Turkish population

The Turkish population refers to the number of ethnic Turkish people in the world. During the Seljuk (1037–1194) and Ottoman (1299–1923) eras, ethnic Turks were settled across the lands conquered by the two empires. In particular, the Turkification of Anatolia (modern Turkey) was the result of the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 and the formation of the Sultanate of Rum. Thereafter, the Ottomans continued Turkish expansion throughout the regions around the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Consequently, today the Turkish people form a majority in Turkey and Northern Cyprus. There are also significant Turkish minorities who still live in the Balkans, the Caucasus, the Middle East and the Levant, and North Africa.

The Turkish people are scattered throughout the former Ottoman Empire. Today they form a majority in Turkey and Northern Cyprus. There are also significant Turkish minorities in Balkans, the Caucasus, and the Arab world.

More recently, the Turkish people have emigrated from their traditional areas of settlement for various reasons, forming a large diaspora. From the mid-twentieth century onwards, unskilled workers from Turkey settled mainly in German and French speaking countries of Western Europe, in contrast, a "brain drain" of skilled workers from Turkey migrated mostly to North America. Moreover, ethnic Turks from other traditional areas of Turkish settlement have emigrated mostly due to political reasons. For example, the Meskhetian Turks were deported to Central Asia from Georgia in 1944; Turkish Cypriots have emigrated mostly as refugees to the English-speaking world during the Cyprus conflict and its immediate aftermath; Cretan Turks have significant populations in the Arab world as a result of being expelled from Greece; etc..

Traditional areas of Turkish settlement

Turkish majorities
The 1965 Turkish census was the last census in which people were asked about their mother tongue. This map shows the distribution of people who spoke Turkish during this period.
Prior to the Cyprus dispute Turkish Cypriots lived throughout the island of Cyprus. However, the 1974 Cypriot coup d'état initiated by the Greek military junta, which sought to annex the island to Greece, prompted the Turkish invasion of Cyprus followed by the declaration of the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus. Since the establishment of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in 1983 the majority of Turkish Cypriots live mostly in the northern region of the island. The break-away state remains internationally unrecognised, except by Turkey.
CountryOfficial State census figuresOther estimatesConstitution recognitionSee also
 TurkeyN/A. The Turkish census collects data on country of birth but does not collect data on ethnicity.60,000,000 – 65,000,000[1][2]The Turkish language is the official language of the Republic of Turkey, under Article 3 of the 1982 Turkish constitution.Turkish people
 Northern Cyprus286,257 (2011 Turkish Cypriot census)[3]300,000[4]-500,000 [5] (includes Turkish Cypriots and recent Turkish settlers)
According to Article 2(2) of the 1985 constitution of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is only recognised by Turkey, the Turkish language is the sole official language of the break-away state.[6]Turkish Cypriots

Turkish "communities"
CountryOfficial State census figuresOther estimatesConstitution recognitionSee also
 Cyprus1,128 (2011 Cypriot Census)[7]2,000 Turkish Cypriots remain in the internationally recognized southern region of the Republic of Cyprus.[8]Under Article 2 of the Cypriot constitution the Turkish Cypriots, alongside the Greek Cypriots, form one of the two "Communities" in Cyprus. The Turkish Cypriots are therefore recognised as equal participants of the Republic rather than as a minority. Furthermore, under Article 3, the Greek and Turkish languages are the two official languages of Cyprus.[9]
Despite President Makarios III's attempt to amend the constitution and the aim to weaken the rights of Turkish Cypriots, under the 1963 Akritas plan, the original 1960 constitution is still legally in force today.		Turkish Cypriots

