Autonomic dysfunction

Autonomic dysfunction
Other names: Dysautonomia, autonomic nervous system disorders, autonomic disorders
The autonomic nervous system
SpecialtyNeurology
SymptomsLightheadedness with standing, dilated and poorly reactive pupils, rapid heart rate, alterations in sweating, urinary problems[1][2]
CausesVasovagal syncope, Parkinson's disease, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, alcoholism, multiple system atrophy, Guillain-Barre syndrome, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, amyloidosis, familial dysautonomia, hyperhidrosis, autonomic dysreflexia, complex regional pain syndrome, certain medications[1][2][3]
Diagnostic methodBased on blood pressure, heart rate, and sweat testing[4]
TreatmentSymptomatic, underlying cause[1]
FrequencyRelatively common[2]

Autonomic dysfunction is a condition in which the autonomic nervous system (ANS) does not work properly.[1] Symptoms may include lightheadedness with standing, dilated and poorly reactive pupils, rapid heart rate, alterations in sweating, erectile dysfunction, and urinary problems.[1][2] Depending on the underlying cause symptoms may worsen over time or resolve.[4]

Causes may include vasovagal syncope, diabetes, Parkinson's disease, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, alcoholism, multiple system atrophy, Guillain-Barre syndrome, multiple sclerosis, amyloidosis, familial dysautonomia, hyperhidrosis, autonomic dysreflexia, complex regional pain syndrome, and certain medications.[1][2][3] Diagnosis may be based on variation in blood pressure and heart rate between lying down and standing and tests of sweating.[4]

Generally there is no specific cure.[1] Treatment may involved addressing the underlying cause and measures to improve symptoms.[1] Low blood pressure with standing may be improved with compression stockings and a high salt diet.[4] If the bladder does not contract a urinary catheter may be required.[4] Outcomes depend on the underlying cause.[1] It occurs relatively commonly.[2] The problem become more frequent with age.[4]

Signs and symptoms

The symptoms of dysautonomia, which are numerous and vary widely for each individual, are due to inefficient or unbalanced efferent signals sent via both systems. The primary symptoms in individuals with dysautonomia include

Causes

Vincristine

Dysautonomia may be due to inherited or degenerative neurologic diseases (primary dysautonomia)[8] or it may occur due to injury of the autonomic nervous system from an acquired disorder (secondary dysautonomia).[5][9] The most common causes of dysautonomia include

In the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), predominant dysautonomia is common along with fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, and interstitial cystitis, raising the possibility that such dysautonomia could be their common clustering underlying pathogenesis.[13]

In addition to sometimes being a symptom of dysautonomia, anxiety can sometimes physically manifest symptoms resembling autonomic dysfunction.[14][15][16] A thorough investigation ruling out physiological causes is crucial, but in cases where relevant tests are performed and no causes are found or symptoms do not match any known disorders, a primary anxiety disorder is possible, but should not be presumed.[17] For such patients, the anxiety sensitivity index may have better predictivity for anxiety disorders, while the Beck anxiety inventory may misleadingly suggest anxiety for patients with dysautonomia.[18]

Mechanism

Mechanism of autonomic dysfunction in multiple sclerosis[19][20]

The autonomic nervous system is a component of the peripheral nervous system and comprises two branches: the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS). The SNS controls the more active responses such as increasing heart rate and blood pressure. The PSNS slows down the heart rate and aids in digestion, for example. Symptoms typically arise from abnormal responses of either the sympathetic or parasympathetic systems based on situation or environment.[8][21]

Diagnosis

Valsalva maneuver

The diagnosis of dysautonomia depends on the overall function of three autonomic functions – cardiovagal, adrenergic, and sudomotor. A diagnosis should, at a bare minimum, include measurements of blood pressure and heart rate while lying flat, and after at least 3 minutes of standing. The best way to achieve a diagnosis includes a range of testing, notably an autonomic reflex screen, tilt table test, and testing of the sudomotor response (QSART or thermoregulatory sweat test).[22]

Additional tests and examinations to determine a diagnosis of dysautonomia include

Tests to elucidate the cause of dysautonomia can include:

Vegetative-vascular dystonia

Particularly in the Russian literature,[23] a subtype of dysautonomia which particularly affects the vascular system has been called vegetative-vascular dystonia.[24][25][26][27][28] The term "vegetative" reflects an older name for the autonomic nervous system: the vegetative nervous system.

