Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁eǵʰs

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction

Italic, Celtic and Greek point to PIE *eḱs. Balto-Slavic *iś and *iź (either could be word-sandhi variant of the other) forms have unexplained initial *i-. However, due to aspirates in the old compounds such as ἔσχατος (éskhatos) and ἐχθός (ekhthós), a pre-form *h₁eǵʰs is needed.

Adverb

*h₁eǵʰs

out

Derived terms

*h₁eǵʰs-tos
*h₁eǵʰs-ter

Descendants

Albanian: *its
- Albanian: ith (“back, backward”) (obsolete, present as part of bythë), ish (“former”) (< ek's)
Balto-Slavic: *iź, *iś
- Latvian: iz
- Lithuanian: iš
- Old Prussian: is
- Slavic: *jьz (see there for further descendants)
Celtic: *exs
- Gaulish: ex-
- Old Irish: a, ess-
  - Irish: as
  - Manx: ass
  - Scottish Gaelic: à
- Welsh: a, ech-
Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ἐξ (ex), ἐκ (ek)
Italic: *eks
- Latin: ex
  - English: ex- (borrowed)
- Oscan: -𐌇𐌄 (-he)
- Umbrian: -𐌄𐌇𐌄 (-ehe)

References

Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 433

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