Jonathan Frakes
Jonathan Scott Frakes (born August 19, 1952) is an American actor and director. He is best known for his portrayal of Commander William Riker in the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation and subsequent films and series. Frakes also hosted the anthology series Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction, and was the voice for David Xanatos in the Disney television series Gargoyles. In June 2011, he narrated the History Channel documentary, Lee and Grant.
Jonathan Frakes | |
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![]() Frakes in 2018 | |
Born | Jonathan Scott Frakes August 19, 1952 Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
Education | Pennsylvania State University (BFA) Harvard University (MA) |
Occupation | Actor, director |
Years active | 1978–present |
Spouse | Genie Francis (m. 1988) |
Children | 2 |
Frakes directed while starring in Star Trek: First Contact as well as Star Trek: Insurrection. He has directed more than 70 television episodes, including episodes of several Star Trek television series and The Orville. He is the author of the novel The Abductors: Conspiracy.[1]
Early life
Frakes was born in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, the son of Doris J. (née Yingling; 1926–2020) and Dr. James R. Frakes (1924–2002). His father was a professor of English literature at Lehigh University from 1958 to 2001, where he was the Edmund W. Fairchild Professor in American Studies and was a critic for New York Times Book Review and a book editor until his death in 2002.[2] Frakes had a younger brother, Daniel, who died in 1997[2] from pancreatic cancer.[3]
Frakes was raised in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania. He attended Liberty High School in Bethlehem, where he ran track and played with the Liberty High School Grenadier Band. He graduated from Liberty High School in 1970.[4]
Frakes attended Pennsylvania State University, earning a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Theater Arts in 1974. He was a member of the Thespians. In 1976, he received his Master of Arts from Harvard University and was active in Harvard's acting company, the Loeb Drama Center.[5]
Career
Early work
For a time in the 1970s, Frakes worked for Marvel Comics, appearing at conventions in costume as Captain America.[6] Frakes moved to New York City and became a member of the Impossible Ragtime Theater. In that company, Frakes did his first off-Broadway acting in Eugene O'Neill's The Hairy Ape directed by George Ferencz. His first Broadway appearance was in Shenandoah. At the same time, he landed a role in the NBC soap opera The Doctors.[7] When his character was dismissed from the show, Frakes moved to Los Angeles and had guest spots in many of the top television series of the 1970s and 1980s, including The Waltons in the episodes "The Legacy" and "The Lost Sheep"; Eight Is Enough; Hart to Hart; The Dukes of Hazzard; Matlock; Quincy, M.E. in "The Face of Fear"; and Hill Street Blues.
He played the part of Charles Lindbergh in a 1983 episode of Voyagers! titled "An Arrow Pointing East". In 1983, he had a role in the short-lived NBC prime time soap opera Bare Essence (which also starred his future wife Genie Francis), and a supporting role in the equally short-lived primetime soap Paper Dolls in 1984.[7] He also had recurring roles in Falcon Crest[7] and the miniseries North and South. Frakes appeared in the 1986 miniseries Dream West.
Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987)
In 1987 Frakes was cast in the role of Commander William T. Riker on Star Trek: The Next Generation.[8] He was one of only two actors to appear in every episode (the other being Patrick Stewart). While appearing on the show, he was allowed to sit in on casting sessions, concept meetings, production design, editing, and post-production, which gave him the preparation he needed to become a director.[9] He directed 8 episodes of the show[10] and a total of 21 episodes across the Star Trek franchise.[11] After the TV series ended in 1994, he reprised his role in the Star Trek: The Next Generation movies, two of which (Star Trek: First Contact and Star Trek: Insurrection) he also directed.[12]
As well as Star Trek: The Next Generation, Frakes has made appearances in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Star Trek: Voyager, Star Trek: Enterprise, Star Trek: Picard, and Star Trek: Lower Decks, making him the only Star Trek regular to appear on six different Star Trek series. He has also directed episodes in five of the series (TNG, DS9, VOY, DIS, and PIC).[11]
He is also one of six Star Trek actors (the other actors being Kate Mulgrew, Michael Dorn, George Takei, Avery Brooks and Majel Barrett) to lend their voices to the video game Star Trek: Captain's Chair, reprising his role as Riker when users visit the Enterprise-E bridge featured in the game.