Management

H2- receptor antagonist

The treatment of dysautonomia can be difficult; since it is made up of many different symptoms, a combination of drug therapies is often required to manage individual symptomatic complaints. Therefore, if an autoimmune neuropathy is the case, then treatment with immunomodulatory therapies is done, or if diabetes mellitus is the cause, control of blood glucose is important.[5] Treatment can include proton-pump inhibitors and H2 receptor antagonists used for digestive symptoms such as acid reflux.[29]

For the treatment of genitourinary autonomic neuropathy medications may include sildenafil (a guanine monophosphate type-5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor). For the treatment of hyperhidrosis, anticholinergic agents such as trihexyphenidyl or scopolamine can be used, also intracutaneous injection of botulinum toxin type A can be used for management in some cases.[30]

Balloon angioplasty, a procedure referred to as transvascular autonomic modulation, is specifically not approved for the treatment of autonomic dysfunction.[31]

Prognosis

The prognosis of dysautonomia depends on several factors; individuals with chronic, progressive, generalized dysautonomia in the setting of central nervous system degeneration such as Parkinson's disease or multiple system atrophy have a generally poorer long-term prognosis. Consequently, dysautonomia could be fatal due to pneumonia, acute respiratory failure, or sudden cardiopulmonary arrest.[8]

Autonomic dysfunction symptoms such as orthostatic hypotension, gastroparesis, and gustatory sweating are more frequently identified in mortalities.[32]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Dysautonomia Information Page". www.ninds.nih.gov. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sánchez-Manso, JC; Muppidi, V; Varacallo, M (January 2021). "Autonomic Dysfunction". PMID 28613638. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. 1 2 "Dysautonomia | Autonomic Nervous System Disorders | MedlinePlus". NIH. Archived from the original on 18 March 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System - Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Autonomic Neuropathy Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes". emedicine.medscape.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Autonomic Neuropathy. Information about AN. Patient | Patient". Patient info. Archived from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Autonomic neuropathy: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2016-07-05. Retrieved 2016-02-20.
  8. 1 2 3 4 "Dysautonomia". NINDS. Archived from the original on 2016-12-02. Retrieved 2012-04-03.
  9. ↑ Kirk KA, Shoykhet M, Jeong JH, Tyler-Kabara EC, Henderson MJ, Bell MJ, Fink EL (August 2012). "Dysautonomia after pediatric brain injury". Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 54 (8): 759–64. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04322.x. PMC 3393822. PMID 22712762.
  10. ↑ De Wandele I, Rombaut L, Leybaert L, Van de Borne P, De Backer T, Malfait F, et al. (August 2014). "Dysautonomia and its underlying mechanisms in the hypermobility type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome". Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 44 (1): 93–100. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2013.12.006. PMID 24507822.
  11. ↑ "Paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system". Mayo Clinic. Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  12. ↑ Palma JA, Kaufmann H (March 2018). "Treatment of autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson disease and other synucleinopathies". Mov Disord (Review). 33 (3): 372–90. doi:10.1002/mds.27344. PMC 5844369. PMID 29508455.
  13. ↑ Martínez-Martínez LA, Mora T, Vargas A, Fuentes-Iniestra M, Martínez-Lavín M (April 2014). "Sympathetic nervous system dysfunction in fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, and interstitial cystitis: a review of case-control studies". Journal of Clinical Rheumatology. 20 (3): 146–50. doi:10.1097/RHU.0000000000000089. PMID 24662556. S2CID 23799955. Archived from the original on 2019-09-24. Retrieved 2019-09-11.
  14. ↑ Soliman K, Sturman S, Sarkar PK, Michael A (2010). "Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS): a diagnostic dilemma". British Journal of Cardiology. 17 (1): 36–9. Archived from the original on 2017-06-10. Retrieved 2017-06-02.
  15. ↑ Ackerman K, DiMartini AF (2015). Psychosomatic Medicine. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. ISBN 9780199329311. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
  16. ↑ Carr A, McNulty M (2016-03-31). The Handbook of Adult Clinical Psychology: An Evidence Based Practice Approach. Routledge. ISBN 9781317576143. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