Turkish minorities

Turkish minorities in the Balkans
Map of the Turkish population in Bulgaria. According to the 2011 Bulgarian census the Turks make up a majority in the Kardzhali Province (66.2%) and the Razgrad Province (50.02%).
According to the 2011 census of Kosovo the Turks make up a majority in Mamuša (93.1%).
According to the 2002 census of the Republic of Macedonia the Turks make up a majority in the Centar Župa Municipality (80.2%) and the Plasnica Municipality (97.8%).
According to the 2011 census of Romania the Turks make up a majority in Dobromir (61.93%) located in the Constanța County.
CountryOfficial State census figuresOther estimatesConstitutional recognition/Minority statusFurther informationLists of Turks by country
 Bosnia and Herzegovina267 (1991 Bosnian census)[10]50,000[11][12] The Turkish language is officially recognized as a minority language, in accordance with the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, under Article 2, paragraph 2, of the 2010 ratification.[13]Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Bulgaria588,318 (2011 Bulgarian census)[14]750,000[11]The Bulgarian constitution of 1991 does not mention any ethnic minorities and the Bulgarian language is the sole official language of the State. However, in accordance with Article 36(2), the Turkish minority has the right to study their own language alongside the compulsory study of the Bulgarian language. Moreover, under Article 54(1), the Turkish minority have the right to "develop their culture in accordance with his ethnic identification".[15]Turks in BulgariaList of Bulgarian Turks
 Croatia367 (2011 Croatian census)[16]2,000[17]The Turks are officially recognised as a minority ethnic group, in accordance with the 2010 Constitution of Croatia.[18]Turks in Croatia
 Greece179,895 (1951 Greek census)[19][20][21]150,000[11]
(80,000[22] to 130,000 in Western Thrace,[23][24] 10,000[25] to 15,000 in Athens,[26] 5,000 in Rhodes and Kos,[27] and 5,000 in Thessaloniki)[26]		The Turks of Western Thrace have protected status to practice their religion and use the Turkish language, in accordance with the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. However, the other sizeable Turkish minorities in Greece have no official recognition.[28]Turks in Greece
 Kosovo18,738 (2011 Kosovar census)[29]30,000[30] to 50,000[11]The Turkish language is recognized as an official language in the municipalities of Prizren and Mamuša and has minority status in Gjilan, Pristina, Vučitrn, and Mitrovica.[31]Turks in Kosovo
 Republic of Macedonia77,959 (2002 Macedonian census)[32]170,000–200,000[33][34]Initially the 1988 draft constitution spoke of the "state of the Macedonian people and the Albanian and Turkish minority". Once the 1991 constitution came into force the Turkish language was used officially where Turks formed a majority in the Centar Župa Municipality and the Plasnica Municipality. Since the 2001 amendment to the constitution, the Turkish language is officially used where Turks form at least 20% of the population and hence it is also an official language of Mavrovo and Rostuša.[35]Turks in Macedonia
 Montenegro104 (2011 Montenegrin census).[36]Turks in Montenegro
 Romania28,226 (2011 Romanian census)[37]55,000[38] to 80,000[39]The Turkish language is officially recognized as a minority language, in accordance with the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, under Part III of the 2007 ratification.[13]Turks in Romania
 Serbia647 (2011 Serbian census)[40]Turks in Serbia
TotalN/A1,300,000 (2011 estimate)[11]Turks in the Balkans

Turkish minorities in the Caucasus
The Meskheti region of Georgia had the largest Turkish population in Caucasus prior to the Second World War. In 1944 Joseph Stalin deported the Meskhetian Turkish minority to other parts of the Soviet Union, where they now form a large diaspora.
CountryOfficial State census figuresOther estimatesConstitutional recognition/ Minority statusFurther informationLists of Turks by country
 Abkhazia731 (2011 Abkhazian census)[41]15,000[42]Turks in Abkhazia
 ArmeniaTurkish minority N/A.
Although the USSR censuses recorded a small number of Turks: 19 in 1970,[43] 28 in 1979,[44] and 13 in 1989,[45] they were not recorded in the 2001 Armenian census.		Turks in Armenia
 AzerbaijanTurkish minority N/A.
The 2009 Azeri census recorded 38,000 Turks;[46] however, it does not distinguish between the Turkish minority (descendants of Ottoman settlers who remained in Azerbaijan), Meskhetian Turks who arrived after 1944, and recent Turkish arrivals.		19,000[47]
(Descendants of Ottomans settlers who remained in Azerbaijan only. This does not include the much larger Meskhetian Turkish and mainland Turkish arrivals who form a part of the diaspora)		Turks in Azerbaijan
 Georgia*Pre-World War II:
137,921 (1926 USSR Census).[48] The Turkish population was not recorded in later censuses; nonetheless, it is estimated that 200,000 Turks from Meskheti were deported to Central Asia in 1944.[48]
*Post-World War II:
The Meskhetian Turkish population in the USSR was published for the first in the 1970 census. However, by this point, the Turkish minority in Georgia had already diminished to several hundred due to the forced deportation of 1944.[48] There were 853 Turks in Georgia in 1970,[43] 917 in 1979,[44] and 1,375 in 1989.[45]
*Post-USSR:
Although a small number has returned to Georgia, they have not been recorded in the 2002 Georgian census.		1,500[49][50]Meskhetian Turks

