Primary references

• Oppel, M. 1811. Die Ordnungen, Familien und Gattungen der Reptilien als Prodrom einer Naturgeschichte derselben. Joseph Lindauer: München. XII + 86 pp. BHL Reference page. 

Additional references

• Herrmann, H.-W., Joger, U., Lenk, P. & Wink, M. 1999. Morphological and molecular phylogenies of viperines: conflicting evidence? Kaupia 8: 21–30. Reference page. 

• Lenk, P., Kalyabina, S., Wink, M. & Joger, U. 2001. Evolutionary relationships among the true vipers (Viperinae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 19(1): 94–104. DOI: 10.1006/mpev.2001.0912 Reference page. 

• Wüster, W., Peppin, L., Pook, C.E. & Walker, D.E. 2008. A nesting of vipers: phylogeny and historical biogeography of the Viperidae (Squamata: Serpentes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49(2): 445–459. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.08.019 Reference page. 

• Šmíd, J. & Tolley, K.A. 2019. Calibrating the tree of vipers under the fossilized birth-death model. Scientific Reports 9: 1–10. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41290-2 Reference page. 

Links

• Uetz, P. & Hallermann, J. 2022. Viperinae. The Reptile Database. Accessed on 7 May 2022.