After Star Trek

Wanting to branch out from the Star Trek franchise, Frakes turned down the opportunity to direct Star Trek: Nemesis to direct the family film Clockstoppers.[9] However, his next film, Thunderbirds, was a box office bomb which he has said single-handedly almost destroyed what had been a successful directing career: "[My] name was taken off the lists ... I went from 60 to zero. It was a wake-up for me. I had been so positive, and so blessed, and so fortunate."[9] It was several years before Frakes was given another opportunity to direct for television, and Thunderbirds remains his last theatrical directorial credit.
Much of Frakes' acting work after Star Trek has been animation voice acting, most notably voicing the recurring role of David Xanatos in the animated series Gargoyles, and he provided the voice of his own head in a jar in the Futurama episode "Where No Fan Has Gone Before". He had a small, uncredited role in the 1994 movie Camp Nowhere. Frakes also voiced Finn the Human's adult version in the episodes "Puhoy" and "Dungeon Train" on Adventure Time.
Frakes was an executive producer for the WB series Roswell, directed several episodes, and guest-starred in three episodes. His relationship with Star Trek is downplayed in the season 3 episode "Secrets and Lies", in which the alien character Max auditions for a guest role as an alien for Star Trek: Enterprise.
Frakes appeared on the 1994 Phish album Hoist, playing trombone on the track titled "Riker's Mailbox". Frakes would occasionally perform on the trombone during his tenure as Commander Riker, drawing on his college marching band experience. He was also a member of "The Sunspots", a vocal backup group of Star Trek cast members that appeared on Brent Spiner's 1991 album Ol' Yellow Eyes Is Back.
Frakes hosted The Paranormal Borderline, a short-lived television series on UPN, which dealt with the paranormal and mysterious happenings and creatures.[13] In one episode, Frakes presented an interview of reporter Yolanda Gaskins with veteran astronaut Gordon Cooper, where they discussed the possibility of aliens having visited Earth in the past.[14][15] He hosted seasons 2 through 4 of Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction, which also dealt with the paranormal world.
Frakes and Francis appeared together in Lois & Clark in the episode "Don't Tug on Superman's Cape" as a creepily too-good-to-be-true couple. He narrated the History Channel's That's Impossible.
In addition to Roswell, Frakes has directed episodes of Leverage,[16] Castle, NCIS: Los Angeles, Burn Notice, Falling Skies and most recently Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., Switched at Birth, Hit the Floor, The Librarians, and The Orville.
Frakes works with the Workshops, the Waterfall Arts Center, and the Saltwater Film Society, all located in Maine, where he teaches classes on film direction. He has also previously taught directing and filmmaking courses at Rockport College, now called Maine Media College.[17][18][19][20] He and Francis owned a home furnishings store in Belfast, Maine, called The Cherished Home, which closed in August 2012 due to her being too busy with her acting to spend adequate time at the store.[21]
Personal life
Frakes first met actress Genie Francis on the set of the television soap opera Bare Essence, and again while filming the mini-series North and South. They began dating in 1985, became engaged in 1986, and married on May 28, 1988. The couple have two children, Jameson Ivor Frakes, born in 1994, and Elizabeth Frances Frakes, born in 1997. They moved from Belfast, Maine, to Beverly Hills, California,[2] in 2008 and later moved to Calabasas, California.[22]
