Sviatoslav Richter

Sviatoslav Teofilovich Richter[1] (March 20 [O.S. March 7] 1915 – August 1, 1997) was a Soviet classical pianist. He is frequently regarded as one of the greatest pianists of all time,[2][3][4][5] and has been praised for the "depth of his interpretations, his virtuoso technique, and his vast repertoire."[6]

In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming conventions, the patronymic is Teofilovich and the family name is Richter.
Richter in 1966

Biography

Childhood
Richter's father, Teofil, c. 1900

Richter was born in Zhytomyr, Volhynian Governorate of the Russian Empire (modern-day Ukraine), a native town of his parents. His father, Teofil Danilovich Richter (1872–1941), was a pianist, organist and composer born to German expatriates; from 1893 to 1900 he studied at the Vienna Conservatory. His mother, Anna Pavlovna Richter (née Moskaleva; 1893–1963), came from a noble Russian landowning family, and at one point she studied under her future husband.[7][8] In 1918, when Richter's parents were in Odessa, the Civil War separated them from their son, and Richter moved in with his aunt Tamara. He lived with her from 1918 to 1921, and it was then that his interest in art first manifested itself: he first became interested in painting, which his aunt taught him.

In 1921 the family was reunited, and the Richters moved to Odessa, where Teofil taught at the Odessa Conservatory and, briefly, worked as organist of a Lutheran church. In the early 1920s Richter became interested in music (as well as other art forms such as cinema, literature, and theatre) and started studying piano. Unusually, he was largely self-taught. His father gave him only a basic education in music, as did one of his father's pupils, a Czech harpist.[9]

Even at an early age, Richter was an excellent sight-reader and regularly practised with local opera and ballet companies. He developed a lifelong passion for opera, vocal and chamber music that found its full expression in the festivals he established in La Grange de Meslay, France, and in Moscow, at the Pushkin Museum. At age 15, he started to work at the Odessa Opera, where he accompanied the rehearsals.[10]

Early career
Richter, c. 1935

On March 19, 1934, Richter gave his first recital, at the Engineers' Club of Odessa; but he did not formally start studying piano until three years later, when he decided to seek out Heinrich Neuhaus, a pianist and piano teacher, at the Moscow Conservatory. During Richter's audition for Neuhaus (at which he performed Chopin's Ballade No. 4), Neuhaus apparently whispered to a fellow student, "This man's a genius." Although Neuhaus taught many pianists, including Emil Gilels and Radu Lupu, it is said that he considered Richter to be "the genius pupil, for whom he had been waiting all his life", while acknowledging that he taught Richter "almost nothing".

Early in his career, Richter also tried composition, and it even appears that he played some of his works during his audition for Neuhaus. He gave up composition shortly after moving to Moscow. Years later, Richter explained this decision as follows: "Perhaps the best way I can put it is that I see no point in adding to all the bad music in the world".[11]

By the beginning of World War II, Richter's parents' marriage had failed and his mother had fallen in love with another man. Because Richter's father was a German, he was under suspicion by the authorities and a plan was made for the family to flee the country. Due to her romantic involvement, his mother did not want to leave and so they remained in Odessa. In August 1941, his father was arrested and later found guilty of espionage, being sentenced to death on October 6, 1941. Richter did not speak to his mother again until shortly before her death nearly 20 years later in connection with his first US tour.

In 1943, Richter met Nina Dorliak (1908–1998), an operatic soprano. He noticed Dorliak during the memorial service for Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko, caught up with her at the street and suggested to accompany her in recital. It is often alleged that they married around this time, but in fact Dorliak only obtained a marriage certificate a few months after Richter's death in 1997.[12] They remained living companions from around 1945 until Richter's death; they had no children.[13][14] Dorliak accompanied Richter both in his complex private life and career. She supported him in his final illness, and died herself less than a year later, on May 17, 1998.