Turkish minorities in the Levant
The Misak-ı Millî ("national oath") sought to include Turkish majority areas in the Mosul Vilayet (in Iraq) and the Aleppo Vilayet and the Zor Sanjak (in Syria) in the proposals for the new borders of a Turkish nation in 1920.
The majority of Iraqi Turks live in the so-called "Turkmeneli" region.
Turkish people form a majority in Kouachra and Aydamun, in the Akkar District of Lebanon.
CountryCensus figuresAlternate estimatesLegal recognitionFurther informationLists of Turks by country
 Iraq567,000 or 9% of the total Iraqi population (1957 census)[51][52][53][54]3,000,000 (Iraqi Ministry of Planning estimate, 2013)[55][56]In 1925 the Turks were recognised as a constitutive entity of Iraq, alongside the Arabs and Kurds, however, the minority were later denied this status.[57]

In 1997 the Iraqi Turkoman Congress adopted a Declaration of Principles, Article Three of which states the following: "The official written language of the Turkomans is Istanbul Turkish, and its alphabet is the new Latin alphabet."[58][59]		Iraqi TurkmensList of Iraqi Turks
 Israel55,700[60]280,000[61]N/ATurks in Israel
 JordanN/ATurkish minority:

Palestinian-Turkish refugees:
55,000 in Irbid[62]
5,000 near Amman[62]
5,000 in El-Sahne[62]
3,000 in El-Reyyan[62]
2,500 in El-Bakaa[62]
1,500 in El-Zerkaa[62]
1,500 in Sahab[62]		N/ATurks in JordanList of Jordanian Turks
 LebanonN/A80,000[63]
(plus 125,000 to 150,000 Syrian Turkmen refugees[64])		N/ATurks in LebanonList of Lebanese Turks
 PalestineN/Aest. West Bank: 35,000 to 40,000[65]
total Palestinian-Turkish community: est.400,000 to 500,000[66]		N/ATurks in Palestine
 SyriaN/A500,000–3.5 million[67][68][69][70]N/ASyrian TurkmensList of Syrian Turks

Turkish minorities in North Africa
CountryCensus figuresAlternate estimatesLegal recognitionFurther informationLists of Turks by country
 AlgeriaN/A5%[71] to 25% of Algeria's population[72]
600,000 to 2 million[71][73][74][75]
up to 9.5 million (including partial Turkish origin)		N/ATurks in AlgeriaList of Algerian Turks
 EgyptN/A1 to 1.2 million[76]
plus 100,000 Cretan Turks[77]		N/ATurks in EgyptList of Egyptian Turks
 Libya35,062 or 4.7% of Libya's population (1936 census)[78]
1,500,000[79]
plus 100,000 Cretan Turks[77]		N/ATurks in LibyaList of Libyan Turks
 TunisiaN/Aup to 25% of Tunisia's population[72]
estimates: 500,000[80]-2,000,000[81]		N/ATurks in TunisiaList of Tunisian Turks

Other Arab countries
CountryCensus figuresAlternate estimatesLegal recognitionFurther informationLists of Turks by country
 Saudi ArabiaN/A150,000[82]N/ATurks in Saudi ArabiaList of Saudi Arabian Turks
 YemenN/A10,000 to 100,000[83] or more than 200,000[82]N/ATurks in YemenList of Yemeni Turks

Turkish diasporas

Central Asia
CountryOfficial State census figuresOther estimatesFurther informationLists of Turks
 Kazakhstan97,015 (2009 Kazakh census)[84]150,000)[50]-180,000[49] (Meskhetian Turks only)Turks in Kazakhstan
 Kyrgyzstan38,878 (2009 Kyrgyz census)[85]50,000[86] to 70,000[87] (Meskhetian Turks only)Turks in Kyrgyzstan
 Tajikistan1,360 (2010 Tajik census)[88]Turks in Tajikistan
 Turkmenistan13,000 (2012 Turkmen census)[89]Turks in Turkmenistan
 Uzbekistan106,302 (1989 Uzbek census)[45]15,000[90]-38,000[49][91] (Meskhetian Turks only)Turks in Uzbekistan

Europe

In 2010 Boris Kharkovsky from the Center for Ethnic and Political Science Studies said that there was up to 15 million Turks living in the European Union.[92] According to Dr Araks Pashayan ten million "Euro-Turks" alone were living in Germany, France, the Netherlands and Belgium in 2012.[93] In addition, there are also significant Turkish communities living in Austria, the UK, Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein and the Scandinavian countries.

