ge-

From Dutch ge-, from Middle Dutch ge-, ghe-, from Old Dutch gi-, ge-, from Proto-Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm.

ge-

1. Used to form the past participle

   Ek het die koek geëet — I have eaten the cake.

• IPA^(key): /ɣə/
• (Netherlands) IPA^(key): [χə], [xə], [ɣə]
• (Belgium) IPA^(key): [ʝə], [xə]

From Middle Dutch ge-, ghe-, from Old Dutch gi-, ge-, from Proto-Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm.

Cognate with German Low German ge-, Dutch Low Saxon ge-, German ge-, Old English ġe- (obsolete English y-, i-, a-), Gothic 𐌲𐌰- (ga-).

ge-

1. Used for forming the past participle.
2. (obsolete, no longer productive) Forms perfective verbs from other verbs with a sense of completeness, or simply as an intensifier.

From the prefix above with an 'empty' suffix originating from Old Dutch *-i, from Proto-Germanic *-ją.

ge-

1. Used with a verb stem to create a neuter uncountable noun referring to an action or its result, seen as a single collective whole. Comparable to English -ing (although that forms countable nouns, as it does in Dutch).

ge-

1. See ge- -te.

From German ge- found in many neuter collective nouns.

ge-

1. (plural only) used with a plural (gendered) noun to indicate both sexes together

   • patro (“father”) → gepatroj (“mother(s) and father(s)”)
   • frato (“brother”) → gefratoj (“sister(s) and brother(s)”)
   • reĝo (“king”) → gereĝoj (“queen(s) and king(s)”)

2. (unoffically, by extension) used with a (gendered) noun to indicate unspecified gender

   • patro (“father”) → gepatro (“a parent”) → gepatroj (“parents”)
   • frato (“brother”) → gefrato (“a sibling”) → gefratoj (“siblings”)
   • reĝo (“king”) → gereĝo (“monarch”) → gereĝoj (“monarchs”)

From Middle High German ge-, from Old High German ga-, gi-, from Proto-Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm. Cognate with Low German ge-, e-, Yiddish גע־, Dutch ge-, Old English ġe- (obsolete English y-, i-, a-), Gothic 𐌲𐌰- (ga-).

• IPA^(key): /ɡə/

ge-

1. Forms collective nouns, almost always neuter gender. Whenever possible, the root vowel is modified as well: Ader/Geäder, Ast/Geäst, Berg/Gebirge, Busch/Gebüsch, Rippe/Gerippe, Stein/Gestein, Strauch/Gesträuch, Wasser/Gewässer, Wolke/Gewölk.
2. Forms action nouns, usually with a sense of repetition or continuation. All of these nouns are neuter and have no plural. For example: ächzen/Geächze, heulen/Geheule/Geheul, reden/Gerede, seufzen/Geseufze.
3. Forms nomina rei actae, verbal nouns that refer to the patient of the action, always of neuter gender. For example: schenken/Geschenk, legen/Gelege, prägen/Gepräge.

ge-

1. forms past participles in combination with a suffix -en or -(e)t: schlafen/geschlafen, denken/gedacht, retten/gerettet. Nouns are frequently made from the past participle.
2. forms verbs with terminative aktionsart: geleiten, genießen, gebären, gelangen, gereuen, geziemen, geruhen, genesen. This is hardly productive after Early New High German and outside of dialects.

• ge- -en (different analysis or view)
• ge- -t (different analysis or view)
• -t (for verbs not stressed on the very first syllable)

• Johann Christoph Adelung, Versuch eines vollständigen grammatisch-kritischen Wörterbuches der Hochdeutschen Mundart, mit beständiger Vergleichung der übrigen Mundarten, besonders aber der oberdeutschen., 2nd part, Leipzig, 1773, col. 464ff. s.v. "Ge"

• Jörg Meibauer, Ulrike Demske, Jochen Geilfuß-Wolfgang, Jürgen Pafel, Karl Heinz Ramers, Monika Rothweiler and Markus Steinbach, Einführung in die germanistische Linguistik, 2nd edition, 2007, p. 32: "[..] Zirkumfixe [...] ge...t bei schwachen Verben und ge...en bei starken Verben (z. B. gespielt, gelaufen)"
• Michael Schäfer and Werner Schäfke, Sprachwissenschaft für Skandinavisten: Eine Einführung, Narr Verlag, 2014, p. 110: "Zirkumfix-Ableitungen [...]:   [..] dt. spiel-en > ge-spiel-t   Das lexikalische Morphem {spiel} wird hier umschlossen vom Zirkumfix {ge- -t}, um das Partizip der Vergangenheit zu bilden."

From Esperanto ge-, from German ge-.

ge-

1. suffix used with the plural to indicate both sexes together

   avi (“grandparents, grandfathers and/or grandmothers”) → geavi (“grandfathers and grandmothers”)

From earlier gè-, from Middle Dutch ge-, ghe-, from Old Dutch gi-, ge-, from Proto-Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm. Cognate with Old Saxon gi- (Low German e-, ge-), Dutch ge-, Old English ġe-, Gothic 𐌲𐌰- (ga-).

ge-

1. When used in combination with the suffix -dje, forms neuter collective nouns.
2. When attached to verbal nouns, forms nouns denoting repetition or continuation. All of these nouns are neuter and have no plural. For example: kalle/gekal.
3. Forms past participles of verbs: wèrke/gewèrk.
4. Used as an intensifier for verbs. wèrke/gewèrke.

From Proto-Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm. Cognate with Old Frisian ge-, e-, Old Saxon gi-, ge- (Low German e-, ge-), Old Dutch gi-, ge- (Dutch ge-), Old High German ga-, gi- (German ge-), Gothic 𐌲𐌰- (ga-).

• IPA^(key): /je/

ġe-

1. Used as an intensifier for verbs, indicating completeness or perfection.
2. Forms nouns or adjectives of association or similarity; co-
3. Forms nouns and verbs with the sense of "result" or "process".
4. Forms past participles or participle adjectives from verbs.

• Middle English: ȝe-, i-, y-
  • English: a- (etymology 3), y-, i- (obsolete)

ge-

1. Alternative form of gi-