曾經

See also: 曾经

Chinese

		already; used to	passed through
trad. (曾經)		曾	經
simp. (曾经)		曾	经

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): céngjīng

(Zhuyin): ㄘㄥˊ ㄐㄧㄥ
Cantonese (Jyutping): cang⁴ ging¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhèn-kîn
Min Nan (POJ): chêng-keng / chn̂g-keng / cheng-keng / chan-keng

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: céngjīng
  - Zhuyin: ㄘㄥˊ ㄐㄧㄥ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tserngjing
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɤŋ³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: cang⁴ ging¹
  - Yale: chàhng gīng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tsang⁴ ging¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: ceng⁴ ging¹
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɐŋ²¹ kɪŋ⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhèn-kîn
  - Hakka Romanization System: cenˇ gin´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: cen² gin¹
  - IPA: /t͡sʰen¹¹ kin²⁴/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chêng-keng
  - Tâi-lô: tsîng-king
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zengkefng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡ɕiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² kiɪŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡ɕiɪŋ²³⁻³³ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡ɕiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chn̂g-keng
  - Tâi-lô: tsn̂g-king
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zngkefng
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kiɪŋ³³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cheng-keng
  - Tâi-lô: tsing-king
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zengkefng
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡ɕiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɪŋ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chan-keng
  - Tâi-lô: tsan-king
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zankefng
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡san⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

Adverb

曾經

once; before; used to; in the past
我曾經是老師最心疼的學生。 [MSC, trad.]
我曾经是老师最心疼的学生。 [MSC, simp.]
Wǒ céngjīng shì lǎoshī zuì xīnténg de xuéshēng. [Pinyin]
I used to be the teacher's most beloved student.

Usage notes

Since Chinese does not have grammatical tense, adverbs like these are used to indicate that something has happened in the past.

Synonyms

以前 (yǐqián)
先前 (xiānqián)
向來／向来 (xiànglái) (archaic)
在前 (zàiqián)
從前／从前 (cóngqián)

早前 (zǎoqián) (dialectal)
早年所 (Min Nan)
早時／早时 (Min Nan)
昔日 (xīrì) (literary)
昔時／昔时 (xīshí) (literary)

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