Bay of Pigs Invasion

Examples of Bay of Pigs Invasion in the following topics:

• Controlling the Behaviors of Group Members

  • The United States Bay of Pigs Invasion was one of the primary political case studies that Janis used in explaining the theory of groupthink.
  • The United States Bay of Pigs Invasion was one of the primary political case studies that Janis used in explaining the theory of groupthink.
  • The United States Bay of Pigs Invasion was one of the primary political case studies that Janis used in explaining the theory of groupthink.
  • The United States Bay of Pigs Invasion, implemented by President John F.
  • Kennedy, was one of the primary political case studies that Irving Janis used in explaining the theory of groupthink.

• "The Hour of Maximum Danger"

  • Kennedy felt that the spread of communism (the "hour of maximum danger") required the policy of containment.
  • Kennedy felt that the spread of communism (the "hour of maximum danger") required the policy of containment.
  • Some of the most notable events that stemmed from tenets of JFK's foreign policy initiatives in regard to containing the threat of communism were the Kennedy Doctrine, the Berlin Crisis of 1961, the Bay of Pigs Invasion, and the ratification of the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.
  • On April 17, 1961, Kennedy ordered what became known as the "Bay of Pigs Invasion:" 1,500 U.S.
  • This propaganda book warns of the danger of a communist revolution—something that JFK's policy of containment sought to fight against.

• Groupthink

  • In groupthink, each member of the group attempts to conform his or her opinions to what he or she believes is the consensus of the group.
  • In a groupthink situation, each member of the group attempts to conform his or her opinions to what they believe to be the consensus of the group.
  • Groupthink tends to occur on committees and in large organizations, and Janis originally studied the groupthink phenomena in historical cases, such as the Pearl Harbor bombing, the Vietnam War, and the Bay of Pigs Invasion.
  • Management consultants often recommend putting in place a variety of mechamisms to minimize groupthink.
  • A schematic of the groupthink model based on Irving Janis's research

• A Growing War in Vietnam

  • The U.S. framed the war as part of its policy of containment of communism in south Asia; however, the war was met with significant protests at home on American soil.
  • In 1961, Kennedy faced three events that made it appear as if the U.S. was bending to communism: the failure of the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the construction of the Berlin Wall, and communist political movement in Laos, called Pathet Lao, which received Soviet support in 1961.
  • In February of 1962, Kennedy created The Military Assistance Command Vietnam (MACV), and in August of 1962, Kennedy signed the Foreign Assistance Act of 1962, which provides "…military assistance to countries...on the rim of the Communist world and under direct attack."
  • General Paul Harkins, the commander of U.S. forces in South Vietnam, confidently predicted victory against the insurgents by Christmas of 1963.
  • The CIA was less optimistic, however, warning that "the Viet Cong by and large retain de facto control of much of the countryside and have steadily increased the overall intensity of the effort."

• Nixon and Foreign Policy

  • U.S. retreat from a strategy of military intervention on behalf of Cold War allies was also driven by financial concerns and the growing expense of maintaining the war.
  • Nixon had been a firm supporter of Kennedy in the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion and the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis.
  • In September of 1970, the election of Marxist candidate Salvador Allende as President of Chile led Nixon to order that Allende not be allowed to take office.
  • The effects of the embargo were immediate, and the price of oil quadrupled by 1974.
  • The retail price of a gallon of gasoline (petrol) rose from a national average of 38.5 cents in May 1973 to 55.1 cents in June 1974.

• Group Influence

  • A large body of research suggests that group membership strongly shapes the everyday behavior of individuals.
  • One of the most well-known illustrations of conformity is Solomon Asch's conformity experiments.
  • Janis originally studied the Pearl Harbor bombing, the Vietnam War and the Bay of Pigs Invasion.
  • An example of the types of cards used in the Solomon Asch line experiments.
  • This is just one illustration of the influence of groups on individuals.

• The Cuban Missile Crisis

  • Kennedy felt that the spread of communism (what became known as the "hour of maximum danger") required the policy of containment.
  • In January of 1959, following the overthrow of the corrupt and dictatorial regime of Fulgencio Batista, Castro assumed leadership of the new Cuban government.
  • After landing at the Bay of Pigs on the Cuban coast, these insurgents, the CIA believed, would inspire their countrymen to rise up and topple Castro’s regime.
  • The Bay of Pigs invasion was a major foreign policy disaster for President Kennedy and highlighted Cuba’s military vulnerability to the Castro administration.
  • A year after the failed Bay of Pigs invasion, the Soviet Union sent troops and technicians to Cuba to strengthen its new ally against further U.S. military plots.

• Settling the Middle Colonies

  • The Middle Colonies consisted of the middle region of the Thirteen Colonies of the British Empire in North America.
  • Henry Hudson explored the Middle Colonies on a journey into the Hudson River and Delaware Bay in 1609.
  • From 1692 to 1694, the revolution in England deprived Penn of the governance of his colony.
  • The colony also became a major producer of pig iron and its products, including the Pennsylvania long rifle and the Conestoga wagon.
  • Compare the culture of the Middle Colonies with that of other English colonies

• Changes in American Indian Life

  • In the Spanish colonization of the Americas, the policy of Indian Reductions resulted in the forced conversions to Catholicism of the indigenous people.
  • In 1618–1619, smallpox killed 90% of the American Indians in the area of the Massachusetts Bay.
  • Sheep, pigs, horses, and cattle were all Old World animals that were introduced to contemporary American Indians.
  • Accurate records of the numbers enslaved do not exist; scholars estimate tens of thousands of American Indians may have been enslaved by the Europeans.
  • Yamacraw Creek Native Americans meet with the trustee of the colony of Georgia in England, in July 1734.

• Napoleon's Military Record

  • The War of the Second Coalition began with the French invasion of Egypt, headed by Napoleon, in 1798.
  • In the field of military organization, Napoleon borrowed from previous theorists and reforms of preceding French governments, developing much of what was already in place.
  • Invasions of enemy territory occurred over broader fronts, which made wars costlier and more decisive.
  • The political effect of war increased.
  • That propaganda even spread back to France, where news of defeats such as at sea in Aboukir Bay and on land in Syria were suppressed.