380s

The 380s decade ran from January 1, 380, to December 31, 389.

Millennium: 1st millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
Categories:
  • Births
  • Deaths
  • Establishments
  • Disestablishments

Events

380

By place
Roman Empire
Europe
  • The Visigothic chieftain Fritigern dies after ravaging the Balkans; his rival Athanaric becomes king of the entire Gothic nation.
India
Pacific
  • Easter Island, in the south Pacific Ocean, has been occupied by Neolithic seafarers under Hotu Matu'a ("supreme chief"), who about this time begin to fortify the island.

By topic
Arts and sciences
  • Important works on mathematics and astronomy are written in Sanskrit.
Religion

381

By place
Roman Empire
  • Emperor Gratian moves the capital to Mediolanum (modern-day Milan). Because of his Christian beliefs, he eliminates Pontifex Maximus as Imperial title. Gratian also refuses the robe of office, insulting the pagan aristocrats of Rome.
  • The Gallic city of Cularo is renamed Gratianopolis (later Grenoble), in honor of Gratian having created a bishopric.
Europe
  • The Visigothic chieftain Athanaric becomes the first foreign king to visit the Eastern Roman capital of Constantinople. He negotiates a peace treaty with emperor Theodosius I that makes his people foederati in a state within a state. Athanaric dies 2 weeks later after an 18-year reign in which he has been undisputed king of all the Goths for just 1 year. The peace will continue until Theodosius's death in 395.
  • The Sciri ally themselves with the Huns.

By topic
Religion

382

By place
Roman Empire

By topic
Religion

383

By place
Britannia
  • Niall of the Nine Hostages becomes the first High King of Ireland.[2]
  • Hadrian's Wall, the northern Roman frontier in Britain, is overrun by the Picts and falls into ruin.
  • The Romans leave the region of Wales.
Roman Empire
  • January 19 – Arcadius is elevated to Emperor.[3]
  • Roman troops in Britain proclaim Magnus Maximus Emperor. He crosses over to the continent and makes Trier his capital.[4] Gaul, the Italian provinces and Hispania proclaim loyalty to him.
  • August 25 – Emperor Gratian, age 24, is assassinated at Lugdunum (modern-day Lyon), leaving a young widow Laeta. Pannonia and Africa maintain their allegiance to co-emperor Valentinian II, now 12, whose mother, Justina, rules in his name.
  • Emperor Theodosius I cedes Dacia and Macedonia to Valentinian II. They recognize Magnus Maximus as Augustus.
  • Theodosius I sends Flavius Stilicho as an envoy to the Persian court of King Shapur III at Ctesiphon, to negotiate a peace settlement relating to the partition of Armenia.
Asia
  • Battle of Feishui:[5] The Jin Dynasty defeats the Former Qin dynasty in Anhui.
  • King Ardashir II dies after a 4-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Shapur III.[6]

By topic
Religion

384

By place
Roman Empire
  • Magnus Maximus elevates his son Flavius Victor to the rank of Augustus.
  • Magnus Maximus returns to Britain, to aid the Roman army with the barbarian raids triggered by Maximus' withdrawal of troops to the continent.
  • The Forum of Theodosius ("Forum of the Bull") is built in Constantinople.
  • Quintus Aurelius Symmachus becomes urban prefect of Rome.
  • An edict of Theodosius I closes pagan temples in the Nile Valley (Egypt).
  • Stilicho marries Serena, adopted niece of Theodosius I.
Persia
  • King Shapur III signs a treaty with Theodosius I. Armenia is divided in two kingdoms, and becomes a vassal state of the Roman Empire and Persia. The friendly relations survive for 36 years.
Asia
  • King Chimnyu ascends to the throne of Baekje (Korea);[7] he welcomes the Indian Buddhist monk Marananta into his palace, and later declares Buddhism the official religion.
  • Gogugyang becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.[7]
China
  • The Battle of Fei River - Former Qin forces are defeated by the numerically inferior Eastern Jin army, preserving the Jin state in the south and precipitating the destruction of Former Qin in the north.