It was rumored that Richter was homosexual and that having a female companion provided a social front for his true sexual orientation, because homosexuality was widely taboo at that time and could result in legal repercussions.[15][16] Richter was an intensely private person and was usually quiet and withdrawn, and refused to give interviews. He never publicly discussed his personal life until the last year of his life when filmmaker Bruno Monsaingeon convinced him to be interviewed for a documentary.

Rise to international profile

In 1949, Richter won the Stalin Prize, which led to extensive concert tours in Russia, Eastern Europe and China. He gave his first concerts outside the Soviet Union in Czechoslovakia in 1950.[17] In 1952, Richter was invited to play Franz Liszt in a film based on the life of Mikhail Glinka, called The Composer Glinka (remake of the 1946 film Glinka). The title role was played by Boris Smirnov.

On February 18, 1952, Richter made his sole appearance as a conductor in the world premiere of Prokofiev's Symphony-Concerto for Cello and Orchestra in E minor, with Mstislav Rostropovich as the soloist.[18]

In April 1958, Richter was on the jury of the first Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow. Watching Van Cliburn's performance of Rachmaninoff's Concerto No. 3, Richter wept with joy. He awarded Cliburn a 25—a perfect score.

In 1960, even though he had a reputation for being "indifferent" to politics, Richter defied the authorities when he performed at Boris Pasternak's funeral.[19]

Having received the Stalin and Lenin prizes and become People's Artist of the RSFSR, he gave his first tour concerts in the US in 1960, and in England and France in 1961.[20]

Touring and recording

In 1948, Richter and Dorliak gave recitals in Bucharest, Romania, then in 1950 performed in Prague and Bratislava, Czechoslovakia. In 1954, Richter gave recitals in Budapest, Hungary. In 1956, he again toured Czechoslovakia, then in 1957, he toured China, then again performed in Prague, Sofia, and Warsaw. In 1958, Richter recorded Prokofiev's 5th Piano Concerto with the Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra under the baton of Witold Rowicki – the recording which made Richter known in the United States. In 1959, Richter made another successful recording of Rachmaninoff's 2nd Piano Concerto with the Warsaw Philharmonic on Deutsche Grammophon label. Thus the West first became aware of Richter through recordings made in the 1950s. One of Richter's first advocates in the West was Emil Gilels, who stated during his first tour of the United States that the critics (who were giving Gilels rave reviews) should "wait until you hear Richter."[21]

Richter's first concerts in the West took place in May 1960, when he was allowed to play in Finland, and on October 15, 1960, in Chicago, where he played Brahms's 2nd Piano Concerto with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and Erich Leinsdorf, creating a sensation. In a review, Chicago Tribune music critic Claudia Cassidy, who was known for her unkind reviews of established artists, recalled Richter first walking on stage hesitantly, looking vulnerable (as if about to be "devoured"), but then sitting at the piano and dispatching "the performance of a lifetime".[22] Richter's 1960 tour of the United States culminated in a series of concerts at Carnegie Hall.[23]

Richter disliked performing in the United States.[24] Following a 1970 incident at Carnegie Hall in New York City, when Richter's performance alongside David Oistrakh was disrupted by anti-Soviet protests, Richter vowed never to return.[21] Rumors of a planned return to Carnegie Hall surfaced in the last years of Richter's life, although it is not clear whether there was any truth behind them.[25]

In 1961, Richter played for the first time in London. His first recital, pairing works of Haydn and Prokofiev, was received with hostility by British critics. Neville Cardus concluded that Richter's playing was "provincial", and wondered why Richter had been invited to play in London, given that London had plenty of "second class" pianists of its own. Following a July 18, 1961, concert, where Richter performed both of Liszt's piano concertos, the critics reversed course.[26]

In 1963, after searching in the Loire Valley, France, for a venue suitable for a music festival, Richter discovered La Grange de Meslay, several kilometres north of Tours. The festival was established by Richter and became an annual event.

