係

See also: 系

係	U+4FC2, 係 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4FC2

← 俁
[U+4FC1]

CJK Unified Ideographs

促 →
[U+4FC3]

Translingual

Japanese	係
Simplified	系
Traditional	係

Han character

係 (radical 9, 人+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人竹女火 (OHVF), four-corner 2229₃, composition ⿰亻系)

References

KangXi: page 104, character 4

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 663

Dae Jaweon: page 220, character 4

Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 164, character 8

Unihan data for U+4FC2

Chinese

trad.		係
simp.		系^*

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 係

Shang

Western Zhou

Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)

Liushutong (compiled in Ming)

Oracle bone script

Bronze inscriptions

Small seal script

Transcribed ancient scripts

**Small seal script**
s05880

**Transcribed ancient scripts**
L20298	L35898	L35899	L35900	L35901

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (系) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
係	*keːɡs
系	*ɡeːɡs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *keːɡs) : semantic 人 + phonetic 系 (OC *ɡeːɡs).

Simplified form 系 also exists as a traditional character, and is also used to simplify 繫.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xì (xi⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hai⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): he

(Meixian, Guangdong): hê⁴
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): hē / kè

(Teochew, Peng'im): hi⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: xì
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧˋ
  - Wade–Giles: hsih⁴
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shih
  - IPA ^(key): /ɕi⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: hai⁶
  - Yale: haih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hai⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: hei⁶
  - IPA ^(key): /hɐi̯²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: he
  - Hakka Romanization System: he
  - Hagfa Pinyim: he⁴
  - IPA: /he⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: hê⁴
  - IPA: /he⁵³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hē / kè
  - Tâi-lô: hē / kè
  - Phofsit Daibuun: he, kex
  - IPA (Xiamen): /he²²/, /ke²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /he⁴¹/, /ke⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /he²²/, /ke²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /he³³/, /ke¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /he³³/, /ke²¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hi⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hĭ
  - IPA ^(key): /hi³⁵/

Middle Chinese: /kei^H/▼

Rime
Character	係
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	齊 (39)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	古詣切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kei^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kei^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kɛi^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɛj^H/
Li Rong	/kei^H/
Wang Li	/kiei^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/kiei^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jì

Old Chinese▼
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤek-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*keːɡs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	係
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xì
Middle Chinese	‹ kej^H ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁek-s/
English	tie (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	係
Reading #	1/1
No.	13426
Phonetic component	系
Rime group	賜
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	計
Old Chinese	/*keːɡs/

Definitions

係

to relate; to bear on
(formal, literary; or Cantonese, Hakka) to be (copula)
其母係北京人。 / 其母系北京人。 ― Qí mǔ xì Běijīngrén. ― His mother is a native of Beijing.

烏龍茶係茶嘅一種。 [Guangzhou Cantonese, trad.]
乌龙茶系茶嘅一种。 [Guangzhou Cantonese, simp.]
Wu¹ lung^4-2 caa⁴ hai⁶ caa⁴ ge³ jat¹ zung². [Jyutping]
Oolong tea is a type of tea.
(Cantonese, Hakka) yes (as answer to a question)

Usage notes

(Cantonese) Not to be confused with 喺 (hai2).
(Cantonese, Hakka) 係／系 is used in vernacular contexts, while 是 (shì) is used in literary or formal contexts.

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 是 (“to be (+ noun)”) [map]
Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		是
Mandarin	Beijing	是
	Taiwan	是
	Tianjin	是
	Jinan	是
	Xi'an	是
	Wuhan	是
	Chengdu	是
	Yangzhou	是
	Hefei	是
Cantonese	Guangzhou	係
	Hong Kong	係
	Taishan	係
	Yangjiang	係
Gan	Nanchang	是
Hakka	Meixian	係
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	係
	Liudui (S. Sixian)	係
	Hsinchu (Hailu)	係
	Dongshi (Dabu)	係
	Hsinchu (Raoping)	係
	Yunlin (Zhao'an)	係
Jin	Taiyuan	是
Min Bei	Jian'ou	是
Min Dong	Fuzhou	是
Min Nan	Xiamen	是
	Quanzhou	是
	Zhangzhou	是
	Taipei	是
	Kaohsiung	是
	Tainan	是
	Taichung	是
	Hsinchu	是
	Lukang	是
	Sanxia	是
	Yilan	是
	Kinmen	是
	Magong	是
	Penang	是
	Chaozhou	是
	Shantou	是
Wu	Shanghai	是
	Suzhou	是
	Wenzhou	是
Xiang	Changsha	是
Xiang	Shuangfeng	是

Compounds

人際關係／人际关系
係數／系数 (xìshù)
係爭／系争
係爭物／系争物
係獲／系获
係累／系累
係臂／系臂
係踵／系踵
係蹄／系蹄
係頸／系颈
係頸闕庭／系颈阙庭
係風捕景／系风捕景
兩性關係／两性关系 (liǎngxìng guānxì)
公共關係／公共关系 (gōnggòng guānxì)
初級關係／初级关系
利害關係／利害关系

勞資關係／劳资关系 (láozī guānxi)
因果關係／因果关系 (yīnguǒ guānxì)
國際關係／国际关系 (guójì guānxì)
外交關係／外交关系
夫妻關係／夫妻关系
安全係數／安全系数 (ānquán xìshù)
干係／干系
并列關係／并列关系
拉關係／拉关系 (lā guānxi)
接關係／接关系
擔干係／担干系
數字係數／数字系数
楊氏係數／杨氏系数
水面係數／水面系数
沒關係／没关系 (méiguānxi)
相關係數／相关系数

社會關係／社会关系
群眾關係／群众关系
膨脹係數／膨胀系数
裙帶關係／裙带关系 (qúndài guānxì)
親子關係／亲子关系
貝他係數／贝他系数
連帶關係／连带关系
關係／关系 (guānxì)
關係人／关系人
關係企業／关系企业 (guānxì qǐyè)
關係命題／关系命题
關係戶／关系户 (guānxihù)
關係詞／关系词
關係調／关系调
關係運算／关系运算
零係數／零系数

Japanese

Kanji

係

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Go-on: げ (ge)
Kan-on: けい (kei, Jōyō)
Kun: かかる (kakaru, 係る, Jōyō); かかり (kakari, 係, Jōyō); かかわる (kakawaru, 係わる); つながり (tsunagari)

Compounds

係船
係争
係属
係留
連係
係助詞

Noun

係 (hiragana かかり, rōmaji kakari)

person in charge

Suffix

係 (hiragana がかり, rōmaji -gakari)

person in charge
カメラ係 (がかり)
kamera-gakari
cameraman

撮 (さつ)影 (えい)係 (がかり)
satsuei-gakari
photographer

Descendants

→ Indonesian: gakari

Korean

Hanja

係 • (gye) (hangeul 계, McCune–Reischauer kye)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

係 (hệ, hể, hề, hễ)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

Nom Foundation

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