Turks make up the largest ethnic minority group in Austria, Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands.

CountryState census figures on Turkish ethnicityOther estimatesFurther informationLists of Turks
 AustriaN/A
The Austrian census does not collect data on ethnicity.		360,000 (2011 est. by the Initiative Minderheiten)[94]
400,000 (2010 est. by Ariel Muzicant)[95]
500,000 (est. by Andreas Mölzer)[96] 		Turks in AustriaList of Austrian Turks
 Belarus55 (1989 Belarusian Census)[45]
 BelgiumN/A
The Belgian census does not collect data on ethnicity.		Over 200,000 (2012 estimate by Professor Raymond Taras)[97]
250,000 (2019 estimate by Dr Altay Manço and Dr Ertugrul Taş)[98]		Turks in BelgiumList of Belgian Turks
 Czech Republic1,700[99]
 DenmarkN/A
The Danish census does not collect data on ethnicity.		70,000 (2008 estimate by the Danish Broadcasting Corporation)[100]Turks in Denmark
 Estonia544 (2011 Estonian census)[101]
 Finland10,000 (2010 estimate by Professor Zeki Kütük[102])Turks in Finland
 FranceN/A
The French census does not collect data on ethnicity.		1,000,000 (2010 estimate by Dr Jean-Gustave Hentz and Dr Michel Hasselmann)[103]
to over 1,000,000[104][105][106][107]		Turks in FranceList of French Turks
 GermanyN/A
The German census does not collect data on ethnicity.		at least 4,000,000[108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117] to over 7,000,000[118][119][120][121][122][105]Turks in GermanyList of German Turks
 Hungary1,565 (2001 Hungarian census)[123]2,500[124]Turks in Hungary
 Iceland68[125]
 IrelandN/A
The Irish census does not collect data on ethnicity.		3,000[126]Turks in Ireland
 ItalyN/A
The Italian census does not collect data on ethnicity.		30,000–50,000[127][128][129] (excluding the Turkish minority in Moena)Turks in Italy
 Latvia142[130]lv:Turki Latvijā
 Liechtenstein1,000[131]Turks in Liechtenstein
 Lithuania35[132]
 Luxembourg450[133]
 Malta53[134]
 MoldovaTurks in Moldova
 Monaco57[135]
 NetherlandsN/A
The Dutch census does not collect data on ethnicity.		500,000[136] to 2,000,000[137][138][139][140][141]Turks in the NetherlandsList of Dutch Turks
 NorwayN/A
The Norwegian census does not collect data on ethnicity.		16,000[142]Turks in Norway
 Poland5,000 (2013 estimate from the Institute of Public Affairs, Poland)[143]Turks in Poland
 Portugal1,363 (excluding naturalized citizens and people of Turkish origin)[144]
 RussiaRecorded 105,058 Turks and 4,825 Meskhetian Turks (2010 Russian census)[145]120,000–150,000[146]Turks in Russia
 Slovakia150[147]
 Slovenia259 (2002 Slovenian census)[148]
 SpainN/A
The Spanish census does not collect data on ethnicity.		4,000[149]Turks in Spain
 SwedenN/A
The Swedish census does not collect data on ethnicity.		100,000 (2009 estimate by the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs[150])
150,000 (2018 estimate by the Swedish Consul General[151])		 Turks in Sweden
 SwitzerlandN/A
The Swiss census does not collect data on ethnicity.		100,000[152]-120,000[153][154]Turks in SwitzerlandList of Swiss Turks
 Ukraine8,844 Turks and 336 Meskhetian Turks (2001 Ukrainian census)[155]10,000 (Meskhetian Turks only)[50]Turks in Ukraine
 United KingdomN/A500,000 (including 300,000–350,000 Turkish Cypriots)[156]Turks in the United KingdomList of British Turks

North America
CountryOfficial State census figuresOther estimatesFurther informationLists of Turks
 Canada63,955 (2016 Canadian census)[157]100,000 (2018 est. by Canadian Ambassador Chris Cooter)[158]
Over 100,000[159][160]
Plus 1,800 Turkish Cypriots[161]		Turkish CanadiansList of Turkish Canadians
 United States230,342 (2016 American Community Survey estimate)[162]More than 1,000,000 (2012 estimate by the former United States Secretary of Commerce John Bryson)[163][164]Turkish AmericansList of Turkish Americans