By topic
Religion
  • December 17 – Pope Siricius succeeds Damasus I as the 38th pope. He takes the title Pontifex Maximus, after it is relinquished by the late emperor Gratian.
  • Jerome, Christian prophet, writes his celebrated letter "De custodia virginitatis" (vow of virginity) to Eustochium, daughter of the ascetic Paula. He has by this time completed his Vulgate translation of the Gospels.
  • Ambrosius refuses the request of Empress Justina for a church in Milan, where she can worship according to her Arian belief.
  • A synod is held in Bordeaux (France).
  • The Gallaeci or Gallic woman Egeria concludes her Christian pilgrimage to the Holy Land at about this date; her narrative of it, the Itinerarium Egeriae, may be the earliest surviving formal writing by a woman in western European culture.[8]

385

By place
Roman Empire
  • The Roman synod exiles the prophet Jerome, who has incorporated ideas first propounded by the Roman statesman Cicero. He departs for Egypt, Bethlehem, and Jerusalem, accompanied by the Christian ascetic Paula, who will edit Jerome's translation of the Bible, which becomes the Latin Vulgate.[9]
Asia
  • Jinsa of Baekje becomes the 16th king of the ancient Korean kingdom of Baekje.[10]

By topic
Arts and Sciences
Religion
  • The Serapeum of Alexandria, one of the largest Greek temples in Egypt, is destroyed by a Christian mob. The precise date is disputed, with 391 sometimes given as the moment of final destruction.[11]
  • Theophilus becomes Patriarch of Alexandria.[12]
  • Pope Siricius issues the Directa Decretal, proclaiming the primacy of Rome and the priestly obligation of celibacy.[13]
  • Priscillian, Spanish bishop, is accused of Manichaeism and magic, and beheaded at Trier . He becomes the first person in the history of Christianity to be executed for heresy.[14]
Sport in the Roman Empire

386

By place
Roman Empire
  • Emperor Theodosius I signs a peace treaty with King Shapur III; they divide Armenia into two kingdoms (vassal states). The treaty establishes friendly relations between the Roman Empire and Persia for the next 36 years.
  • The Greuthungi cross the Danube to raid the Roman garrisons on the northern frontier. They are met midstream by a well-armed fleet, and their rafts and dugouts sink. Those not drowned are slaughtered.
  • Magnus Maximus invades Italy; he destroys Novara for supporting his rival Valentinian II.
  • Theodosius I begins to rebuild the present-day Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls.
  • A column is constructed at Constantinople in honour of Theodosius I. Reliefs depict the emperor's victory over the barbarians in the Balkan.
Asia
  • The Northern Wei Dynasty begins in China.[16] The Tuoba clan of the Xianbei tribe (proto-Mongol people) is politically separated from the Chinese dynasties established in Jiankang (modern Nanjing). The Northern Wei rulers are ardent supporters of Buddhism. Prince Dao Wu Di, age 15, becomes the first emperor (see Northern dynasties).

By topic
Religion
  • Saint Ambrose defends the rights of the Catholic Church with respect to those of the State.
  • Theodosius I is converted to Christianity.
  • John Chrysostom becomes a presbyter; he also writes eight Homilies entitled "Adversus Iudaeos" ("Against the Jews").
  • Augustine converts to Christianity. He ends his marriage plans after hearing a sermon on the life of Saint Anthony.
  • The fight in the Roman Empire against anti-pagan laws becomes increasingly futile.
  • Sumela Monastery is established in Asia Minor.

387

By place
Roman Empire
  • Spring – Emperor Theodosius I increases the taxes in Antioch. A peasant uprising leads to a riot, and public buildings are set afire. Theodosius sends imperial troops to quell the disturbance, and closes the public baths and theatres.
  • Magnus Maximus, usurping emperor of the West, invades Italy. Emperor Valentinian II, age 16, is forced out of Rome. He flees with his mother Justina and sisters to Thessaloniki (Thrace).
  • Winter – The widowed emperor Theodosius I takes Valentinian II under his protection, and marries his sister Flavia Galla.
Persia
  • Peace of Acilisene: King Shapur III signs a treaty with Theodosius I. Armenia is divided in two kingdoms, and becomes a vassal state of the Roman Empire and Persia.

