to facilitate this.[108] On 18 April, the Senate once again rejected the bills to reinstate the ABCC. On 8 May, Turnbull visited Government House to advise Cosgrove to issue the writs for a double dissolution on 9 May; this confirmed the date of the election as 2 July 2016.[109]

During the 2016 federal election campaign, a ReachTEL opinion poll of 626 Wentworth voters conducted on 31 May predicted a two-party swing against Turnbull for the first time since his election to Wentworth, revealing a reduced 58% two-party vote from a large 10.9% two-party swing.[110] A controversy occurred during the election campaign, when the president of the Australian National Imams Council, Sheikh Shady Alsuleiman participated in an Iftar dinner hosted by Turnbull at Kirribilli House. Turnbull said he would not have invited Alsuleiman if he had known of his position regarding homosexuals.[111]

At the election, the Coalition lost 14 seats and retained majority government by a single seat.[112] The result was the closest since the 1961 federal election. In the days following the election, when the result was still not certain, Turnbull had to negotiate with the crossbench to secure confidence and supply support from Bob Katter, Andrew Wilkie and Cathy McGowan in the event of a hung parliament and resulting minority government.[113]

In February 2017, Turnbull confirmed he had donated $1.75 million to the Liberal Party's election campaign.[114]

Asylum seeker policy
Turnbull and U.S. President Donald Trump in New York City, May 2017

Asylum seeker policy is a contentious wedge issue in Australian politics, especially since the Tampa affair. Continuing the bipartisan stance of Operation Sovereign Borders has been at the forefront the Coalition's asylum seeker policy. Around 1,250 asylum seekers remain in the offshore processing centres on Manus Island and Nauru. In August 2016, protestors called for the closure of camps on Manus and Nauru[115] after The Guardian released leaked incident reports alleging "routine dysfunction and cruelty" on Nauru.[116]

In July 2016, the Obama administration set up a refugee center in Costa Rica in response to a Central American migration crisis.[117][118] In November, Turnbull and Peter Dutton announced that Australia would accept 1,250 refugees from Central America, in exchange for the U.S. accepting refugees on Nauru and Manus.[119][120][121]

Turnbull and President Donald Trump held a phone conversation on 28 January 2017, the transcript of which was later leaked to The Washington Post.[122] On 2 February 2017, Trump tweeted that Obama's deal was "dumb".[123][124] US Vice President Mike Pence later confirmed that the United States would honour the deal, subject to "extreme vetting" of asylum seekers.[125] Australia began receiving Central American asylum seekers in July 2017.[126]

Energy policy

Since the 2016 election, the Turnbull government had followed prior Coalition government energy policies. This involved the wholesale dismissal of renewable energy targets and emissions intensity schemes. This had only hardened when South Australia faced large blackouts, which Turnbull had blamed on the state's "ambitious" renewable energy target.[127] In response to the gas and energy crisis that occurred in March 2017,[128] Malcolm Turnbull announced a 50% increase in the capacity of Snowy Hydro through "pumped hydro" technology.[129]

In April 2017, Turnbull announced that he would use the Commonwealth government's powers to place export restrictions on the nation's liquified natural gas ("LNG") industry.[130] He announced that these changes were in response to the high wholesale gas prices that were a result of a shortage of gas in the domestic gas market, and that it was "unacceptable" that domestic prices were so high, indicating that a consequence of these restrictions would be a decrease in the wholesale gas price. The multinational gas companies and the gas industry association heavily criticised the policy, saying that it would neither increase supply nor reduce the wholesale price of gas.[131]

Turnbull takes a selfie with Trần Đại Quang, Donald Trump, and Xi Jinping, November 2017

Same-sex marriage plebiscite
See also: Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey and Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017

Prior to Turnbull becoming Prime Minister, the parliamentary Liberal Party voted to resolve the issue of same-sex marriage by putting the question to Australians voters via a plebiscite.[132] Enabling legislation was rejected twice by the Senate, [133][134] and so the government decided to adopt a postal plebiscite option, which involved the Australian Bureau of Statistics conducting a nationwide survey asking voters whether they would like to see a change in the definition of marriage.[135] Sending out of ballots began on 12 September 2017, as attempts to prevent the survey through a High Court challenge failed. The survey ended 7 November 2017 and results released 15 November the same year. It returned with a total of 7,817,247 (61.6%) "Yes" responses and 4,873,987 (38.4%) "No" responses.[136]

