Overview of genera not assigned to a tribus

Genera: Acerbas – Andronymus – Carystoides – Chloeria – Cobaloides – Creteus – Eetion – Erionota – Evansiella – Flandria – Gangara – Ge – Hyarotis – Iambrix – Idmon – Ilma – Isma – Koruthaialos – Lepella – Lotongus – Malaza – Matapa – Megaleas – Metrocles – Oerane – Parosmodes – Pemara – Perrotia – Pirdana – Plastingia – Ploetzia – Praescobura – Prosopalpus – Pseudokerana – Pseudopirdana – Psolos – Pudicitia – Pyroneura – Quedara – Salanoemia – Scobura – Stimula – Suada – Telles – Tiacellia – Tisias – Unkana – Zela

Synonyms

• Hesperinae Doherty, 1886: 111.
• Suastinae Doherty, 1886: 111.
• Megathyminae Comstock & Comstock, 1895: 365.
• Aegialinae Stallings & Turner, 1958: 134.

Primary references

• Comstock, J.H. & Comstock, A.B. 1895. A manual for the study of insects. Comstock Publishing Company, Ithaca, N.Y. 701pp. Reference page. 
• Doherty, W., 1886. A list of butterflies taken in Kumaon. J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 55(2): 103–140. BHL. Reference page. 
• Latreille, P.A. 1809. Genera crustaceorum et insectorum secundum ordinem naturalem in familias disposita, iconibus exemplisque plurimis explicata. Tomus quartus et ultimus. Parisiis: A. Koenig, 399 pp. BHL Reference page. 
• Stallings, D.B. & Turner, J.R. 1958. A review of the Megathymidae of Mexico, with a synopsis of the classification of the family. The Lepidopterists' News 11(4–5): 113–117. Reference page. 
• Warren, B.C.S., 1926. Monograph of the Tribe Hesperiidi (European Species) with Revised Classification of the Subfamily Hesperiinae (Palaearctic Species) Based on the Genital Armature of the Males. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 74(1): 1–167. paid PDF. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.1926.tb01184.x Reference page. 
• Warren, A.D., Ogawa, J.R. & Brower, A.V.Z. 2009. Revised classification of the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea) based on combined molecular and morphological data. Systematic entomology 34(3): 467–523. Reference page. 

Additional references

• Butterfly Net International, Higher Classification of Hesperiidae
• Ackery, P.R., de Jong, R. & Vane-Wright, R.I. 1999. The Butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea. in Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. 1. Evolution, Systematics and Biogeography. Handbook of Zoology 4(35): 263–300 (ed. N.P. Kristensen). Berlin: de Gruyter. Reference page. 
• Cock, M.J.W.; Congdon, T.C.E. 2013: Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon feeders. Zootaxa 3724(1): 1–85. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1 Reference page. 
• Cock, M.J.W.; Congdon, T.C.E.; Collins, S.C. 2014: Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 6. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: palm feeders. Zootaxa 3831(1): 1–61. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3831.1.1 Reference page. 
• Butler, A.G. 1870. The Genera of Hesperidae in the Collection of the British Museum. The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 7: 55–58, 92–99, 265–266. Reference page. 
• Cock, M.J.W., Congdon,T.C.E. & Collins, S.C. 2015. Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 8. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dracaena Feeders. Zootaxa 3985(3): 301–348. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3985.3.1 Preview (PDF). Reference page. 
• Cong, Q., Zhang, J., Shen, J.H. & Grishin, N.V. 2019. Fifty new genera of Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Insecta Mundi 0731: 1–56. Zoobank. Reference page. 
• Devyatkin, A.L. 2002. Hesperiidae of Vietnam, 11. New taxa of the subfamily Hesperiinae (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Atalanta 33(1/2): 127–135. Reference page. 
• Evans, W.H. 1949. A catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). xix+502pp., 53 pls. BMNH, London. Reference page. 
• Freeman, H.A. 1969. Records, new species, and a new genus of Hesperiidae from Mexico. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 23(suppl. 2): 1–64. Reference page. 
• Hopffer, C., 1855. Lepidoptera Diurna. Berichte uber die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1855: 639–643. Reference page. 
• Larsen, T.B. 2012. Taxonomy of the Afrotropical genus Melphina Evans and the description of two new genera: Melphinyet and Noctulana (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae, incertae sedis). Tropical Lepidoptera Research 22(1): 16–23. Reference page. 
• Larsen, T.B. & Collins, S.C. 2012. Herila – a new genus to receive the Afrotropical skipper Teniorhinus herilus (Hopffer, 1855) [Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae, Hesperiinae. Entomologia Africana 17(2): 55–64. Reference page. 
• Larsen, T.B. 2013. Ceratricula and Flandria—two new genera of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Hesperiinae (incertae sedis)) for species currently placed in the genus Ceratrichia Butler. Zootaxa 3666(4): 476–488. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3666.4.4 Reference page. 
• Larsen, T.B. & Collins, S.C. 2015. Hollandus, a new genus for the African skipper Pardaleodes xanthopeplus, with the description of a new subspecies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae [incertae sedis]) Metamorphosis 26: 4–11. PDF. Reference page. 
• Li, W., Cong. Q., Shen, J.H., Zhang, J., Hallwachs, W., Janzen, D.H. & Grishin, N.V. 2019. Genomes of skipper butterflies reveal extensive convergence of wing patterns. PNAS 116(13): 6232–6237. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821304116. Text. SI Appendix. Reference page. 
• Mielke, O.H.H., Carneiro, E. & Casagrande, M.M. 2012. Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera, Hesperioidea) from Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil: 70 years of records with special reference to faunal composition of Vila Velha State Park. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 56(1): 59–66. Reference page. 
• Swinhoe, C. 1907. New Species of African and Indo-Malayan Hesperiidae. The Annals and magazine of Natural History (7)20: 430-436. BHL. Reference page. 
• Swinhoe, C. 1908. On the species of Hesperidae from the Indo-Malayan and African Regions, described by Herr Plötz, with descriptions of some new species. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1908, Pt.1: 1–36, pls. 1–3. Reference page. 
• Toussaint, E.F.A., Breinholt, J.W., Earl, C., Warren, A.D., Brower, A.V.Z., Yago, M., Dexter, K.M., Espeland, M., Pierce, N.E., Lohman, D.J. & Kawahara, A.Y. 2018. Anchored phylogenomics illuminates the skipper butterfly tree of life. BMC Evolutionary Biology 18: 101. DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1216-z Reference page. 
• Warren, A.D., Ogawa, J.R. & Brower, A.V.Z. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships of subfamilies and circumscription of tribes in the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea). Cladistics 24(5): 642–676. DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00218.x PDF Reference page. 
• Zhang, J., Cong. Q., Shen, J.H., Brockmann, E. & Grishin, N.V. 2019. Three new subfamilies of skipper butterflies (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). ZooKeys 861: 91–105. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.861.34686 Reference page. 
• Zhang, J., Cong, Q., Shen, J.H. & Grishin, N.V. 2022. Taxonomic changes suggested by the genomic analysis of Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Insecta Mundi 0921: 1–135. Full article (PDF). Reference page. 
• Zhu, J-Q., Chiba, H. & Wu, L-W. 2016. Tsukiyamaia, a new genus of the tribe Baorini (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae, Hesperiinae). ZooKeys 555: 37–55. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.555.6144. Reference page.