In 1970, Richter visited Japan for the first time, traveling across Siberia by railway and ship as he disliked flying. He played Beethoven, Schumann, Mussorgsky, Prokofiev, Bartók and Rachmaninoff, as well as works by Mozart and Beethoven with Japanese orchestras. He visited Japan eight times.

Later years

While he very much enjoyed performing for an audience, Richter hated planning concerts years in advance, and in later life took to playing at very short notice in small, most often darkened halls, with only a small lamp lighting the score. Richter said that this setting helped the audience focus on the music being performed, rather than on extraneous and irrelevant matters such as the performer's grimaces and gestures.[27]

Career

In 1981, Richter initiated the international musical festival December nights, held in the Pushkin Museum, which after his death in 1997 was renamed December Nights of Sviatoslav Richter. In 1986, Richter embarked on a six-month tour of Siberia with his beloved Yamaha piano, giving perhaps 150 recitals, at times performing in small towns that did not even have a concert hall. It is said that after one such concert, the members of the audience, who had never before heard classical music performed, gathered in the middle of the hall and started swaying from side to side to celebrate the performer.[28] It is said that in his last years, Richter contemplated giving concerts free of charge (although he never actually did so).[29]

An anecdote illustrates Richter's approach to performance in the last decade of his life. After reading a biography of Charlemagne (he was an avid reader), Richter had his secretary send a telegram to the director of the theater in Aachen, Charlemagne's favoured residence city and his burial place, stating "The Maestro has read a biography of Charlemagne and would like to play at Aquisgrana (Aachen)". The performance took place shortly thereafter.[30]

Richter's grave

As late as 1995, Richter continued to perform some of the most demanding pieces in the pianistic repertoire, including Ravel's Miroirs cycle, Prokofiev's Second Sonata and Chopin's études, Ballade No. 4, and Schumann's Toccata.[31][32]

Richter's last recorded orchestral performance was of three Mozart concerti in 1994 with the Japan Shinsei Symphony Orchestra conducted by his old friend Rudolf Barshai.[33]

Richter's last recital was a private gathering in Lübeck, Germany, on March 30, 1995. The program consisted of two Haydn sonatas and Reger's Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Beethoven, a piece for two pianos, which Richter performed with pianist Andreas Lucewicz.[34]

Richter died at Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow from a heart attack on August 1, 1997, aged 82. He had been suffering from depression due to an inability to perform caused by changes in his hearing that altered his perception of pitch.[35] At the time of his death, he was rehearsing Schubert's Fünf Klavierstücke, D. 459.[36]

Repertoire

As Richter once put it, "My repertory runs to around eighty different programs, not counting chamber works."[37] His repertoire ranged from Handel and Bach to Tchaikovsky, Scriabin, Szymanowski, Berg, Webern, Stravinsky, Bartók, Hindemith, Britten, and Gershwin.

Richter worked tirelessly to learn new pieces. For instance, in the late 1980s, he learned Brahms's Paganini and Handel Variations, and in the 1990s, several of Debussy's études and pieces by Gershwin, and works by Bach and Mozart that he had not previously included in his programs.

Central to his repertoire were the works of Schubert, Schumann, Beethoven, J. S. Bach, Chopin, Liszt, Prokofiev and Debussy.[38] He is said to have learned and memorized the second book of Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier in one month.[39]

He gave the premiere of Prokofiev's Sonata No. 7, which he learned in four days, and No. 9, which Prokofiev dedicated to Richter. Apart from his solo career, he also performed chamber music with partners such as Mstislav Rostropovich, Rudolf Barshai, David Oistrakh, Oleg Kagan, Yuri Bashmet, Natalia Gutman, Zoltán Kocsis, Elisabeth Leonskaja, Benjamin Britten and members of the Borodin Quartet. Richter also often accompanied singers such as Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Peter Schreier, Galina Pisarenko and his wife and long-time artistic companion Nina Dorliak.[40]

Richter also conducted the premiere of Prokofiev's Symphony-Concerto for cello and orchestra. This was his sole appearance as a conductor. The soloist was Rostropovich, to whom the work was dedicated. Prokofiev also wrote his 1949 Cello Sonata in C for Rostropovich, and he and Richter premiered it in 1950. Richter himself was a passable cellist, and Rostropovich was a good pianist; at one concert in Moscow at which he accompanied Rostropovich on the piano, they exchanged instruments for part of the program.