Following the vote, after four days of debates regarding amendments which included proposals to increase religious protections to refuse services to same-sex couples, on 7 December 2017 same-sex marriage was legalised through a parliamentary vote by the House of Representatives; Turnbull himself voted "Yes".[137][138] The first same-sex marriages in Australia occurred as a result of the law change from 9 January 2018.[139]

Parliamentary eligibility crisis
Turnbull in June 2017

Members of Turnbull's government were among those embroiled in the parliamentary eligibility crisis that arose in 2017, which disqualified several parliamentarians who held dual citizenship in accordance with subsection 44(i) of the Australian Constitution.[140][141] Three Cabinet members were among the "Citizenship Seven" whose cases were heard in the High Court of Australia: the leader and deputy leader of the co-governing National Party, Deputy Prime Minister Barnaby Joyce, Senator Fiona Nash, and Resources Minister Matt Canavan, who resigned from Cabinet after discovering his potential dual citizenship.[142][143] The High Court ruled that Canavan was eligible, but disqualified dual citizens Joyce and Nash from Parliament.[144][145][146][147]

The Turnbull government temporarily lost its one-seat majority in the House of Representatives after Joyce's disqualification and the resignation of Liberal Party MP John Alexander, who also held dual citizenship. However, in December 2017 both Joyce and Alexander, having renounced their foreign citizenships, contested and won by-elections in their former seats of New England and Bennelong respectively, thereby retaining Turnbull's governing majority in the House of Representatives.[148]

August 2018 leadership spills

On 21 August 2018, Turnbull survived a challenge to his leadership of the Liberal Party by Home Affairs Minister Peter Dutton, winning by 48 votes to 35.[149][150] The spill highlighted ideological tensions within the Liberal Party, between the moderate wing led by Turnbull and the conservative wing represented by Dutton and Tony Abbott. From 21 to 23 August, tensions mounted and Dutton announced that he would seek a second spill. Turnbull responded that, pending a report from the Solicitor-General of Australia on the eligibility of Dutton to serve in Parliament and the receipt of a petition calling for a party room meeting that bore the signatures of at least half (43) of the parliamentary party, he would call such a meeting, vacate the leadership (regarding the petition as a vote of no confidence) and not stand in the subsequent leadership election. On the morning of 24 August, the Solicitor-General advised that Peter Dutton was "not ineligible" to serve. Later that morning, Dutton presented to Turnbull a document calling for a party room meeting that contained the minimum 43 signatures.[151] A party meeting was then called and the leadership was spilled, with Scott Morrison elected as Turnbull's successor by 45 votes over Dutton with 40. In his final press conference as Prime Minister, Turnbull denounced Dutton and Abbott as "wreckers".[152]

On 27 August Turnbull announced that he would resign from Parliament over the coming days. On 31 August 2018 he tendered a formal notice of resignation to the Speaker of the House of Representatives.[5]

Life after politics

On 1 June 2019, Turnbull returned to the private sector as a senior advisor to major global private equity firm Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR).[153] Turnbull returned to Australia in December 2019 and appeared on the final episode of Q&A hosted by Tony Jones on 9 December 2019.

Turnbull has publicly criticised the Morrison government for not taking strong enough action on climate change, arguing that they should readopt his National Energy Guarantee (NEG) policy. In a piece in The Guardian, he stated that, "Scott Morrison can't afford to waste the bushfire crisis when Australia urgently needs its own Green New Deal...There are simply no more excuses. We cannot allow political prejudice and vested interests to hold us up any longer. If ever there was a crisis not to waste, it is this one. Morrison has the chance now to reinstate the NEG with higher targets. Both he and Josh Frydenberg were among its strongest supporters when I was PM. They abandoned it in the lead-up to an election, to pacify the right wing of the Coalition that sabotaged it in the first place."[154]

On 25 October 2020, Turnbull gave his support to former Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd's petition for a "Royal Commission to ensure a strong, diverse Australian news media" with the goal of investigating Rupert Murdoch's control over Australian news media, tweeting that he had signed it and encouraging others to follow suit.[155][156] The petition became the most signed parliamentary e-petition in Australia, with more than 500,000 signatures.[157] The petition was tabled in the House of Representatives by Labor MP Andrew Leigh on 9 November 2020.[158]

In January 2021, Turnbull joined the board of the International Hydropower Association as a non-executive member, also becoming a co-chair of the organisation's International Forum on Pumped Storage Hydropower.[159]

