Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hlaibaz
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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
Of unclear origin; the word was either borrowed from an unknown language or constructed from native material in late Proto-Germanic. The word has been connected by Walde 1910 to the Ancient Greek words κλίβανος (klíbanos, “baker's oven; pan with a lid for baking bread”) and κλιβανίτης (klibanítēs, “bread baked in a κλίβανος”), which according to Beekes is probably a borrowing from an unknown substratum language. The Germanic word could well have been borrowed from the same source. If so, it would be an early borrowing, since the word then apparently displays the effects of Grimm's Law.
Compare Latvian klàips (“loaf”), Lithuanian kliẽpas (“loaf”) (Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- is suggested as their origin, owing to the fact that the earliest flatbreads were disk-shaped.)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈxlɑi̯.βɑz/
Inflection
| masculine a-stemDeclension of *hlaibaz (masculine a-stem) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | *hlaibaz | *hlaibōz, *hlaibōs | |
| vocative | *hlaib | *hlaibōz, *hlaibōs | |
| accusative | *hlaibą | *hlaibanz | |
| genitive | *hlaibas, *hlaibis | *hlaibǫ̂ | |
| dative | *hlaibai | *hlaibamaz | |
| instrumental | *hlaibō | *hlaibamiz | |
Usage notes
According to Kluge, the word probably referred to unleavened bread, whereas *braudą was the (more modern) leavened bread.
Descendants
- Old English: hlāf
- Old Frisian: hlēf
- Saterland Frisian: luffe
- North Frisian: liaf
- Old Saxon: *hlēf; *hlēfa
- Middle Low German: (klepe?)
- Old High German: hleib, leib, leip; hlaiba, laiba
- Old Norse hleifr
- Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍃 (hlaifs)
- → Proto-Slavic: *xlěbъ (see there for further descendants)
- → Proto-Sami: *lājpē (see there for further descendants)
- → Proto-Finnic: *laipa (see there for further descendants)
References
- Kluge, F. and E. Seebold (2002), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, 24., durchgesehene und erweiterte Auflage, bearbeitet von Elmar Seebold, (on CD-ROM), Berlin. Entry Laib.
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 715f
- Walde, Alois (1910), “lībum”, in Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), 2nd edition, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, page 428