By topic
Art and Science
  • Oribase, Greek doctor, publishes a treatise on paralysis and bleedings.
Religion

388

By place
Roman Empire
  • Battle of the Save: Emperor Theodosius I defeats Magnus Maximus near Emona (modern Slovenia). Theodosius is in command of an army including Goths, Huns and Alans. Valentinian II, now 17, is restored as Roman Emperor.
  • August 28 – Magnus Maximus surrenders at Aquileia, and is executed. Theodosius I devotes himself to gluttony and voluptuous living. Maximus' son Flavius Victor is executed at Trier, by Valentinian's magister militum Arbogast.
Persia
  • King Shapur III dies after a reign in which he has partitioned Armenia with the Roman Empire. He is succeeded by his son Bahram IV, who becomes the twelfth Sassanid king of Persia.
India

By topic
Religion

389

By place
Roman Empire

Significant people

Births

380

  • Aelia Eudoxia, empress and wife of Arcadius (approximate date)
  • Alexius, Eastern saint (approximate date)
  • Eucherius, bishop of Lyon (approximate date)
  • Eutyches, presbyter and archimandrite (approximate date)
  • Hephaestion of Thebes, Egyptian astrologer (approximate date)
  • Kālidāsa, Classical Sanskrit writer (approximate date)
  • Olympiodorus of Thebes, historical writer (approximate date)
  • Peter Chrysologus, bishop of Ravenna (approximate date)
  • Philip of Side, Christian church historian (approximate date)
  • Socrates of Constantinople, church historian (approximate date)

381

  • Helian Bobo, Chinese emperor of the Xiongnu state Xia (d. 425)

382

383

  • Lupus of Troyes, French bishop and saint (approximate date)

384

385

386

387

  • Vardan Mamikonian, Armenian military leader (d. 451)

388

  • Elpidius of Atella (or Elpidio), Christian bishop (d. 452)
  • Yao Hong, Chinese emperor of the Qiang state (d. 417)

389

Deaths

380

381

Saint Syrus of Genoa
  • Athanaric, king of the Visigoths
  • Saint Meletius, Patriarch of Antioch

382

383

  • May 30 – Isaac of Dalmatia, Byzantine Orthodox priest and saint
  • August 25 – Gratian, Roman Emperor (assassinated) (b. 359)[25]
  • October 21 – Ursula, Roman Christian martyr and saint
  • Ardashir II, Sassanid king (shah) ("King of Kings")
  • Flavia Maxima Constantia, daughter of Constantius II
  • Frumentius, Phoenician missionary and bishop[26]
  • Fu Rong, Chinese general and prime minister
  • Ulfilas (or Wulfila), Gothic missionary and bishop[27]

384

Saint Servatius of Tongeren
Pope Damasus I
  • Chu Suanzi, empress of the Jin Dynasty (b. 324)
  • Geungusu, king of Baekje (Korea)[7]
  • Huan Chong, general and governor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 328)
  • Murong Hong, founder of the Xianbei state Western Yan
  • Vettius Agorius Praetextatus, praetorian prefect
  • Xi Zuochi, Jin Dynasty historian

385

386

  • November 23 – Jin Feidi, emperor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 342)
  • Cyril of Jerusalem, theologian and saint
  • Demophilus, Patriarch of Constantinople
  • Duan Sui, ruler of the Western Yan
  • Fu Pi, emperor of the Former Qin
  • Murong Chong, emperor of the Western Yan (b. 359)
  • Murong Yao, emperor of the Western Yan
  • Murong Yi, ruler of the Western Yan
  • Murong Zhong, emperor of the Western Yan
  • Pulcheria, daughter of Theodosius I (b. 385)
  • Wang Xianzhi, Chinese calligrapher (b. 344)
  • Yang, empress of the Former Qin

387

388

  • August 28 – Magnus Maximus, Roman emperor
  • Flavius Victor, Roman co-emperor (Augustus)
  • Huan Shiqian (or Zhen'e), Chinese general
  • Maternus Cynegius, Roman praetorian prefect
  • Qifu Guoren, Chinese ruler of the Xianbei state
  • Shapur III, king of the Sassanid Empire (Persia)
  • Themistius, Byzantine statesman and rhetorician
  • Xie Xuan (or Youdu), Chinese general (b. 343)

389

  • Donatian of Reims (or Donat), Christian bishop and saint
  • Florus of Lodève, Christian bishop and martyr (approximate date)
  • Mao, Chinese empress and wife of Fu Deng (Former Qin)

References
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  13. Eichbauer, Melodie H.; Summerlin, Danica (2018). The Use of Canon Law in Ecclesiastical Administration, 1000–1234. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 143. doi:10.1163/9789004387249_002. ISBN 9789004387249.
  14. Coulton, George Gordon (1949) [1938]. Medieval Panorama: The English Scene from Conquest to Reformation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 470.
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