Personal life
Turnbull and his wife Lucy Turnbull, 2003–04 Sydney Lord Mayor, in January 2012

Turnbull is married to Lucy Turnbull (née Hughes), who was the Lord Mayor of Sydney from 2003 to 2004 and has held a number of other prominent positions. The couple were married on 22 March 1980 at Cumnor, Oxfordshire, by a Church of England priest while Turnbull was attending the University of Oxford.[160] They live in the eastern suburbs of Sydney.[161]

Turnbull and Lucy have two adult children, Alex and Daisy, and as of July 2016, three grandchildren.[161][162] Alex Turnbull is married to Yvonne Wang, who is of Chinese descent.[163][164]

The use of Bligh as a male middle name is a tradition in the Turnbull family. It is also Turnbull's son's middle name. One of Turnbull's ancestors was colonist John Turnbull, who named his youngest son William Bligh Turnbull in honour of deposed Governor William Bligh at the time of the Rum Rebellion.[165]

Religion

Raised Presbyterian, Turnbull became agnostic in the beginning of his adult life and later converted to Roman Catholicism "by mid-2002"; his wife's family is Roman Catholic.[166][167] However, he has found himself at odds with the church's teaching on abortion, stem cell research and same-sex marriage.[168][169] Turnbull supported legislation relaxing restrictions on abortion pill RU486, and he also voted for the legalisation of somatic cell nuclear transfer.[170][171][172] He did so despite vocal opposition to both proposals by Cardinal George Pell, the then-Archbishop of Sydney.[173][174]

Personal wealth

In 2005, the combined net worth of Malcolm and Lucy Turnbull was estimated at A$133 million,[175] making him Australia's richest parliamentarian[176] until the election of billionaire Clive Palmer in the 2013 election.[177][178]

Turnbull made the BRW Rich 200 list for the second year running in 2010, and although he slipped from 182 to 197, his estimated net worth increased to A$186 million, and he continued to be the only sitting politician to make the list.[179] Turnbull was not listed in the 2014 list of the BRW Rich 200.[180] As of 2015, his estimated net worth is in excess of A$200 million.[181]

Honours

On 1 January 2001, Turnbull received the Centenary Medal for services to the corporate sector.[182] In the 2021 Australia Day Honours, he was awarded Companion of the Order of Australia for "eminent service to the people and Parliament of Australia, particularly as Prime Minister, through significant contributions to national security, free trade, the environment and clean energy, innovation, economic reform and marriage equality, and to business and philanthropy".[183]

Published works

Turnbull has written several books:

  • Turnbull, Malcolm (1988). The Spycatcher Trial. William Heinemann Australia. ISBN 978-0-85561-239-9.
  • Turnbull, Malcolm (1993). The Reluctant Republic. William Heinemann Australia. ISBN 978-0-85561-372-3.
  • Turnbull, Malcolm (1999). Fighting for the Republic: The Ultimate Insider's Account. Hardie Grant. ISBN 978-1-86498-107-0.
  • Turnbull, Malcolm (2020). A Bigger Picture. Hardie Grant. ISBN 978-1-74379-563-7.

See also
  • 2016 Australian federal election
  • Turnbull government
  • First Turnbull ministry
  • Second Turnbull ministry