Approach to performance

Richter explained his approach to performance as follows: "The interpreter is really an executant, carrying out the composer's intentions to the letter. He doesn't add anything that isn't already in the work. If he is talented, he allows us to glimpse the truth of the work that is in itself a thing of genius and that is reflected in him. He shouldn't dominate the music, but should dissolve into it."[41] Or, similarly: "I am not a complete idiot, but whether from weakness or laziness have no talent for thinking. I know only how to reflect: I am a mirror ... Logic does not exist for me. I float on the waves of art and life and never really know how to distinguish what belongs to the one or the other or what is common to both. Life unfolds for me like a theatre presenting a sequence of somewhat unreal sentiments; while the things of art are real to me and go straight to my heart."[42]

Richter's belief that musicians should "carry ... out the composer's intentions to the letter", led him to be critical of others and, most often, himself.[41] After attending a recital of Murray Perahia, where Perahia performed Chopin's Third Piano Sonata without observing the first movement repeat, Richter asked him backstage to explain the omission.[43] Similarly, after Richter realized that he had been playing a wrong note in Bach's Italian Concerto for decades, he insisted that the following disclaimer/apology be printed on a CD containing a performance thereof: "Just now Sviatoslav Richter realized, much to his regret, that he always made a mistake in the third measure before the end of the second part of the 'Italian Concerto'. As a matter of fact, through forty years – and no musician or technician ever pointed it out to him – he played 'F-sharp' rather than 'F'. The same mistake can be found in the previous recording made by Maestro Richter in the fifties."[44]

Recordings
External video
Richter performing live (London, 1989) Chopin's 12 Études, Op. 10 and 12 Études, Op. 25

Despite his large discography, Richter disliked making studio recordings,[45] and most of his recordings originate from live performances. Thus, his live recitals from Moscow (1948), Warsaw (1954 and 1972), Sofia (1958), New York City (1960), Leipzig (1963), Aldeburgh (multiple years), la Grange de Meslay near Tours (multiple years), Prague (multiple years), Salzburg (1977) and Amsterdam (1986), are considered among the finest documents of his playing, as are other live recordings issued during his lifetime and since his death on labels including Music & Arts, BBC Legends, Philips, Russia Revelation, Parnassus, and Ankh Productions.

Other critically acclaimed live recordings by Richter include performances of Scriabin's selected études, preludes and sonatas (multiple performances), Schumann's C major Fantasy (multiple performances), Beethoven's Appassionata Sonata (Moscow, 1960), Schubert's B-flat Sonata (multiple performances), Ravel's Miroirs (Prague, 1965), Liszt's B minor Sonata (multiple performances, 1965–66), Beethoven's Hammerklavier Sonata (multiple performances, 1975) and selected preludes by Rachmaninoff (multiple performances) and Debussy (multiple performances).[46]

Despite his professed aversion for the studio, Richter took the recording process seriously.[47] For instance, after a long recording session for Schubert's Wanderer Fantasy, for which he had used a Bösendorfer piano, Richter listened to the tapes and, dissatisfied with his performance, told the recording engineer "Well, I think we'll remake it on the Steinway after all".[48] Similarly, during a recording session for Schumann's Toccata, Richter reportedly chose to play this piece (which Schumann himself considered "among the most difficult pieces ever written")[49] several times in a row, without taking any breaks, in order to preserve the spontaneity of his interpretation.