Oceania
CountryOfficial State census figuresOther estimatesFurther informationLists of Turks
 Australia66,919 (2011 census)[165]150,000[166] to 200,000[167]
Plus 40,000–120,000 Turkish Cypriots[161][168][169][170]		Turkish AustraliansList of Turkish Australians
 New Zealand957 (2013 census)[171]2,000–3,000[172]
Plus 1,600 Turkish Cypriots[161]		Turks in New Zealand

Other regions
CountryOfficial State census figuresOther estimatesFurther informationLists of Turks by country
 IndiaN/A. The Indian census collects data on country of birth but does not collect data on ethnicity. but Turk peoples in India Have their organisation to protect their culture, they are mainly reside in the area of west Uttar Pradesh (state) consisting district of Moradabad, Sambhal, Amroha, Rampur, Turks are in majority in Sambhal town about 50%–60%2,000[173]Turks in India
 Pakistan400Turks in Pakistan
 Peru12,000[174]
 Brazil 6,300[175]

References and notes
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  5. Cole 2011, p. 95.
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  7. "Population Enumerated with Cypriot Citizenship, By Ethnic/Religious Group, Age and Sex". Republic of Cyprus Statistics Service. 2001. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  8. Hatay, Mete (2007), "Is the Turkish Cypriot Population Shrinking?" (PDF), www.prio.no, International Peace Research Institute, p. 40, ISBN 978-82-7288-244-9, archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2011
  9. "The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus" (PDF). Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  10. "Population grouped according to ethnicity, by censuses 1961–1991". Federal Office of Statistics. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
  11. Cole, Jeffrey (2011), Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, pp. 367–368, ISBN 978-1-59884-302-6, Today Turkish/Muslim populations residing in the former European Turkey approximately amounts to 1.3 million, with roughly 50,000 in Bosnia- Herzegovina, 50,000 in Kosovo, 55,000 in Romania, 150,000 in Greece, 200,000 in the Republic of Macedonia, 750,000 in Bulgaria, and the rest living in various Balkan countries. This estimate does not included those citizens of Turkey who work and reside in the Balkans...
  12. Minahan, James (1998), Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 45, ISBN 978-0313306105
  13. "List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148". Council of Europe. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
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  15. Schwartz, Herman (2002), The Struggle for Constitutional Justice in Post-Communist Europe, University of Chicago Press, p. 184, ISBN 978-0226741963
  16. "Stanovništvo prema narodnosti, popisi 1971. – 2011" (in Croatian). Retrieved 22 November 2015.
  17. "Altepe'den Hırvat Müslümanlara moral". Zaman. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
  18. Anita Skelin Horvat. "Language Policy in Istria, Croatia –Legislation Regarding Minority Language Use" (PDF) (in Bulgarian). p. 51. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
  19. Ortakovski, Vladimir (2000), Minorities in the Balkans, Transnational Publishers, p. 187, ISBN 978-1571051295
  20. Clogg, Richard (2002), Minorities in Greece: Aspects of a Plural Society, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, p. xi, ISBN 978-1850657057
  21. Trudgill, Peter; Schreier, Daniel (2006), "Greece and Cyprus / Griechenland und Zypern", in Ulrich, Ammon (ed.), Sociolinguistics / Soziolinguistik, Walter de Gruyter, p. 1885, ISBN 978-3110199871
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  27. Clogg, Richard (2002), Minorities in Greece, Hurst & Co. Publishers, p. 84, ISBN 978-1-85065-706-4
  28. Trudgill & Schreier 2006, p. 1886.
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  38. Phinnemore, David (2006), The EU and Romania: accession and beyond, The Federal Trust for Education & Research, p. 157, ISBN 978-1-903403-78-5
  39. Constantin, Daniela L.; Goschin, Zizi; Dragusin, Mariana (2008), "Ethnic entrepreneurship as an integration factor in civil society and a gate to religious tolerance. A spotlight on Turkish entrepreneurs in Romania", Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, 7 (20): 59
  40. "Попис становништва, домаћинстава и станова 2011. у Републици Србији: Становништво према националној припадности" [Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011 in the Republic of Serbia: Population by National Affiliation] (PDF) (in Serbian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2013.
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  45. "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР" [The 1989 All-Union Census. National composition of the population in the republics of the USSR]. Демоскоп Weekly (in Russian). Retrieved 10 November 2009.