References
  1. Borrello, Eliza (7 December 2015). "Innovation statement: PM Malcolm Turnbull calls for 'ideas boom' as he unveils $1b vision for Australia's future". ABC News. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  2. Dole, Nick (24 March 2016). "UK 'city deals' model to be adapted for Australia under Malcolm Turnbull's cities plan". ABC News. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  3. "Party representation – 2016 Tally Room: AEC". Archived from the original on 20 July 2016.
  4. Coorey, Phillip (15 March 2017). "Federal government to pour $2 billion into major Snowy Hydro expansion". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  5. Mizen, Ronald (31 August 2018). "Malcolm Turnbull formally resigns, forces byelection". The Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  6. Eyers, James (22 June 2020). "Turnbull joins Kasada board, touts Huawei foresight". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  7. "Obituary – Coral Magnolia Lansbury – Obituaries Australia". anu.edu.au.
  8. "Lansbury, Coral Magnolia (1929–1991)". Biography – Coral Magnolia Lansbury – Australian Dictionary of Biography. anu.edu.au. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  9. Fowler, Glenn (4 April 1991). "obituary". New York Times. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  10. "Will privilege drown his message?". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 September 2008.
  11. Malcolm Turnbull – Extended Interview Transcript Archived 11 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine – PROGRAM TRANSCRIPT: Monday, 21 September 2015 Malcolm Turnbull interview with Belinda Hawkins
  12. Melanie Nolan (2015). "Lansbury, Coral Magnolia (1929–1991)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
  13. Clune, Richard (1 March 2013). "GQ&A with Malcolm Turnbull". GQ.
  14. Ackland, Richard (17 October 2003). "A sureness that weakens Turnbull's case". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 10 September 2007.
  15. Lee, Sandra (3 December 2006). "A leader in waiting?". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 11 September 2007.
  16. "Turnbull battles for Wentworth". The 7.30 Report. ABC TV. 8 November 2006. Retrieved 9 November 2007.
  17. "Born to Rule: The unauthorised biography of Malcolm Turnbull by Paddy Manning – Books – Random House Books Australia". Random House Australia. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
  18. Paddy Manning. "The lonely childhood of Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  19. Manning, Paddy (23 October 2015). "The lonely childhood of Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
  20. "Biography". Malcolm Turnbull MP.
  21. "Panellist: Malcolm Turnbull". Q&A. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 December 2018.
  22. Overington, Caroline; Madden, James (17 September 2008). "I'm no silvertail, says new leader Malcolm Turnbull". The Australian. News Limited.
  23. Tovey, Josephine (16 December 2013). "HSC results: Malcolm Turnbull recalls the day he received his results as wait for NSW students is almost over". Turf Craft.
  24. McNicoll, D. D. (19 September 2008). "Dux-hunting season". The Australian.
  25. "Malcolm Turnbull's Life and Career at a Glance". Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  26. "The rise and rise of Malcolm Turnbull – National – smh.com.au". 16 September 2008. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  27. Fell, Liz (2011). "Malcolm Turnbull: A feisty interview with the Shadow Minister". Telecommunications Journal of Australia. 61 (1): 2.1–2.10. doi:10.7790/tja.v61i1.191. hdl:1959.3/455311. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
  28. Andrews, Kirsten (16 September 2013). "University of Sydney welcomes alumni to Cabinet" (Press release). University of Sydney.
  29. Jonscher, Samantha (22 September 2015). "Peculiar Turnbullisms: Malcolm At Sydney Uni – Honi Soit". Honi Soit. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  30. Liz Hannan. "Presidency a predictor of future political success". Smh.com.au. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  31. "The rise and rise of Malcolm Turnbull". The Sydney Morning Herald. 16 September 2008.
  32. "Rhodes scholars". University of Sydney.
  33. Daley, Paul (21 September 2008). "Team Kevin rattled as Malcolm eyes the middle". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  34. "Politics in Australia", economist.com
  35. John Lyons (16 September 2014). "Raging Turnbull". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
  36. Ferguson, Sarah (25 August 2008). "My Brilliant Career". Four Corners. ABC TV. Retrieved 10 September 2008.
  37. The book was reviewed in 1993 by Center for the Study of Intelligence, p.46 of the document, "Of Moles and Molehunters: A Review of Counterintelligence Literature 1977-92" (PDF). Center for the Study of Intelligence. 1 October 1993. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  38. M. Turnbull, "The Spycatcher Trial" (1988), 195.
  39. Silmalis, Linda (28 February 2009). Malcolm Turnbull linked to mass logging operation in Solomon Islands, The Sunday Telegraph. Reposted from the original, 2 March 2009: Malum Nalu – Happenings in Papua New Guinea Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  40. "A Former Logger Becomes Australian Federal Opposition Leader". Solomon Times. 21 September 2008.