Filmography
Acting credits
Film | |||
---|---|---|---|
Year | Title | Role | Notes |
1979 | Beach Patrol | Marty Green | Made for TV movie originally aired on ABC |
1994 | Camp Nowhere | Bob Spiegel | |
Star Trek Generations | Commander William T. Riker | ||
1995 | Time Travel Through the Bible | Himself / Host | |
1996 | Star Trek: First Contact | Commander William T. Riker | Nominated–Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated–Saturn Award for Best Director |
1998 | Star Trek: Insurrection | ||
1999 | Dying to Live | Will | TV movie |
2002 | Star Trek: Nemesis | Commander/Captain William T. Riker | |
Clockstoppers | Janitor | uncredited | |
2004 | Thunderbirds | Policeman | Uncredited |
2011 | The Captains | Himself/Captain William T. Riker | |
2017 | Devil's Gate | Sheriff Gruenwell | |
2022 | Catwoman: Hunted | King Faraday, Boss Moxie (voice) | Direct-to-DVD film[23] |
Television | |||
Year | Title | Role | Notes |
1977–78 | The Doctors | Tom Carroll | |
1978 | Charlie's Angels | Brad | Episode: "Angel on My Mind" |
Barnaby Jones | David Douglas | Episode: "Stages of Fear" | |
Fantasy Island | Kirk Wendover | Episode: "The War Games/Queen of the Boston Bruisers" | |
1979 | The Waltons | Ashley Longworth Jr. | Episodes: "The Lost Sheep" and "The Legacy" |
Eight Is Enough | Chapper | Episode: "Separate Ways" | |
The White Shadow | Basketball Player | Episode: "One of the Boys" (uncredited) | |
1980 | Beulah Land | Adam Davis | |
The Night the City Screamed | Richard Hawkins | ||
1981 | The Dukes of Hazzard | Jamie Lee Hogg | Episode: "Mrs. Daisy Hogg" |
Harper Valley | Clutch Breath | Episode: "Low Noon" | |
1982 | Hart to Hart | Adam Blake | Episode: "Harts and Palms" |
Hill Street Blues | Drug dealer | Episode: "Of Mouse and Man" | |
Quincy, M.E. | Leon Bohannon/Surgeon | Episode: "The Face of Fear" and "Ghost of a Chance" | |
Voyagers! | Charles Lindbergh | Episode: "An Arrow Pointing East" | |
1983 | Bare Essence | Marcus Marshall | Several episodes. |
1984 | Highway to Heaven | Arthur Krock, Jr. | Episode: "A Devine Madness" |
Five Mile Creek | Adam Scott | Episode: "Gold Fever" | |
The Fall Guy | Connors | Episode: "Always Say Always" | |
1985 | The Twilight Zone | Single Guy | Episode: "But Can She Type?" |
North and South | Stanley Hazard | ||
1986 | Dream West | Lt. Archibald Gillespie | |
Matlock | D.A. Park | Episode: "The Angel" | |
1987–1994 | Star Trek: The Next Generation | Commander William T. Riker | 176 episodes – Also portrayed transporter duplicate Lt. Thomas Riker in Second Chances |
1988 | Reading Rainbow | Himself | Episode: "The Bionic Bunny Show" |
1994 | Wings | Gavin Rutledge | Episode: "All's Fare" |
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine | Lt. Thomas Riker | Episode: "Defiant" | |
Journey's End: The Saga of Star Trek: The Next Generation | Host | Documentary | |
1994–1996 | Gargoyles | David Xanatos, Coyote | Voice |
1995 | Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman | Tim Lake | Episode: "Don't Tug on Superman's Cape" |
Cybill | Himself | Episode: "Starting on the Wrong Foot" | |
Alien Autopsy: Fact or Fiction? | Host/Narrator | ||
1996 | Star Trek: Voyager | Commander William T. Riker | Episode: "Death Wish" |