According to Falk Schwartz and John Berrie's 1983 article "Sviatoslav Richter – A Discography",[50] in the 1970s, Richter announced his intention of recording his complete solo repertoire "on some 50 discs". This "complete" Richter project did not come to fruition, however, although twelve LPs worth of recordings were made between 1970 and 1973 and were subsequently reissued (in CD format) by Olympia (various composers, 10 CDs) and RCA Victor (Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier).

In 1961, Richter's RCA Victor recording with Erich Leinsdorf and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra of the Brahms Piano Concerto No. 2 won the Grammy Award for Best Classical Performance – Concerto or Instrumental Soloist. That recording is still considered a landmark (despite Richter's dissatisfaction with it),[51] as are his studio recordings of Schubert's Wanderer Fantasy, Liszt's two Piano Concertos, Rachmaninoff's Second Piano Concerto and Schumann's Toccata, among many others.[52]

In film

Richter appeared in a 1952 Soviet film, playing Liszt in Kompozitor Glinka (The Composer Glinka; Russian: Композитор Глинка).

Reception

Memorable statements about Richter

The Italian critic Piero Rattalino has asserted that the only pianists comparable to Richter in the history of piano performance were Franz Liszt and Ferruccio Busoni.[53]

Glenn Gould called Richter "one of the most powerful communicators the world of music has produced in our time".[54]

Nathan Milstein described Richter in his memoir From Russia to the West as the following: "Richter was certainly a marvelous pianist but not as impeccable as he was reputed to be. His music making was too dry for me. In Richter's interpretation of Ravel's Jeux d'eau, instead of flowing water you hear frozen icicles."[55]

Van Cliburn attended a Richter recital in 1958 in the Soviet Union. He reportedly wept during the recital and, upon returning to the United States, described Richter's playing as "the most powerful piano playing I have ever heard".[56]

Arthur Rubinstein described his first exposure to Richter as follows: "It really wasn't anything out of the ordinary. Then at some point I noticed my eyes growing moist: tears began rolling down my cheeks."[54]

Heinrich Neuhaus described Richter as follows: "His singular ability to grasp the whole and at the same time miss none of the smallest details of a composition suggests a comparison with an eagle who from his great height can see as far as the horizon and yet single out the tiniest detail of the landscape."[57]

Dmitri Shostakovich wrote of Richter: "Richter is an extraordinary phenomenon. The enormity of his talent staggers and enraptures. All the phenomena of musical art are accessible to him."[58]

Vladimir Sofronitsky proclaimed that Richter was a "genius", prompting Richter to respond that Sofronitsky was a "god".[59]

Vladimir Horowitz said: "Of the Russian pianists, I like only one, Richter."[60]

Pierre Boulez wrote of Richter: "His personality was greater than the possibilities offered to him by the piano, broader than the very concept of complete mastery of the instrument."[61]

Marlene Dietrich, who was Richter's friend, wrote in her autobiography, Marlene: "One evening the audience sat around him on the stage. While he was playing a piece, a woman directly behind him collapsed and died on the spot. She was carried out of the hall. I was deeply impressed by this incident and thought to myself: “What an enviable fate, to die while Richter is playing! What a strong feeling for the music this woman must have had when she breathed out her life!” But Richter did not share this opinion, he was shaken".

Gramophone critic Bryce Morrison described Richter as follows: "Idiosyncratic, plain-speaking, heroic, reserved, lyrical, virtuosic and perhaps above all, profoundly enigmatic, Sviatoslav Richter remains one of the greatest recreative artists of all time."[62]

Memorable statements by Richter

On listening to Bach: "It does no harm to listen to Bach from time to time, even if only from a hygienic standpoint."[63]

On Scriabin: "Scriabin isn't the sort of composer whom you'd regard as your daily bread, but is a heavy liqueur on which you can get drunk periodically, a poetical drug, a crystal that's easily broken."[64]

On picking small venues for performance: "Put a small piano in a truck and drive out on country roads; take time to discover new scenery; stop in a pretty place where there is a good church; unload the piano and tell the residents; give a concert; offer flowers to the people who have been so kind as to attend; leave again."[65]

