< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/drugъ
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *draugás, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ-. Derksen considers the connection with Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to deceive”) dubious.
Inflection
Accent paradigm c.
Indefinite declension of *drugъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *drugъ | *druga | *drugo |
| Accusative | *drugъ | *drugǫ | *drugo |
| Genitive | *druga | *drugy | *druga |
| Locative | *drudzě | *drudzě | *drudzě |
| Dative | *drugu | *drudzě | *drugu |
| Instrumental | *drugomь | *drugojǫ | *drugomь |
| Vocative | *druže | *drugo | *drugo |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *druga | *drudzě | *drudzě |
| Accusative | *druga | *drudzě | *drudzě |
| Genitive | *drugu | *drugu | *drugu |
| Locative | *drugu | *drugu | *drugu |
| Dative | *drugoma | *drugama | *drugoma |
| Instrumental | *drugoma | *drugama | *drugoma |
| Vocative | *druga | *drudzě | *drudzě |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *drudzi | *drugy | *druga |
| Accusative | *drugy | *drugy | *druga |
| Genitive | *drugъ | *drugъ | *drugъ |
| Locative | *drudzěxъ | *drugaxъ | *drudzěxъ |
| Dative | *drugomъ | *drugamъ | *drugomъ |
| Instrumental | *drugy | *drugami | *drugy |
| Vocative | *drudzi | *drugy | *druga |
Definite declension of *drugъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *drugъjь | *drugaja | *drugoje |
| Accusative | *drugъjь | *drugǫjǫ | *drugoje |
| Genitive | *drugajego | *drugyję | *drugajego |
| Locative | *drudzějemь | *drudzěji | *drudzějemь |
| Dative | *drugujemu | *drudzěji | *drugujemu |
| Instrumental | *drugyjimi | *drugǫjǫ | *drugyjimi |
| Vocative | *drugъjь | *drugaja | *drugoje |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *drugaja | *drudzěji | *drudzěji |
| Accusative | *drugaja | *drudzěji | *drudzěji |
| Genitive | *druguju | *druguju | *druguju |
| Locative | *druguju | *druguju | *druguju |
| Dative | *drugyjima | *drugyjima | *drugyjima |
| Instrumental | *drugyjima | *drugyjima | *drugyjima |
| Vocative | *drugaja | *drudzěji | *drudzěji |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *drudziji | *drugyję | *drugaja |
| Accusative | *drugyję | *drugyję | *drugaja |
| Genitive | *drugъjixъ | *drugъjixъ | *drugъjixъ |
| Locative | *drugyjixъ | *drugyjixъ | *drugyjixъ |
| Dative | *drugyjimъ | *drugyjimъ | *drugyjimъ |
| Instrumental | *drugyjimi | *drugyjimi | *drugyjimi |
| Vocative | *drudziji | *drugyję | *drugaja |
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Inflection
Declension of *drȗgъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm c)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *drȗgъ | *drȗga | *drȗdzi |
| Accusative | *drȗgъ | *drȗga | *drȗgy |
| Genitive | *drȗga | *drugù | *drũgъ |
| Locative | *drȗdzě | *drugù | *drudzě̃xъ |
| Dative | *drȗgu | *drugomà | *drugòmъ |
| Instrumental | *drȗgъmь, *drȗgomь* | *drugomà | *drugý |
| Vocative | *druže | *drȗga | *drȗdzi |
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.
Derived terms
- *družica / *družika (“female friend, companion”)
- *družьka (“female friend, companion”)
- *družìna (“company, fellowship”)
- *družiti (“to be friends”)
- *družь / *druža
- *družьba (“friendship”)
- *družьnъ
- *družьstvo
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Further reading
- “draugas” in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė
- Vasmer (Fasmer), Max (Maks) (1964–1973), “друг”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), translated from German and supplemented by Trubačóv Oleg, Moscow: Progress
- Černyx, P. Ja. (1999), “друг”, in Istoriko-etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 1, 3rd reprint edition, Moscow: Russkij jazyk, page 270
- Trubačóv, Oleg, editor (1978), “*drugъ”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ slavjanskix jazykov [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), volume 05, Moscow: Nauka, page 131
- Smoczyński, Wojciech (2007), “draũgas”, in Słownik etymologiczny je̜zyka litewskiego (in Polish), Vilnius: Uniwersytet Wileński, page 119f
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*drȗgъ II”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 122: “adj. o (c) ‘other’”
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “drugъ druga drugo”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c anden (PR 138)”
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*drȗgъ I”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 121: “m. o (c) ‘companion, friend’”
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “drugъ druga”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c friend (NA 98; SA 156, 158; PR 137; RPT 97, 102)”
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