1998–2002, 2021 | Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction | Himself | 45 episodes |
1999 | Roswell | Himself | Episode: "The Convention" |
2000 | 3rd Rock from the Sun | Larry McMichael | Episode: "Gwen, Larry, Dick and Mary" |
2000 | Ghosts: Caught on Tape | Narrator | |
2002 | Futurama | Himself | Voice; Episode: "Where No Fan Has Gone Before" |
2005 | Star Trek: Enterprise | Commander William T. Riker | Episode: "These Are the Voyages..." |
2005, 2009 | Family Guy | Commander William T. Riker Himself |
Episodes: "Peter's Got Woods" Episode: "Not All Dogs Go to Heaven" |
2009 | That's Impossible | Himself | |
2009 | Leverage | Patient in Neck Brace | Episode: "The Snow Job" (uncredited) |
2010 | Criminal Minds | Dr. Arthur Malcolm | Episode: "The Uncanny Valley" |
NCIS: Los Angeles | Navy Commander Dr. Stanfill | Episode: "Disorder" | |
2011 | The Super Hero Squad Show | High Evolutionary | Voice; Episode: "The Devil Dinosaur You Say!" |
2012 | Leverage | Man at Consumer Products Safety Commission | Episode: "The Toy Job" (uncredited) |
Castle | Richard Castle Fan | Episode "The Final Frontier" (uncredited) | |
2013 | Adventure Time | Adult Finn | Voice; Episodes: "Puhoy" and "Dungeon Train" |
2014 | Hit the Floor | Hank | Episode: "Blow Out" |
2016–2019 | Guardians of the Galaxy | J'son | Voice; 14 episodes |
2016 | Miles from Tomorrowland | Grandpa Vincent | Voice; Episodes: "Galactech: Still Rocketing/Merc's Night Out" & "The Adventures of Jet Retrograde/The Tiny Aliens" |
Future-Worm! | Steak Starbolt | Voice | |
Angie Tribeca | USCG Commandant Admiral Donald "Don" Van Zandt | Episode: "The Coast Is Fear" | |
2018 | After Trek | Himself | Aftershow Episode 11 |
2019 | How to Sell Drugs Online (Fast) | Himself | Episode: "Life's Not Fair, Get Used to It" |
2020, 2023 | Star Trek: Picard | Captain William T. Riker | Episodes: "Nepenthe" & "Et in Arcadia Ego, Part 2", season 3 TBA [24] |
2020–2022 | The Ready Room | Himself | Aftershow 6 episodes |
2020–present | Star Trek: Lower Decks | Captain William T. Riker | Voice; 3 episodes |
2020 | The Astronauts | Rex Dowd | Episodes: "Day 21", "Day 34", "Day 73" |
2022 | Allegedly | Roger | Episode: "Money Supply" |
Video games | |||
Year | Title | Role | Notes |
1995 | Multimedia Celebrity Poker | Himself | [25] |
2017 | XCOM 2: War of the Chosen | Volk | [26] |
Directing credits
Film | |||
---|---|---|---|
Year | Title | Notes | |
1996 | Star Trek: First Contact | ||
1998 | Star Trek: Insurrection | ||
2002 | Clockstoppers | ||
2004 | Thunderbirds | ||
Television | |||
Year | Title | Notes | |
1990–1994 | Star Trek: The Next Generation | 3.16 – "The Offspring" (1990) 4.07 – "Reunion" (1990) 4.21 – "The Drumhead" (1991) 5.18 – "Cause and Effect" (1992) 6.09 – "The Quality of Life" (1992) 6.20 – "The Chase" (1993) 7.08 – "Attached" (1993) 7.14 – "Sub Rosa" (1994) | |
1994–1995 | Star Trek: Deep Space Nine | 3.02 – "The Search, Part II" (1994) 3.08 – "Meridian" (1994) 3.13 – "Past Tense, Part II" (1995) | |
1995–1996 | Star Trek: Voyager | 2.03 – "Projections" (1995) 2.07 – "Parturition" (1995) 2.13 – "Prototype" (1996) | |
1996 | Diagnosis Murder | 3.18 – "Left-Handed Murder" (1996) | |
1999–2001 | Roswell | 1.07 – "River Dog" (1999) 1.19 – "Four Square" (2000) 1.21 – "The White Room" (2000) 3.04 – "Secrets and Lies" (2001) 3.08 – "Behind the Music" (2001) | |
2002 | The Twilight Zone | "The Lineman" (2002) | |
2006 | The Librarian: Return to King Solomon's Mines | Television film | |
