< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃ésth₁

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

Reconstruction

The original form was a neuter root noun, as can be seen from Latin os and Avestan 𐬀𐬯𐬙-‎ (ast-). In the rest of the daughters, the noun has been transferred to various vocalic stems.

Medial -th- in Sanskrit अस्थि (ásthi) requires root of the form *HestH (the initial laryngeal is there to account for the canonical shape of Proto-Indo-European root). The Latin reflex requires the initial laryngeal to be *h₃-, and Ancient Greek ὀστέον (ostéon) points to *h₁ as the root-final laryngeal.

Celtic forms require initial laryngeal to be *h₂-, so this noun is sometimes[3] reconstructed to have the paradigm *h₂óst(h₁) ~ *h₂ést(h₁)s.

Noun

*h₃ésth₁ n

  1. bone

Declension

Acrostatic ablauting paradigm.

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

  • *kost-

Descendants
  • Albanian: asht, ahstë
  • Anatolian:
  • Armenian: (< *Host-wer-)
  • Celtic:
    • Brythonic:
      • Welsh: asgwrn (< *astkornu), ais (< *astū < *h₂estōn), asen (< *astonion)
    • Old Irish: asna (< *h₂estnijo)
  • Hellenic:
  • Indo-Iranian: *HástʰH
    • Indo-Aryan: *HástʰH
    • Iranian: *HástH
      • Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬌‎ (asti)
      • Zaza–Gorani:
      • Kurdish:
        • Northern Kurdish: hestî, estî hestû
        • Central Kurdish: ئێسک‎ (êsk), ئێسکان‎ (êskan), ئێسقان‎ (êsqan)
      • Caspian:
        • Mazanderani: استکا‎ (estekā), هستکا‎ (hestekā), اسخون‎ (esxūn) , استقون‎ (esteqūn)
      • Old Persian:
        • Middle Persian:
          • Zoroastrian Middle Persian: [script needed] ('st(k') /ast(ag/, “bone, fruit stone)”), [script needed] ('sthw'n' /astuxān/, “bone”)
          • Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫀𐫘𐫤𐫃‎ ('st(g) /ast(ag)/, “bone, fruit stone”)
      • Ossetian: стӕг (stæg)
      • (Perhaps) Pashto: هډ‎ (haḍ, “bone, fruit stone”)
    • Nuristani: [Term?]
      • Kamviri: âṭi
  • Italic:
    • Latin: os (see there for further descendants)
  • Tocharian: *āyä[4]
    • Tocharian A: āy
    • Tocharian B: āy (plural āsta)

Further reading

References
  1. Ringe, Don (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, Oxford University Press
  2. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill
  3. Steinbauer and Schrijver.
  4. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “āyo”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 48
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