Taxonavigation

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Echinodermata
Subphylum: Eleutherozoa
Superclassis: Cryptosyringida
Classis: Holothuroidea
Subclassis: Apodacea - Aspidochirotacea - Dendrochirotacea

Name

Holothuroidea Blainville 1834

Uncertainties

Alternatively classified in Echinozoa, depending on which hypothesis is adopted.

References

• Kerr, A. 2000: Evolution and Systematics of Holothuroidea (Echinodermata). Thesis, Yale University.

• O’Loughlin, P.M. 2009: BANZARE holothuroids (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Zootaxa 2196: 1–18. Abstract & excerpt PDF Reference page. 
• Pawson, D.L.; Pawson, D.J.; King, R.A. 2010: A taxonomic guide to the Echinodermata of the South Atlantic Bight, USA: 1. Sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Zootaxa, 2449: Preview PDF
• Smiley, S. 1994: Holothuroidea. In: Harrison, F. W. and F.-S. Chia, eds. Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates. Volume 14. Echinodermata. New York: Wiley-Liss, 401-471.
• Smith, A.B. 1997: Echinoderm larvae and phylogeny. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 28: 219–241.

• Thandar, A.S. & Rambaran, R. 2015. On some sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from off the south and west coasts of South Africa collected by the South African Environmental and Observation Network (SAEON). Zootaxa 3999(1): 41–61. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3999.1.3. Preview (PDF). Reference page. 

• Théel, J.H. 1879. Preliminary Report on the Holothuridae of the Exploring Voyage of H.M.S. "Challenger" under Professor Sir C. Wyville Thomson F.R.S., Part 1. Bihang Till Kongliga Svenska vetenskaps-akademiens Handlingar 5(19): 1-20. BHL Reference page. 

• Théel, H. 1882. Report on the Holothuroidea dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. Part I. Reports of Science Research Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger. Zoology 4(13): 1-176. BHL Reference page. 

• Théel, J.H. 1886. Report on the Holothurioidea dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76. Part II. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873–76, Zoology 14(39): 1-290. BHL Reference page. 

Links

• https://www.bilibili.com/read/cv17622994?spm_id_from=333.999.0.0

Vernacular names

For more multimedia, look at Holothuroidea on Wikimedia Commons.