  41. Randhawa, Sonia (26 September 2008). "Turnbull's logging background raises questions". ABC Radio Australia. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
  42. Colley, Andrew (28 March 2012). "OzEmail trio presses delete on 18-year association". After listing on the NASDAQ in 1996 with Turnbull's help, OzEmail purchased a 50 per cent stake in web hosting company, WebCentral. Three years later, the trio split $240m between them when MCI Worldcom bought OzEmail for $520m (Howard walked away with $120m, and Turnbull and Kennedy took $60m each). News Corp. The Australian. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
  43. "Turnbull fights HIH liquidator claims" (transcript). Lateline. Australia: ABC TV. 22 February 2006. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  44. Elisabeth Sexton (7 July 2009). "Creditors to settle $500m FAI claim". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
  45. "McMahon's 'suggestion for Lowe candidate'". The Canberra Times. 6 January 1982.
  46. Wright, Lincoln (22 December 2000). "PM backs republican Turnbull for spot on think-tank board". The Canberra Times. p. 3.
  47. Vizard, Steve (1998). Two Weeks in Lilliput: Bear Baiting and Backbiting At the Constitutional Convention. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-027983-0.
  48. "The Age and Sydney Morning Herald – Australia's Constitutional Convention 1998". Pandora. National Library of Australia. Archived from the original on 10 December 1999. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  49. "Australia's new PM: Liberal party stands back to watch the 'Malcolm experiment' – The Guardian 15 September 2015". The Guardian Australia. 27 November 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  50. "Malcolm Turnbull joins the Australian National Flag Association". Ausflag. Archived from the original on 7 April 2007.
  51. Clennell, Andrew (15 September 2015). "How young Malcolm Turnbull dreamt of being a union leader and nearly ran for Labor". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  52. Butler, Josh (12 November 2015). "Bill Shorten Claims Malcolm Turnbull Wanted To Be Secretary of the AWU". The Huffington Post.
  53. "Lateline – 14/10/2003: Turnbull sets sights on Wentworth. Australian Broadcasting Corp". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  54. Linda Mottram (14 October 2003). "King criticises Turnbull's branch stacking tactics". ABC. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
  55. "Candidate electoral return for the election held on 9 October 2004" (PDF). Australian Electoral Commission. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
  56. Commission, Australian Electoral. "Division Distribution of Preferences". Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  57. Jenentt, Greg (14 September 2015). "Malcolm Turnbull: From international case-winning barrister to struggling opposition leader, 'Mr Broadband'". ABC News. ABC. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  58. "Hon Malcolm Turnbull MP". Senators and Members of the Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  59. Harrison, Dan (4 October 2007). "Turnbull approves Tasmanian pulp mill". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved 19 November 2007.
  60. "Turnbull defends using travel allowance to pay rent at wife's house". ABC News. Australia. 25 February 2007. Archived from the original on 7 December 2007. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
  61. "Turnbull pumps $10m into rainmaking gamble". ABC News. Australia. 20 November 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2007.
  62. "House of Representatives Division First Preferences". Australian Electoral Commission. 18 December 2007. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
  63. "Two Part Preferred by State". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  64. "Media gather at Turnbull's residence". The Age. Melbourne. 25 November 2007. Retrieved 25 November 2007.
  65. "Nelson wins Lib leadership". The Age. Melbourne. 29 November 2007.
  66. "Turnbull criticises Minchin for gibe". ABC News. Australia. 8 February 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  67. Maiden, Samantha (8 February 2008). "Minchin used f-word in Turnbull stoush". The Australian. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  68. "Turnbull accuses Swan of 'voodoo economics'". ABC News. Australia. 14 May 2008. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
  69. "Turnbull mulls a misspent youth". The Sydney Morning Herald. 26 September 2008.
  70. "Turnbull appoints new right-hand man". Sydney Morning Herald. 7 January 2009.
  71. "Turnbull responds to budget". The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 May 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  72. "PM refers OzCar allegations to inquiry". AM. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 June 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2009.
  73. "Grech 'wrote fake email'". The Age. Melbourne. 4 August 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2009.
  74. Saulwick, Jacob (4 August 2009). "Rudd, Swan cleared over OzCar scandal". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 25 November 2009.
  75. Coorey, Phillip (29 June 2009). "Malcolm Turnbull and Utegate | Liberal Party". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  76. Franklin, Matthew (26 November 2009). "Malcolm Turnbull sharpens the knife". The Australian. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  77. Coorey, Phillip (25 November 2009). "Three quit as Turnbull survives". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 25 November 2009.
