Synonymy

• Viperini Oppel, 1811: 50 [original spelling, as familia]
• Viperidae Gray, 1825: 205 [emended spelling]

Primary references

• Oppel, M. 1811. Die Ordnungen, Familien und Gattungen der Reptilien als Prodrom einer Naturgeschichte derselben. Joseph Lindauer: München. XII + 86 pp. BHL Reference page. 

Additional references

• Liem, K.F., Marx, H. & Rabb, G.B. 1971. The viperid snake Azemiops: its comparative cephalic anatomy and phylogenetic position in relation to Viperinae and Crotalinae. Fieldiana: Zoology 59(2): 63–126. BHL Reference page. 

• Lenk, P., Kalyabina, S., Wink, M. & Joger, U. 2001. Evolutionary relationships among the true vipers (Viperinae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 19(1): 94–104. DOI: 10.1006/mpev.2001.0912 Reference page. 

• Vidal, N., Delmas, A.-S., David, P., Cruaud, C., Couloux, A. & Hedges, S.B. 2007. The phylogeny and classification of caenophidian snakes inferred from seven nuclear protein-coding genes. Comptes Rendus Biologies 330(2): 182–187. DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2006.10.001 Full article (PDF). Reference page. 

• Wüster, W., Peppin, L., Pook, C.E. & Walker, D.E. 2008. A nesting of vipers: phylogeny and historical biogeography of the Viperidae (Squamata: Serpentes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49(2): 445–459. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.08.019 Reference page. 

• Pyron, R.A., Burbrink, F.T., Colli, G.R., Nieto-Montes de Oca, A., Vitt, L.J., Kuczynski, C.A. & Wiens, J.J. 2011. The phylogeny of advanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58(2): 329–342. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.006 Reference page. 

• Alencar, L.R.V., Quental, T.B., Grazziotin, F.G., Alfaro, M.L., Martins, M., Venzon, M. & Zaher, H. 2016. Diversification in vipers: Phylogenetic relationships, time of divergence and shifts in speciation rates. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 105: 50–62. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.07.029 Reference page. 

• Zaher, H., Murphy, R.W., Arredondo, J.C., Graboski, R., Machado-Filho, P.R., Mahlow, K., Montingelli, G.G., Quadros, A.B., Orlov, N.L., Wilkinson, M., Zhang, Y.-P. & Grazziotin, F.G. 2019. Large-scale molecular phylogeny, morphology, divergence-time estimation, and the fossil record of advanced caenophidian snakes (Squamata: Serpentes). PLoS ONE 14(5): e0216148. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216148 Reference page.