2007 | Masters of Science Fiction | "The Discarded" (2007) | |
2008 | The Librarian: Curse of the Judas Chalice | Television film | |
2009–2012 | Leverage | 1.07 – "The Wedding Job" (2009) 1.11 – "The Juror #6 Job" (2009) 2.04 – "The Fairy Godparents Job" (2009) 2.11 – "The Bottle Job" (2010) 3.02 – "The Reunion Job" (2010) 3.06 – "The Studio Job" (2010) 3.13 – "The Morning After Job" (2010) 4.09 – "The Queen's Gambit Job" (2011) 4.12 – "The Office Job" (2011) 4.15 – "The Lonely Hearts Job" (2011) 5.03 – "The First Contact Job" (2012) 5.05 – "The Gimme a K Street Job" (2012) 5.14 – "The Toy Job" (2012) | |
2009 | Dollhouse | 2.04 – "Belonging" (2009) | |
2009–2013 | Castle | 2.08 – "Kill the Messenger" (2009) 5.06 – "The Final Frontier" (2012) 5.20 – "The Fast and the Furriest" (2013) | |
2010–2016 | NCIS: Los Angeles | 1.14 – "LD50" (2010) 2.11 – "Disorder" (2010) 3.16 – "Blye, K." (2012) 4.10 – "Free Ride" (2012) 5.02 – "Impact" (2013) 8.10 – "Sirens" (2016) | |
2010 | V | 1.07 – "John May" (2010) | |
Persons Unknown | 1.05 – "Incoming" (2010) 1.10 – "Seven Sacrifices" (2010) 1.11 – "And Then There Was One" (2010) | ||
The Good Guys | 1.09 – "Don't Taze Me, Bro" (2010) 1.16 – "Silence of the Dan" (2010) | ||
2010–2013 | The Glades | 1.08 – "Marriage Is Murder" (2010) 2.04 – "Moonlighting" (2011) 4.02 – "4.02 – Shot Girls" (2013) | |
Burn Notice | 4.14 – "Hot Property" (2010) 5.06 – "Enemy Of My Enemy" (2011) 5.17 – "Acceptable Loss" (2011) 6.09 – "Official Business" (2012) 7.06 – "All or Nothing" (2013) | ||
2011 | Bar Karma | 1.09 – "Three Times a Lady" (2011) | |
2013–2015 | Falling Skies | 3.09 – "Journey to Xilbalba" (2013) 4.06 – "Door Number Three" (2014) 5.06 – "Respite" (2015) | |
2013 | King & Maxwell | 1.08 – "Job Security" (2013) | |
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. | 1.08 – "The Well" (2013) | ||
2014–2015 | Switched at Birth | 3.06 – "The Scream" (2014) 4.08 – "Art Like Love is Dedication" (2015) | |
2014 | Hit the Floor | 2.03 – "Behind the Back" (2014) 2.04 – "Full-Court Press" (2014) | |
2014–2017 | The Librarians | 1.04 – "And Santa's Midnight Run" (2014) 1.06 – "And the Fables of Doom" (2015) 1.10 – "And the Loom of Fate" (2015) 2.06 – "And the Infernal Contract" (2015) 2.08 – "And the Point of Salvation" (2015) 3.05 – "And the Tears of a Clown" (2016) 3.06 – "And the Trial of the Triangle" (2016) 3.09 – "And the Fatal Separation" (2017) 4.04 – "And the Silver Screen" (2017) 4.06 – "And the Graves of Time" (2017) | |
2017–2019 | The Orville | 1.05 – "Pria" (2017) 2.12 – "Sanctuary" (2019) | |
2017–present | Star Trek: Discovery[27] | 1.10 – "Despite Yourself" (2018) 2.02 – "New Eden" (2019) 2.09 – "Project Daedalus" (2019) 3.03 – "People of Earth" (2020) 3.08 – "The Sanctuary" (2020) 3.12 – "There Is a Tide..." (2020) 4.06 – "Stormy Weather" (2021) | |
2018 | The Arrangement | 2.9 – "Truth" (2018) | |
2019 | The Gifted | 2.13 – "teMpted" (2019) | |
2020–present | Star Trek: Picard | 1.04 – "Absolute Candor" (2020) 1.05 – "Stardust City Rag" (2020) 2.05 – "Fly Me to the Moon" (2022) 2.06 – "Two of One" (2022) | |
2020 | The Astronauts | 1.03 – "Day 3" (2020) 1.04 – "Day 21" (2020) | |
2021 | Leverage: Redemption | 1.07 – "The Double-Edged Sword Job" (2021) | |
2023 | Star Trek: Strange New Worlds | [28][29] | |
Video games | |||
Year | Title | Notes | |
1996 | Star Trek: Klingon | Interactive film |
References
- Jonathan Frakes; Dean Wesley Smith (1996). The Abductors: Conspiracy. New York: Tor. ISBN 978-0-312-86208-4.