On his plan to perform without a fee: "Music must be given to those who love it. I want to give free concerts; that's the answer."[66]

On Neuhaus: "I learned a lot from him, even though he kept saying that there was nothing he could teach me. Music is written to be played and listened to and has always seemed to me to be able to manage without words... This was exactly the case with Heinrich Neuhaus. In his presence I was almost always reduced to total silence. This was an extremely good thing, as it meant that we concentrated exclusively on the music. Above all, he taught me the meaning of silence and the meaning of singing. He said I was incredibly obstinate and did only what I wanted to. It's true that I've only ever played what I wanted. And so he left me to do as I liked."[67]

On playing: "I don't play for the audience, I play for myself, and if I derive any satisfaction from it, then the audience, too, is content."[68]

After playing some Haydn for a television programme whilst touring in the US, Richter said, after much coaxing by the interviewer and embarrassment on his own part, that Haydn was "better than Mozart".

Honours and awards
  • Stalin Prize (1950);
  • People's Artist of the RSFSR (1955);
  • Grammy Award (1960);
  • Lenin Prize (1961);
  • People's Artist of the USSR (1961);
  • Robert Schumann Prize of the City of Zwickau (1968);
  • Honorary Doctor of the University of Strasbourg (1977);
  • Léonie Sonning Music Prize (1986; Denmark);
  • Hero of Socialist Labour (1975);
  • Three Orders of Lenin (1965, 1975, 1985);
  • Order of the October Revolution (1980);
  • Glinka State Prize of the RSFSR (1987) – for concert programmes in 1986, performed in the cities of Siberia and the Far East;
  • Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 4th class (1995);
  • Russian Federation State Prize (1996);
  • Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters (France);
  • Doctor of Music, honoris causa Oxford University;[69]
  • Voted into the Gramophone Hall of Fame in 2012;[70]
  • A minor planet, 9014 Svyatorichter, was named after him.[71]