  46. "Population by ethnic groups". The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  47. Minahan, James (1998), Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 19, ISBN 978-0313306105, ...numbering about 19,000. The Turks are the remnant of a larger Turkish population that has mostly assimilated into Azeri culture since the seventeenth century, aided by the similarity between the Turkish and Azeri languages and cultures. Many of the Turks came to the region when Azerbaijan formed part of the Turkish Ottoman Empire. Unlike the majority of the Azeris, the Turks are mostly Sunni Muslim.
  48. Zisserman-Brodsky, Dina (2003), "The Relevant Nationalities-Basic Facts", Constructing Ethnopolitics in the Soviet Union: Samizdat, Deprivation and the Rise of Ethnic Nationalism, Pelgrave Macmillan, p. 214, ISBN 978-1403973627
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  50. Aydıngün, Ayşegül; Harding, Çiğdem Balım; Hoover, Matthew; Kuznetsov, Igor; Swerdlow, Steve (2006), "Meskhetian Turks: An Introduction to their History, Culture, and Resettlement Experiences" (PDF), www.cal.org, Center for Applied Linguistics, pp. 13–14, archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2007
  51. "Turkey and the Iraqi Kurds: Conflict or Cooperation?", Middle East Report N°81 –13 November 2008, International Crisis Group, 2008, archived from the original on 12 January 2011, Turkomans are descendents of Ottoman Empire-era soldiers, traders and civil servants... The 1957 census, Iraq’s last reliable count before the overthrow of the monarchy in 1958, put the country’s population at 6,300,000 and the Turkoman population at 567,000, about 9 per cent...Subsequent censuses, in 1967, 1977, 1987 and 1997, are all considered highly problematic, due to suspicions of regime manipulation.
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Further reading
  • Akgündüz, Ahmet (2008), Labour migration from Turkey to Western Europe, 1960–1974: A multidisciplinary analysis, Ashgate Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7546-7390-3.
  • Blagojević, Gordana (2007), Recent Turkish Migrants in Serbia and the Role of the Serbian-Turkish Friendship Association (PDF), Ethnographic Institute of the SASA, Belgrade.
  • Federation of Turkish Associations in the UK (2008), "BRIEF HISTORY OF THE FEDERATION OF TURKISH ASSOCIATIONS IN UK", www.turkishfederationuk.com, Federation of Turkish Associations in the UK, archived from the original on 4 March 2009, retrieved 24 October 2009
  • Extra, Guus; Gorter, Durk (2001), The other languages of Europe: demographic, sociolinguistic, and educational perspectives, Multilingual Matters, ISBN 978-1-85359-509-7.
  • Hunter, Shireen (2002), Islam, Europe's second religion: the new social, cultural, and political landscape, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-275-97609-5.
  • Karpat, Kemal H. (2002), Studies on Ottoman social and political history: selected articles and essays, BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-12101-0.
  • Karpat, Kemal H. (2004), Studies on Turkish Politics and Society: Selected Articles and Essays:Volume 94 of Social, economic, and political studies of the Middle East, BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-13322-8.
  • Kasaba, Reşat (2008), The Cambridge History of Turkey: Turkey in the Modern World, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-62096-3.
  • Kaya, Ayhan; Kentel, Ferhat (2004), "Euro-Turks: A Bridge, or a Breach, between Turkey and the European Union?" (PDF), www.osce.org, Istanbul Bilgi University.
  • Kibaroğlu, Mustafa; Kibaroğlu, Ayșegül; Halman, Talât Sait (2009). Global security watch Turkey: A reference handbook. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-34560-9..
  • Oustinova-Stjepanovic, Galina (2008), Religion and Politics of Sufi Turks in Macedonia A pre-field proposal (PDF), www.ucl.ac.uk: University College London
  • Scherrer, Christian P. (2003), Ethnicity, nationalism, and violence: conflict management, human rights, and multilateral regimes, Ashgate Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7546-0956-8.
  • TRNC PRIME MINISTRY STATE PLANNING ORGANIZATION (2006), TRNC GENERAL POPULATION AND HOUSING UNIT CENSUS (PDF), www.pekem.org: TRNC PRIME MINISTRY STATE PLANNING ORGANIZATION
  • Twigg, Stephen; Schaefer, Sarah; Austin, Greg; Parker, Kate (2005), Turks in Europe: Why are we afraid? (PDF), fpc.org.uk: The Foreign Policy Centre, ISBN 1903558794, archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2011
  • Vachudová, Milada Anna (2005), Europe Undivided: Democracy, Leverage, and Integration After Communism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-924119-4
  • Warrander, Gail; Knaus, Verena (2008), Bradt Travel Guide Kosovo, Springer, ISBN 978-0-306-47757-7.

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