- "James R. Frakes". The Morning Call. Allentown, Pennsylvania. March 15, 2002. pp. B10. Archived from the original on September 9, 2018. Retrieved October 11, 2022.
- "Daniel M. Frakes". The Morning Call. Allentown, Pennsylvania. May 19, 1997. p. A09.
- Sylvia Lawler (September 25, 1988). "Jonathan Frakes's career beams up Bethlehem actor scores as 'Star Trek' commander". The Morning Call. Allentown, Pennsylvania. pp. T.01.
- Wright, William J. (October 30, 2021). "Star Trek Actors Before They made It Big". Grunge.com. Retrieved March 25, 2022.
- Brian Cronin (July 4, 2006). "Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed #58". Comics Should Be Good!.
- Nemecek, Larry (1992). "Rebirth". In Stern, Dave (ed.). The Star Trek The Next Generation Companion. New York: Pocket Books. p. 18. ISBN 0-671-79460-4.
- Sylvia Lawler (May 5, 1986). "Making history: "North and South's" Jonathan Frakes is crafting his future– History yields a good part for Jonathan Frakes". The Morning Call. Allentown, PA. pp. D.01. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011.
- Marsh, Calum (January 24, 2019). "Star Trek Legend Jonathan Frakes on Discovery, Movie Jail, and Life as an Actor's Director". Vulture. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
- "Frakes". Star Trek. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
- "Star Trek: Every Actor Who Also Directed Episodes Or Movies". ScreenRant. April 9, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
- "Trek Directors' School: Jonathan Frakes". Star Trek. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
- Rosenberg, Howard (March 12, 1996). "'Borderline' Reveals Some Spooky Stuff". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
- Video on YouTube
- "UFO Folklore Center – Transcript of Interview". www.qtm.net. Archived from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
- Turner Network. "Leverage Season 3 Episode Synopses". Turner Network. Archived from the original (Microsoft Word document) on March 15, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
- "Frakes, Jonathan 1952–". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
- Caldwell, Rob (2006). "When Jonathan Frakes, TNG's Riker, lived in Maine". News Center Maine. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
- Barnett, Amy Louise (October 2006). "Profile of Jonathan Frakes, 54". Portland Monthly: 30–31. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
- "Jonathan Frakes Biography". IMDB. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
- "Log In or Sign Up to View". www.facebook.com.
- McFly, Marty (August 15, 2013). "Celeb R.E.: Jonathan Frakes from Star Trek and Genie Francis From General Hospital Move to Woodland Hills". San Fernando Valley Blogspot. Blogger. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
- "'Catwoman: Hunted' Sets Voice Cast (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. August 17, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
- Petski, Denise (April 5, 2022). "'Star Trek: Picard': LeVar Burton & Michael Dorn Among 6 'Next Generation' Alums Joining Third & Final Season". Deadline. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
- Oller, Jacob (March 23, 2017). "10 Crazy Full-Motion Video Game Performances By Well-Respected Actors". Film School Rejects.
- "XCOM 2: War of the Chosen review". August 24, 2017.
- Hibberd, James (June 27, 2017). "Star Trek: Discovery scoop: Jonathan Frakes joins as director". Entertainment Weekly. United States: Time Inc. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
- Spry, Jeff (June 8, 2020). "Star Trek's Jonathan Frakes Wishes He Had Been on the Manned SpaceX Launch". SyFy Wire. Archived from the original on June 9, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
- D'Alessandro, Anthony (July 23, 2022). "'Star Trek: Strange New Worlds' & 'Star Trek: Lower Decks' Plot Crossover Episode – Comic-Con". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved September 4, 2022.
External links