References
  1. Russian: Святослав Теофилович Рихтер, tr. Sviatoslav Teofilovich Rikhter, IPA: [svʲɪtɐsˈɫaf tʲɪɐˈfʲiləvʲɪtɕ ˈrʲixtər]
  2. Time. Francis Merson, "The 10 Greatest Pianists of All Time – 3. Sviatoslav Richter (1915–1997)", July 5, 2012. Retrieved on August 11, 2020.
  3. Wigler, Stephen (February 11, 1996). "Richter's genius still commanding tributes Tuned up: Two new collections are superior to last year's 21-CD salute to the pianist from Philips Records". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
  4. Great Pianists of the 20th Century
  5. "The 20 Greatest Pianists of all time". Classical Music. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
  6. Mellor, David. "The genius of Sviatoslav Richter". Classic FM. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
  7. Fanning, David (2001). "Sviatoslav (Teofilovich) Richter". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5. ‎
  8. Valentina Chemberdzhi (2004). About Richter in His Own Words. — Moscow: Agraf, pp. 217—226 ISBN 978-5-17-101111-6
  9. Monsaingeon 2001, pp. 12–14
  10. Monsaingeon 2001, p. 20
  11. Kevin Bazzana – Sviatoslav Richter (1915–1997), Notes to Richter in Leipzig, Music & Arts CD 1025.
  12. Rasmussen, Karl (2010). Sviatoslav Richter Pianist. Lebanon NH: Northeastern University Press. p. 260. ISBN 978-1-55553-710-4.
  13. Dmitry Dorliak, Andrei Zolotov (2005). Transiences of Sviatoslav Richter. — Moscow: Khudoznik i kniga, p. 5 ISBN 978-5-901685-95-2
  14. "In a Duo with Richter" by Nina Dorliak // Remembering Sviatoslav Richter. Sviatoslav Richter Through the Eyes of Colleagues, Friends and Admirers (2000). — Moscow: Konstanta, pp. 68–70 ISBN 978-5-93123-010-8
  15. Benjamin Ivry (January 5, 2005). "from Russia with (forbidden) love". salon. Retrieved September 8, 2007.
  16. letter from Nicolas Nabokov to Igor Stravinsky, February 3, 1963, Stravinsky, selected correspondence, Vol II ISBN 978-0-394-52813-7 "We are writing to you from a concert by Sviatoslav Richter, who is playing Bach and Schubert brilliantly. He is a flaming fag."
  17. "Sviatoslav Richter Chronology – 1950". trovar.com. February 22, 2001. Archived from the original on March 24, 2007. Retrieved September 8, 2007.
  18. Liner notes for Deutsche Grammophon 449 821–2
  19. Coleman, Alexander (October 1997). "Sviatoslav Richter, 1915–1997". The New Criterion. 16 (2). Archived from the original on March 19, 2006. Retrieved September 8, 2007.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  20. Vadim Mogilnitsky, "Sviatoslav Richter" / Вадим Могильницкий, из книги "Святослав Рихтер", (see link: http://www.sviatoslavrichter.ru/chronograph.php)
  21. Michael Kimmelman (June 22, 1997). "The Reputation Is Legendary, The Playing Unpredictable". The New York Times. Retrieved August 28, 2007.
  22. Claudia Cassidy, Chicago Tribune, 1960.
  23. http://www.trovar.com/str/dates/a1960.html Archived April 8, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  24. "America is standardized. It's all the same. I don't like it" says Richer in Monsaingeon's documentary "Richter, The Enigma", op.cit.
  25. Kevin Bazzana – Sviatoslav Richter (1915–1997), Notes to Richter in Leipzig, Music & Arts CD 1025
  26. David Fanning, Notes to Sviatoslav Richter performs Chopin and Liszt, BBC Legends CD 2000.
  27. Monsaingeon, p. 108, "That's why I now play in the dark, to empty my head of all non-essential thoughts and allow the listener to concentrate on the music rather than on the performer. What's the point of watching a pianist's hands or face, when they only express the efforts being expended on the piece?"
  28. Transsiberian Express, Le Monde de la musique, May 1989.
  29. Kevin Bazzana – Sviatoslav Richter (1915–1997); Bruno Monsaingeon: Introduction to Sviatoslav Richter – Notebooks and Conversations p. XX.
  30. Piero Rattalino, Sviatoslav Richter – Il Visionario.
  31. "Sviatoslav Richter Recital, Museo Del Prado, Madrid". Sviatoslav Richter Chronology. trovar.com. February 16, 1995. Retrieved September 8, 2007.
  32. "Sviatoslav Richter Recital, Santuario de la Bien Aparecida, Santander, Spain". Sviatoslav Richter Chronology. trovar.com. January 18, 1995. Retrieved September 8, 2007.
  33. "Sviatoslav Richter Chronology - 1994". Archived from the original on November 9, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2008.
  34. "Sviatoslav Richter Chronology – 1995".
  35. Monsaignon
