Acidobacteriota

Acidobacteriota
Acidobacterium cf. capsulatum
Scientific classification
Domain:
Phylum:
Acidobacteriota

Thrash and Coates 2021[1]
Class
Synonyms
  • "Acidobacteria" Thrash and Coates 2010[2]
  • "Acidobacteraeota" Oren et al. 2015
  • "Acidobacteriota" Whitman et al. 2018
  •  ?"Aminicenantes" Rinke et al. 2013
  •  ?"Fischerbacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016

Acidobacteriota is a phylum of bacteria. Its members are physiologically diverse and ubiquitous, especially in soils, but are under-represented in culture.[3][4][5]

Description

Members of this phylum are physiologically diverse, and can be found in a variety of environments including soil, decomposing wood,[6] hot springs, oceans, caves, and metal-contaminated soils.[7] The members of this phylum are particularly abundant in soil habitats representing up to 52% of the total bacterial community.[8] Environmental factors such as pH and nutrients have been seen to drive Acidobacteriota dynamics.[9][10][11] Many Acidobacteriota are acidophilic, including the first described member of the phylum, Acidobacterium capsulatum.[12]

Other notable species are Holophaga foetida,[13] Geothrix fermentans,[14] Acanthopleuribacter pedis[15] and Bryobacter aggregatus.[16] Since they have only recently been discovered and the large majority have not been cultured, the ecology and metabolism of these bacteria is not well understood.[4] However, these bacteria may be an important contributor to ecosystems, since they are particularly abundant within soils.[17] Members of subdivisions 1, 4, and 6 are found to be particularly abundant in soils.[18]

As well as their natural soil habitat, unclassified subdivision 2 Acidobacteriota have also been identified as a contaminant of DNA extraction kit reagents, which may lead to their erroneous appearance in microbiota or metagenomic datasets.[19]

Members of subdivision 1 have been found to dominate in low pH conditions.[20][9] Additionally, Acidobacteriota from acid mine drainage have been found to be more adapted to acidic pH conditions (pH 2-3) compared to Acidobacteriota from soils,[21] potentially due to cell specialization and enzyme stability.[9]

The G+C content of Acidobacteria genomes are consistent within their subdivisions - above 60% for group V fragments and roughly 10% lower for group III fragments.[4]

The majority of Acidobacteriota are considered aerobes.[22][23] There are some Acidobacteriota that are considered anaerobes within subdivision 8[14] and subdivision 23.[24] It has been found that some strains of Acidobacteriota originating from soils have the genomic potential to respire oxygen at atmospheric and sub-atmospheric concentrations.[23]

Members of the Acidobacteriota phylum have been considered oligotrophic bacteria due to high abundances in low organic carbon environments.[9] However, the variation in this phylum may indicate that they may not have the same ecological strategy.[9]

History

The first species, Acidobacterium capsulatum, of this phylum was discovered in 1991.[25] However, Acidobacteriota were not recognized as a novel division until 1997,[12] and were not recognized as a phylum until 2012.[26] First genome was sequenced in 2007.[27]

Metabolism

Carbon

Some members of subdivision 1 are able to use D-glucose, D-xylose, and lactose as carbon sources,[9] but are unable to use fucose or sorbose.[28] Members of subdivision 1 also contain enzymes such as galactosidases used in the breakdown of sugars.[9] Members of subdivision 4 have been found to use chitin as a carbon source.[29][30][9]

Nitrogen

There has been no clear evidence that Acidobacteriota are involved in nitrogen-cycle processes such as nitrification, denitrification, or nitrogen fixation.[9] However, Geothrix fermantans was shown to be able to reduce nitrate and contained the norB gene.[9] The NorB gene was also identified in Koribacter verstailis and Solibacter usitatus.[31][9] In addition, the presence of the nirA gene has been observed in members of subdivision 1.[9] Additionally, to date, all genomes have been described to directly uptake ammonium via ammonium channel transporter family genes.[23][9] Acidobacteriota can use both inorganic and organic nitrogen as their nitrogen sources.

Taxonomy

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN)[32] and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).[33]

Phylogeny of Acidobacteriota using 16S rRNA (LTP release 132[34])
Vicinamibacteria

Luteitalea

Vicinamibacter

Holophagae
Acanthopleuribacteraceae

Acanthopleuribacter

Holophagaceae

Geothrix

Holophaga

"Acidobacteriia"
Bryobacteraceae

Bryobacter

Paludibaculum

Acidobacteriaceae

Phylogeny of Acidobacteriota (Annotree v1.2.0,[35][36] GTDB 05-RS95[37][38])

Holophagaceae

"Aminicenantia"

"Aminicenantaceae"

"Saccharicenantaceae"

Thermoanaerobaculaceae

Vicinamibacteraceae

Blastocatellia

"Chloracidobacteriaceae"

Pyrinomonadaceae

"Acidobacteriia"
Bryobacterales

Bryobacteraceae

Acidobacteriales

"Korobacteraceae"

Acidobacteriaceae

References

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