  17. ↑ Tasman A, Kay J, First MB, Lieberman JA, Riba M (2015-03-30). Psychiatry, 2 Volume Set. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118845479. Archived from the original on 2021-08-27. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
  18. ↑ Raj V, Haman KL, Raj SR, Byrne D, Blakely RD, Biaggioni I, et al. (March 2009). "Psychiatric profile and attention deficits in postural tachycardia syndrome". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 80 (3): 339–44. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2008.144360. PMC 2758320. PMID 18977825.
  19. ↑ Pintér, Alexandra; Cseh, Domonkos; Sárközi, Adrienn; Illigens, Ben M.; Siepmann, Timo (24 July 2015). "Autonomic Dysregulation in Multiple Sclerosis". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 16 (8): 16920–16952. doi:10.3390/ijms160816920. ISSN 1422-0067.
  20. ↑ Haensch, Carl-Albrecht; Jörg, Johannes (February 2006). "Autonomic dysfunction in multiple sclerosis". Journal of Neurology. 253 Suppl 1: I3–9. doi:10.1007/s00415-006-1102-2. ISSN 0340-5354.
  21. ↑ Information, National Center for Biotechnology; Pike, U. S. National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville; MD, Bethesda; Usa, 20894. "Autonomic Nervous System - National Library of Medicine". PubMed Health. Archived from the original on 2020-06-25. Retrieved 2016-02-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mustafa HI, Fessel JP, Barwise J, Shannon JR, Raj SR, Diedrich A, et al. (January 2012). "Dysautonomia: perioperative implications". Anesthesiology. 116 (1): 205–15. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31823db712. PMC 3296831. PMID 22143168.
  23. ↑ Loganovsky K (1999). "Vegetative-Vascular Dystonia and Osteoalgetic Syndrome or Chronic Fatigue Syndrome as a Characteristic After-Effect of Radioecological Disaster". Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. 7 (3): 3–16. doi:10.1300/J092v07n03_02.
  24. ↑ Ivanova ES, Mukharliamov FI, Razumov AN, Uianaeva AI (2008). "[State-of-the-art corrective and diagnostic technologies in medical rehabilitation of patients with vegetative vascular dystonia]". Voprosy Kurortologii, Fizioterapii, I Lechebnoi Fizicheskoi Kultury (1): 4–7. PMID 18376477.
  25. ↑ Malysheva OA, Shirinskiĭ VS (1998). "[Seasonal changes of secondary immunodeficiency in patients with vascular dystonia]". Klinicheskaia Meditsina. 76 (5): 34–6. PMID 9644934.
  26. ↑ Lobzin VS, Poliakova LA, Shiman AG, Zavodnik AI (March 1989). "[Treatment of autonomic vascular dystonia by combined physiotherapy methods]". Vrachebnoe Delo (3): 22–3. PMID 2750110.
  27. ↑ Solov'eva AD, Kolosova OA, Loseva MM, Mindlina GE, Ginzburg LI (1985). "[Thermography in healthy subjects and in the syndrome of vegetative-vascular dystonia]". Zhurnal Nevropatologii I Psikhiatrii Imeni S.S. Korsakova. 85 (6): 905–10. PMID 4024817.
  28. ↑ Isaev DN, Efremov KD (1983). "[Psychogenic factors participating in the development of vegetovascular dystonia of the hypertensive type in children]". Zhurnal Nevropatologii I Psikhiatrii Imeni S.S. Korsakova. 83 (10): 1548–52. PMID 6659792.
  29. ↑ "H2 Blockers. Reducing stomach acid with H2 Blockers. | Patient". Patient. Archived from the original on 2016-02-21. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  30. ↑ "Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  31. ↑ "Safety Alerts for Human Medical Products - Balloon angioplasty devices to treat autonomic dysfunction: FDA Safety Communication - FDA concern over experimental procedures". www.fda.gov. Archived from the original on 24 December 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  32. ↑ Vinik AI, Maser RE, Mitchell BD, Freeman R (May 2003). "Diabetic autonomic neuropathy". Diabetes Care. 26 (5): 1553–79. doi:10.2337/diacare.26.5.1553. PMID 12716821.

Further reading

  • Brading A (1999). The autonomic nervous system and its effectors. Oxford: Blackwell Science. ISBN 978-0632026241.
  • Goldstein, David (2016). Principles of Autonomic Medicine (PDF) (free online version ed.). Bethesda, Maryland: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health. ISBN 9780824704087. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-06. Retrieved 2018-12-05.
  • Jänig W (2008). Integrative action of the autonomic nervous system : neurobiology of homeostasis (Digitally printed version. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521067546.
  • Lara A, Damasceno DD, Pires R, Gros R, Gomes ER, Gavioli M, et al. (April 2010). "Dysautonomia due to reduced cholinergic neurotransmission causes cardiac remodeling and heart failure". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 30 (7): 1746–56. doi:10.1128/MCB.00996-09. PMC 2838086. PMID 20123977.
  • Schiffer RB, Rao SM, Fogel BS (2003-01-01). Neuropsychiatry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781726559. Archived from the original on 2021-08-27. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
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