  36. Richter International Piano Competition
  37. Monsaingeon, p. 143.
  38. Monsaingeon, pp. 383–406.
  39. Monsaingeon, p. 48
  40. Monsaingeon, p. 413.
  41. Monsaingeon, p. 153.
  42. Mervyn Horder (May 1994). "A Richter Rehearsal at the Barbican". Contemporary Review. Retrieved September 8, 2007.
  43. Monsaingeon, p. 313 ("When I asked him why he didn't do the repeat of the exposition in the B minor Sonata, he seemed surprised and exclaimed 'But no one does it'".).
  44. Richter's comment on inner sleeve of Stradivarius CD 33323.
  45. Falk Schwartz & John Berrie, Sviatoslav Richter – A Discography, Recorded Sound, July 1983 ("[Richter] repeated[ly] assert[s] that he dislikes the recording studio").
  46. "Review Digest for Performances by Sviatoslav Richter". ClassicsToday. Retrieved September 8, 2007.
  47. Falk Schwartz & John Berrie, Sviatoslav Richter – A Discography, Recorded Sound, July 1983.
  48. Arnold, Sue (March 11, 2001). "I've already found my programme of the year – all five hours of it". The Guardian. London. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
  49. Robert Schumann's correspondence, about 1832
  50. Recorded Sound, July 1983.
  51. Bruno Monsaingeon, Sviatoslav Richter – Notebooks and Conversations, p. 108 ("There was also the recording of Brahms's Second Concerto with Erich Leinsdorf, one of my worst records, even though people still praise it to the skies. I can't bear it.")
  52. See, e.g., www.classicstoday.com.
  53. See Piero Rattalino, Pianisti e Fortisti, Il terzo Uomo ("How many pianists can claim today to be at [Richter's] level? How many are his peers, in the whole history of piano playing? Although I may appear unduly selective, only two names come to mind: Franz Liszt and Feruccio Busoni. The first was born in 1811; the second in 1866, fifty-one years later. And Richter was born in 1915, forty-nine years after Busoni.).
  54. Bruno Monsaingeon, The Enigma (film biography of Richter).
  55. Milstein, Nathan. From Russia to the West the musical memoirs and reminiscences of Nathan Milstein. New York: H. Holt, 1990. p. 222
  56. "Year in Review — Arts & Culture". CNN. Archived from the original on December 19, 2008.
  57. Portrait of an Artist, by Heinrich Neuhaus, available at http://www.trovar.com/str/neuhaus.html
  58. Foreword to V.I. Delson, Sviatoslav Richter, Moscow 1961, partial translation available at "Sviatoslav Richter on SONY BMG Masterworks". Archived from the original on July 20, 2008. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
  59. "Владимир Софроницкий". www.sofronitsky.ru. Archived from the original on July 15, 2010.
  60. Harold C. Schonberg, Horowitz – His Life and Music, Simon & Schuster, 1992.
  61. The Music Room, Richter International Piano Competition
  62. Bryce Morrison, Gramophone review of Sviatoslav Richter's Schumann EMI CD 62961.
  63. Monsaingeon, p. 196.
  64. Monsaingeon, p. 267.
  65. Alain Lompech – A Free Spirit Among Artists, A Protean Pianist, Notes to Richter Performs Beethoven, Philips 438 624–2.
  66. Bruno Monsaingeon: Introduction to Sviatoslav Richter – Notebooks and Conversations p. XX.
  67. Monsaingeon, p.28/9.
  68. Monsaingeon, p.61.
  69. http://www.trovar.com/str/dates/OXFORD.htm.
  70. "Sviatoslav Richter (pianist)". Gramophone. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
  71. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (5th ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. p. 675. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.

Further reading
  • Hunt, John (2009). Sviatoslav Richter: Pianist of the Century. Discography. London: Travis & Emery. ISBN 978-1-901395-99-0.
  • Monsaingeon, Bruno (2001). Sviatoslav Richter: Notebooks and Conversations. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-571-20553-0.
  • Monsaingeon, Bruno (1998), Richter, the Enigma. Video interview-documentary. OCLC 41148757
  • Rasmussen, Karl Aage (2007). Svjatoslav Richter – Pianist. Copenhagen: Gyldendal. ISBN 978-87-02-03430-1.
  • Rasmussen, Karl Aage (2010). Szvjatoszlav Richter – A zongorista. Budapest: Rozsavolgyi es Tarsa. ISBN 978-963-87764-8-8.
  • Rasmussen, Karl Aage (2010). Sviatoslav Richter – Pianist. Boston: Northeastern University Press. ISBN 978-1-55553-710-4.
  • Rattalino, Piero (2005). Sviatoslav Richter: Il Visionario. Zecchini Editore. ISBN 978-88-87203-35-6.
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