Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ga-

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“with, near, by, along”). Cognate with Latin cum (“with”).

Prefix

*ga-

Indicates association or togetherness; co-.
Indicates completeness or wholeness. In verbs, also indicates perfectivity (a finished action).

Derived terms

► <a class='CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory' href='/wiki/Category:Proto-Germanic_words_prefixed_with_*ga-' title='Category:Proto-Germanic words prefixed with *ga-'>Proto-Germanic words prefixed with *ga-</a>

Descendants

Because of its perfective sense, it eventually became used as a marker of the past participle in the West Germanic languages.

Old English: ġe-
- Middle English: ȝe-, i-, y-
  - English: a-, i-, y-
Old Frisian: ge-, e-
Old Saxon: ga-, gi-, ge-
- Middle Low German: ge-
  - Low German: ge-, e-
Old Dutch: gi-, ge-
- Middle Dutch: ghe-, ge-, (West-Flanders) i-, y-
  - Dutch: ge-
    - Afrikaans: ge-
  - West Flemish: ge-, e-
Old High German: ga-, gi-
- Middle High German: ge-
  - Alemannic German: g- or ge- (euphonic)
  - German: ge-
  - Luxembourgish: ge-
  - Vilamovian: gy-
  - Yiddish: גע־‎ (ge-)
Old Norse: g- (rare, found in e.g. gnógr, glíkr, greiðr, greiða, granni)
Gothic: 𐌲𐌰- (ga-)

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