  78. Rodgers, Emma (26 November 2009). "Senior Liberals desert Turnbull". ABC News. Australia. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  79. "Shock win for Abbott in leadership vote". ABC News. Australia. 1 December 2009.
  80. Nine Morning News, 1 December 2009.
  81. Balogh, Stefanie (6 April 2010). "Malcolm Turnbull to leave politics at next election". The Courier-Mail. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  82. "Turnbull reverses decision to quit". The Age. Melbourne. 1 May 2010. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
  83. "House of Representatives Division First Preferences". Australian Electoral Commission. 15 September 2010. Archived from the original on 5 September 2010. Retrieved 20 September 2010.
  84. Hudson, Phillip (14 September 2010). "Tony Abbott promotes Malcolm Turnbull in new shadow ministry". Herald Sun. Retrieved 20 September 2010.
  85. Emma Rodgers, (14 September 2010), Abbott orders Turnbull to demolish NBN, ABC News. Retrieved 12 February 2017
  86. AAP, (14 September 2010), Turnbull back to 'demolish' NBN, Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 29 July 2010
  87. Taylor, Josh (8 October 2012). "Turnbull has grave misgivings about data retention proposal". ZDNet.
  88. Turnbull, Malcolm (October 2012). Free at last or freedom lost? Liberty in the digital age (Speech). 2012 Alfred Deakin Lecture. Malcolm Turnbull. Archived from the original on 25 November 2012.
  89. Peatling, Stephanie (7 July 2012). "Turnbull under fire for gay marriage stance". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
  90. "All that glitters … Abbott and 'Mr Broadband' hawk the copper option". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  91. Kohler, Alan (10 April 2013). "How Malcolm Turnbull saved the NBN". ABC News. Australia.
  92. Knott, Matthew; Timson, Lia (27 August 2014). "Malcolm Turnbull: NBN plan won't change despite massive cost for rural coverage". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  93. Ferguson, Adele (15 December 2014). "Malcolm Turnbull to make NBN better, faster, stronger". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  94. "NBN cost blows out by up to $15b; Malcolm Turnbull says final cost could be up to $56b". ABC News. 24 August 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  95. ABC News 9 February 2015. Accessed 9 February 2015.
  96. Leslie, Tim (9 February 2015). "Liberal leadership spill: as it happened". ABC. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  97. "Liberal leadership: Tony Abbott confident he will beat Malcolm Turnbull in ballot". ABC News. 14 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  98. "Turnbull and Bishop request Liberal Party leadership ballot". ABC News. 14 September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  99. "Turnbull demands leadership spill". 13 September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  100. Pamela Wilson, "How to stage a coup", The Australian, 20 October 2015.
  101. "Liberal leadership spill: Malcolm Turnbull to become prime minister after toppling Tony Abbott". ABC News. 14 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  102. "Malcolm Turnbull sworn in as Australia's 29th Prime Minister". ABC News. 15 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  103. Dan Conifer and James Glenday (15 September 2015). "Malcolm Turnbull to be sworn in as PM after ousting Tony Abbott as Liberal leader". ABC News. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  104. Condie, Stuart (16 September 2015). "Why Malcolm Turnbull will end up disappointing many voters: News.com.au 16 September 2015". News.com.au. Archived from the original on 13 November 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  105. Lenore Taylor (16 September 2015). "Turnbull's so-called $4bn bribe to Nationals more wishes than fulfilment: The Guardian 16 September 2015". The Guardian Australia. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  106. "Malcolm Turnbull's $4 billion deal with the Nationals to guarantee Coalition unity", Daily Telegraph, 15 September 2015.
  107. "Hunt goes in energy-environment merger, climate denier to head resources". Renew Economy.com.au. 18 July 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  108. "Malcolm Turnbull recalls Parliament for April 18 sitting ahead of early election". The Sydney Morning Herald. 21 March 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
  109. "It's official: Malcolm Turnbull confirms Australia will go to the polls on July 2". Ninemsn. 8 May 2016.
  110. "Exclusive: Malcolm Turnbull facing 10% swing in Wentworth as his popularity plummets". 4 June 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  111. Keany, Francis (17 June 2016). "Malcolm Turnbull regrets hosting homophobic Islamic cleric Sheikh Shady Alsuleiman at Kirribilli". ABC News. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  112. "'It's vital this parliament works': Turnbull claims election win". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 10 July 2016.
  113. Massola, James (8 July 2016). "'Back within the year': Bill Shorten predicts second election".
  114. Turnbull admits donating $1.75 million to election campaign ABC News 1 February 2017
  115. Davidson, Helen (27 August 2016). "Thousands call for Nauru and Manus camps to close in rallies across Australia" – via The Guardian.
