soustraire
French
Etymology
From Old French sustraire, borrowed from Latin subtraho, subtrahere (with conjugation modeled on traire), and altered based on influence from words like souscrire.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sus.tʁɛʁ/
soustraire (file)
Verb
soustraire
- to subtract (to remove or reduce)
- (mathematics) to subtract
- (reflexive) to avoid, to escape (from)
Conjugation
This verb traditionally has no past historic or imperfect subjunctive. They would be formed on a -soustray- root: *je soustrayis, *que nous soustrayissions etc. Forms using the ‘a’ endings of verbs in -er are now used when there is an unavoidable need to use these forms. The root -soustrais- was used instead of -soustray- in the 18th century, and remains in Swiss and Savoy dialects.
Conjugation of soustraire (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| present participle | soustrayant /sus.tʁɛ.jɑ̃/ | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| past participle | soustrait /sus.tʁɛ/ | ||||||
| infinitive | |||||||
| simple | soustraire | ||||||
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| gerund1 | |||||||
| simple | soustrayant /sus.tʁɛ.jɑ̃/ | ||||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | soustrais /sus.tʁɛ/ |
soustrais /sus.tʁɛ/ |
soustrait /sus.tʁɛ/ |
soustrayons /sus.tʁɛ.jɔ̃/ |
soustrayez /sus.tʁɛ.je/ |
soustraient /sus.tʁɛ/ |
| imperfect | soustrayais /sus.tʁɛ.jɛ/ |
soustrayais /sus.tʁɛ.jɛ/ |
soustrayait /sus.tʁɛ.jɛ/ |
soustrayions /sus.tʁɛj.jɔ̃/ |
soustrayiez /sus.tʁɛj.je/ |
soustrayaient /sus.tʁɛ.jɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | soustrayai /sus.tʁɛ.je/ |
soustrayas /sus.tʁɛ.ja/ |
soustraya /sus.tʁɛ.ja/ |
soustrayâmes /sus.tʁɛ.jam/ |
soustrayâtes /sus.tʁɛ.jat/ |
soustrayèrent /sus.tʁɛ.jɛʁ/ | |
| future | soustrairai /sus.tʁɛ.ʁe/ |
soustrairas /sus.tʁɛ.ʁa/ |
soustraira /sus.tʁɛ.ʁa/ |
soustrairons /sus.tʁɛ.ʁɔ̃/ |
soustrairez /sus.tʁɛ.ʁe/ |
soustrairont /sus.tʁɛ.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | soustrairais /sus.tʁɛ.ʁɛ/ |
soustrairais /sus.tʁɛ.ʁɛ/ |
soustrairait /sus.tʁɛ.ʁɛ/ |
soustrairions /sus.tʁɛ.ʁjɔ̃/ |
soustrairiez /sus.tʁɛ.ʁje/ |
soustrairaient /sus.tʁɛ.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | soustraie /sus.tʁɛ/ |
soustraies /sus.tʁɛ/ |
soustraie /sus.tʁɛ/ |
soustrayions /sus.tʁɛj.jɔ̃/ |
soustrayiez /sus.tʁɛj.je/ |
soustraient /sus.tʁɛ/ |
| imperfect2 | soustrayasse /sus.tʁɛ.jas/ |
soustrayasses /sus.tʁɛ.jas/ |
soustrayât /sus.tʁɛ.ja/ |
soustrayassions /sus.tʁɛ.ja.sjɔ̃/ |
soustrayassiez /sus.tʁɛ.ja.sje/ |
soustrayassent /sus.tʁɛ.jas/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | soustrais /sus.tʁɛ/ |
— | soustrayons /sus.tʁɛ.jɔ̃/ |
soustrayez /sus.tʁɛ.je/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 Only usable with preposition en. | |||||||
| 2 In less formal writing or speech, the past historic, past anterior, imperfect subjunctive and pluperfect subjunctive tenses may be found to have been replaced with the indicative present perfect, indicative pluperfect, present subjunctive and past subjunctive tenses respectively (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
This verb traditionally has no past historic or imperfect subjunctive. They would be formed on a -soustray- root: *je soustrayis, *que nous soustrayissions etc. Forms using the ‘a’ endings of verbs in -er are now used when there is an unavoidable need to use these forms. The root -soustrais- was used instead of -soustray- in the 18th century, and remains in Swiss and Savoy dialects.
