< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tvьrdъ
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *twer- + *-dъ.
Baltic cognates include Lithuanian tvìrtas (“strong, firm, solid”), Latvian tvir̂ts (“strong, firm, solid”).
Declension
Accent paradigm c.
Indefinite declension of *tvьrdъ (hard)
Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *tvьrdъ | *tvьrda | *tvьrdo |
Accusative | *tvьrdъ | *tvьrdǫ | *tvьrdo |
Genitive | *tvьrda | *tvьrdy | *tvьrda |
Locative | *tvьrdě | *tvьrdě | *tvьrdě |
Dative | *tvьrdu | *tvьrdě | *tvьrdu |
Instrumental | *tvьrdomь | *tvьrdojǫ | *tvьrdomь |
Vocative | *tvьrde | *tvьrdo | *tvьrdo |
Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
Nominative | *tvьrda | *tvьrdě | *tvьrdě |
Accusative | *tvьrda | *tvьrdě | *tvьrdě |
Genitive | *tvьrdu | *tvьrdu | *tvьrdu |
Locative | *tvьrdu | *tvьrdu | *tvьrdu |
Dative | *tvьrdoma | *tvьrdama | *tvьrdoma |
Instrumental | *tvьrdoma | *tvьrdama | *tvьrdoma |
Vocative | *tvьrda | *tvьrdě | *tvьrdě |
Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
Nominative | *tvьrdi | *tvьrdy | *tvьrda |
Accusative | *tvьrdy | *tvьrdy | *tvьrda |
Genitive | *tvьrdъ | *tvьrdъ | *tvьrdъ |
Locative | *tvьrděxъ | *tvьrdaxъ | *tvьrděxъ |
Dative | *tvьrdomъ | *tvьrdamъ | *tvьrdomъ |
Instrumental | *tvьrdy | *tvьrdami | *tvьrdy |
Vocative | *tvьrdi | *tvьrdy | *tvьrda |
Definite declension of *tvьrdъ (hard)
Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *tvьrdъjь | *tvьrdaja | *tvьrdoje |
Accusative | *tvьrdъjь | *tvьrdǫjǫ | *tvьrdoje |
Genitive | *tvьrdajego | *tvьrdyję | *tvьrdajego |
Locative | *tvьrdějemь | *tvьrději | *tvьrdějemь |
Dative | *tvьrdujemu | *tvьrději | *tvьrdujemu |
Instrumental | *tvьrdyjimi | *tvьrdǫjǫ | *tvьrdyjimi |
Vocative | *tvьrdъjь | *tvьrdaja | *tvьrdoje |
Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
Nominative | *tvьrdaja | *tvьrději | *tvьrději |
Accusative | *tvьrdaja | *tvьrději | *tvьrději |
Genitive | *tvьrduju | *tvьrduju | *tvьrduju |
Locative | *tvьrduju | *tvьrduju | *tvьrduju |
Dative | *tvьrdyjima | *tvьrdyjima | *tvьrdyjima |
Instrumental | *tvьrdyjima | *tvьrdyjima | *tvьrdyjima |
Vocative | *tvьrdaja | *tvьrději | *tvьrději |
Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
Nominative | *tvьrdiji | *tvьrdyję | *tvьrdaja |
Accusative | *tvьrdyję | *tvьrdyję | *tvьrdaja |
Genitive | *tvьrdъjixъ | *tvьrdъjixъ | *tvьrdъjixъ |
Locative | *tvьrdyjixъ | *tvьrdyjixъ | *tvьrdyjixъ |
Dative | *tvьrdyjimъ | *tvьrdyjimъ | *tvьrdyjimъ |
Instrumental | *tvьrdyjimi | *tvьrdyjimi | *tvьrdyjimi |
Vocative | *tvьrdiji | *tvьrdyję | *tvьrdaja |
Antonyms
- *mękъkъ (“soft”)
See also
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 501
- Vasmer (Fasmer), Max (Maks) (1964–1973), “твердый”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), translated from German and supplemented by Trubačóv Oleg, Moscow: Progress
- Černyx, P. Ja. (1999), “твёрдый”, in Istoriko-etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 2, 3rd reprint edition, Moscow: Russkij jazyk, page 231
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