  116. Farrell, Paul; Evershed, Nick; Davidson, Helen (10 August 2016). "The Nauru files: cache of 2,000 leaked reports reveal scale of abuse of children in Australian offshore detention" – via The Guardian.
  117. Holpuch, Amanda (26 July 2016). "US partners with Costa Rica to protect Central American refugees" – via The Guardian.
  118. David Wroe (21 September 2016). "'Northern Triangle' of death: Australia-bound refugees fleeing a brutal gang conflict". Sydney Morning Herald.
  119. "Some Refugees Held in Australian Island Camps to Be Resettled in US". Associated Press.
  120. "PM unveils 'one-off' refugee resettlement deal with US". ABC News. 13 November 2016.
  121. "Subscribe – theaustralian".
  122. "'This deal will make me look terrible': Full transcripts of Trump's calls with Mexico and Australia". Washington Post.
  123. "'This was the worst call by far': Trump badgered, bragged and abruptly ended phone call with Australian leader". The Washington Post.
  124. "Trump slams "dumb deal" to take Australia's "illegal" refugees". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2 February 2017.
  125. "Refugee swap still on, but some will miss out". 30 April 2017.
  126. Packham, Colin (25 July 2017). "Exclusive: Australia to accept first Central American refugees under U.S. deal – sources". Reuters.
  127. "Blame game over rolling blackouts". The Advertiser. 10 February 2017.
  128. "The great gas robbery". ABC News. 17 March 2017.
  129. "Federal Government to pour 2 billion into major Snowy Hydro expansion". Australian Financial Review. 15 March 2017.
  130. "Government to restrict gas exports to shore up domestic supply". ABC News. 27 April 2017.
  131. "Gas Industry hits back at Canberra's plan to reduce the wholesale price of gas". The Australian. 27 April 2017.
  132. Press, Australian Associated (29 January 2016). "Tony Abbott will back result of plebiscite on same-sex marriage". The Guardian.
  133. "PM targets gays in marriage law". The Sydney Morning Herald. 28 May 2004. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  134. "High Court throws out ACT's same-sex marriage laws". Australia: ABC News. 13 December 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  135. "Turnbull government kills same-sex marriage conscience vote, agrees to postal plebiscite". The Sydney Morning Herald. 7 August 2017.
  136. "Australia says yes to same-sex marriage in historic postal survey". The Guardian. 15 November 2017.
  137. "Same-sex marriage bill passes Senate with day to spare before House of Representatives resumes". ABC News. 29 November 2017.
  138. Yaxley, Louise (15 November 2017). "Australia has said Yes, so how will your MP vote on a same-sex marriage bill in Parliament?". ABC News (Australia). Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  139. Karp, Paul (7 December 2017). "y Marriage equality law passes Australia's parliament in landslide vote". The Guardian Australia. The Guardian Australia. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  140. Kenny, Mark (3 November 2017). "Citizenship fiasco deepens, threatening Malcolm Turnbull's authority". The Canberra Times. Archived from the original on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
  141. Remeikis, Amy (18 August 2017). "Constitutional crisis leaves Turnbull government fighting for its political life". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  142. "Joyce admits NZ citizenship news a 'shock', expects to keep his seat". ABC News. 14 August 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
  143. Belot, Henry (25 July 2017). "Matt Canavan resigns from Malcolm Turnbull's ministry over Italian citizenship". ABC News. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  144. "High Court of Australia". Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  145. "Live: High Court rules Joyce ineligible to serve in Parliament". ABC News. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  146. Peatling, Stephanie (27 October 2017). "Barnaby Joyce, Malcolm Roberts and other 'citizenship seven' MPs receive verdict – live from the High Court". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  147. Remeikis, Amy (27 October 2017). "Barnaby Joyce and four senators ruled ineligible for parliament – politics live". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  148. Murphy, Katherine (16 December 2017). "Relief for Liberals as Bennelong byelection win saves Turnbull's majority". The Guardian Australia. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  149. "Live: Turnbull sees off Dutton challenge, but leadership turmoil to continue". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 21 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
  150. Remeikis, Amy; Hutchens, Gareth; Murphy, Katharine; Knaus, Christopher (21 August 2018). "Dutton resigns after Turnbull survives Liberal leadership spill 48-35 – politics live". Retrieved 21 August 2018 – via www.theguardian.com.