Conjugation of se soustraire (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| present participle | se soustrayant /sə sus.tʁɛ.jɑ̃/ | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| past participle | soustrait /sus.tʁɛ/ | ||||||
| infinitive | |||||||
| simple | se soustraire | ||||||
| compound | s'être + past participle | ||||||
| gerund1 | |||||||
| simple | se soustrayant /sə sus.tʁɛ.jɑ̃/ | ||||||
| compound | s'étant + past participle | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | me soustrais /mə sus.tʁɛ/ |
te soustrais /tə sus.tʁɛ/ |
se soustrait /sə sus.tʁɛ/ |
nous soustrayons /nu sus.tʁɛ.jɔ̃/ |
vous soustrayez /vu sus.tʁɛ.je/ |
se soustraient /sə sus.tʁɛ/ |
| imperfect | me soustrayais /mə sus.tʁɛ.jɛ/ |
te soustrayais /tə sus.tʁɛ.jɛ/ |
se soustrayait /sə sus.tʁɛ.jɛ/ |
nous soustrayions /nu sus.tʁɛj.jɔ̃/ |
vous soustrayiez /vu sus.tʁɛj.je/ |
se soustrayaient /sə sus.tʁɛ.jɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | me soustrayai /mə sus.tʁɛ.je/ |
te soustrayas /tə sus.tʁɛ.ja/ |
se soustraya /sə sus.tʁɛ.ja/ |
nous soustrayâmes /nu sus.tʁɛ.jam/ |
vous soustrayâtes /vu sus.tʁɛ.jat/ |
se soustrayèrent /sə sus.tʁɛ.jɛʁ/ | |
| future | me soustrairai /mə sus.tʁɛ.ʁe/ |
te soustrairas /tə sus.tʁɛ.ʁa/ |
se soustraira /sə sus.tʁɛ.ʁa/ |
nous soustrairons /nu sus.tʁɛ.ʁɔ̃/ |
vous soustrairez /vu sus.tʁɛ.ʁe/ |
se soustrairont /sə sus.tʁɛ.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | me soustrairais /mə sus.tʁɛ.ʁɛ/ |
te soustrairais /tə sus.tʁɛ.ʁɛ/ |
se soustrairait /sə sus.tʁɛ.ʁɛ/ |
nous soustrairions /nu sus.tʁɛ.ʁjɔ̃/ |
vous soustrairiez /vu sus.tʁɛ.ʁje/ |
se soustrairaient /sə sus.tʁɛ.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of s'être + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of s'être + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of s'être + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of s'être + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of s'être + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | me soustraie /mə sus.tʁɛ/ |
te soustraies /tə sus.tʁɛ/ |
se soustraie /sə sus.tʁɛ/ |
nous soustrayions /nu sus.tʁɛj.jɔ̃/ |
vous soustrayiez /vu sus.tʁɛj.je/ |
se soustraient /sə sus.tʁɛ/ |
| imperfect2 | me soustrayasse /mə sus.tʁɛ.jas/ |
te soustrayasses /tə sus.tʁɛ.jas/ |
se soustrayât /sə sus.tʁɛ.ja/ |
nous soustrayassions /nu sus.tʁɛ.ja.sjɔ̃/ |
vous soustrayassiez /vu sus.tʁɛ.ja.sje/ |
se soustrayassent /sə sus.tʁɛ.jas/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of s'être + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of s'être + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | soustrais-toi /sus.tʁɛ.twa/ |
— | soustrayons-nous /sus.tʁɛ.jɔ̃.nu/ |
soustrayez-vous /sus.tʁɛ.je.vu/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of s'être + past participle | — | simple imperative of s'être + past participle | simple imperative of s'être + past participle | — | |
| 1 Only usable with preposition en. | |||||||
| 2 In less formal writing or speech, the past historic, past anterior, imperfect subjunctive and pluperfect subjunctive tenses may be found to have been replaced with the indicative present perfect, indicative pluperfect, present subjunctive and past subjunctive tenses respectively (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Related terms
Further reading
- “soustraire” in le Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).
Anagrams
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