  151. "Peter Dutton Has Delivered A Petition To Turnbull Demanding A Party Meeting". hit network!. 24 August 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  152. "Turnbull attacks 'wreckers' Abbott and Dutton as he leaves office". The Guardian. 24 August 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  153. "Malcolm Turnbull joins global investment firm KKR". The Guardian. 31 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  154. Turnbull, Malcolm (11 January 2020). "Scott Morrison can't afford to waste the bushfire crisis when Australia urgently needs its own green new deal | Malcolm Turnbull". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  155. Turnbull, Malcolm (25 October 2020). "Kevin has done well to get this petition going. I doubt it will result in a Royal Commission and Murdoch's print monopoly (since 1987) is only part of the problem. But I have signed it and encourage others to do so". Twitter. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  156. Wahlquist, Calla (25 October 2020). "Malcolm Turnbull signs Kevin Rudd's petition challenging News Corp media dominance". The Guardian. Australia. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  157. Wilson, Cam (29 October 2020). "Kevin Rudd's News Corp Royal Commission Petition is Now Australia's Most Signed Parliamentary E-Petition Ever". Gizmodo. Australia. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  158. Snape, Jack (10 October 2020). "Petition calling for media royal commission and setting Australian record tabled in Parliament". ABC News. Australia. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  159. "Former Australian PM Malcolm Turnbull to spearhead international hydropower initiative". International Hydropower Association. 11 February 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  160. Turnbull, Malcolm (3 August 2009). "Malcolm Turnbull Interview". Australian Story (transcript). Interviewed by Belinda Hawkins. Australia: ABC TV. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  161. "About Malcolm". Malcolm Turnbull. 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  162. "Malcolm Turnbull announces safe arrival of grandson Jack on Twitter". News.com.au. News Corp Australia. 19 September 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  163. "Is Malcolm Turnbull 'soft' on China because of his family connections?". Smh.com.au. 15 September 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  164. "Turnbull has Chinese daughter-in-law". The Straits Times. 23 September 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  165. Captain Bligh's Other Mutiny. Sydney: Random House Australia. 2007. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-1-74166-798-1.
  166. Williams, Roy. "The faith story of Malcolm Turnbull". Tma.melbourneanglican.org.au. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  167. "Malcolm Turnbull interview with Belinda Hawkins". ABC Australia. 3 August 2009.
  168. "Catholic MPs to defy Pell over bill". The Sydney Morning Herald. 6 June 2007.
  169. Turnbull, Malcolm (9 July 2012). "Artistic Politics" (transcript). Q&A (television panel interview). Interviewed by Virginia Trioli. Australia: ABC TV. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  170. Misha Schubert; Jewel Topsfield (15 February 2006). "Cardinal Pell enters RU486 debate". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  171. "Therapeutic Goods Amendment (Repeal of Ministerial Responsibility for Approval of Ru486) Bill 2005". 16 February 2006.
  172. "Parliament Hansard – Malcolm Turnbull". 5 December 2006.
  173. Schubert, Misha; Topsfield, Jewel (15 February 2006). "Cardinal Pell enters RU486 debate". The Age. Canberra. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  174. Smith, Alexandra; Morris, Linda (6 June 2007). "Catholic MPs to defy Pell over bill". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  175. Murphy, Katharine; Grattan, Michelle (18 September 2008). "All a bit rich as wealthy worlds collide in the battle for the battlers". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  176. "The politics of envy and the actions of greed". Live News. 24 September 2008. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  177. Thomson, James (9 September 2013). "Clive Palmer joins elite club of rich-list politicians, but his fortune's under pressure". BRW. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
  178. Griffiths, Emma (2 December 2013). "Clive Palmer calls for company tax changes in maiden speech to Parliament". Yahoo!7. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013.
  179. Zappone, Chris (26 May 2010). "Politicians' wealth revealed as Malcolm Turnbull makes rich list again". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
  180. "BRW Rich 200". BRW. 27 June 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  181. John Stensholt (17 September 2015). "Malcolm Turnbull: the member for Net Worth". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  182. It's an Honour: Centenary Medal, AustralianGovernment, archived from the original on 18 October 2015, retrieved 14 September 2015
  183. "The Honourable Malcolm Bligh TURNBULL". It's An Honour. Retrieved 25 January 2021.

Further reading
  • Gauja, Anika; Chen, Peter; Curtin, Jennifer; Pietsch, Juliet, eds. (2017). Double Disillusion: The 2016 Australian Federal Election (PDF). ANU Press. ISBN 9781760461867.
  • McCaffrie, Brendan. "Trust Me, I'm the Prime Minister: Prime Ministerial Statecraft under Malcolm Turnbull and Scott Morrison." in From Turnbull to Morrison: The Trust Divide (Melbourne University Press, 2019) pp . 354-369.
  • McDougall, Derek. "From Malcolm Turnbull to ScoMo: crisis for the centre-right in Australia." The Round Table 107.5 (2018): 557-570.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Malcolm Turnbull.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Malcolm Turnbull.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.