Canid alphaherpesvirus 1

Canid alphaherpesvirus 1
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Duplodnaviria
Kingdom: Heunggongvirae
Phylum: Peploviricota
Class: Herviviricetes
Order: Herpesvirales
Family: Herpesviridae
Genus: Varicellovirus
Species:
Canid alphaherpesvirus 1
Synonyms[1]
  • Canid herpesvirus 1

Canid alphaherpesvirus 1 (CaHV-1), formerly Canine herpesvirus (CHV), is a virus of the family Herpesviridae which most importantly causes a fatal hemorrhagic disease in puppies (and in wild Canidae) less than two to three weeks old. It is known to exist in the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, England and Germany.[2] CHV was first recognized in the mid-1960s from a fatal disease in puppies.[3]

CHV in puppies

The incubation period of CHV is six to ten days.[4] CHV is transmitted to puppies in the birth canal and by contact with infected oral and nasal secretions from the mother or other infected dogs, but it is not spread through the air.[2] The virus replicates in the surface cells of the nasal mucosa, tonsils, and pharynx. Low body temperature allows the virus to spread and infect the rest of the body.[5] Symptoms include crying, weakness, depression, discharge from the nose, soft, yellow feces, and a loss of the sucking reflex. CHV also causes a necrotizing vasculitis that results in hemorrhage around the blood vessels.[6] Bruising of the belly may occur. Eye lesions include keratitis, uveitis, optic neuritis, retinitis, and retinal dysplasia.[7] There is a high mortality rate, approaching 80 percent in puppies less than one week old,[8] and death usually occurs in one to two days.[9]

In puppies three to five weeks old, the disease is less severe due to their ability to properly maintain body temperature and mount a febrile response.[8] More puppies survive, but they can develop a latent infection. Some later get neurologic disease and have symptoms like difficulty walking and blindness. Reactivation of a latent infection may be caused by stress or immunosuppressive drugs such as corticosteroids.[7] The site of latency has been shown to be the trigeminal ganglion and possibly the lumbosacral ganglion.[10]

CHV in adult dogs

In adult dogs, the virus infects the reproductive tract, which allows it to be sexually transmitted or passed to puppies during birth. The disease can cause abortion, stillbirths, and infertility. It is also an infrequent cause of kennel cough. However, sexual contact is not the primary cause of transmission. Most adult dogs become infected by inhaling the virus via airborne particles spread by coughs or sneezes. It can also be contracted by drinking from a contaminated water bowl, or even just by sniffing or licking another dog that is shedding the virus.

Like other types of herpesvirus, previously infected dogs can from time to time release the virus in vaginal secretions, penile secretions, and discharge from the nose. Raised sores in the vagina or on the penis may be seen during these times. Spread of the disease is controlled by not breeding dogs known to have it. Serology can show which dogs have been exposed (although not all of them will be releasing the virus at that time). Serological studies of various dog populations have revealed a seroprevalence of 40 to 93 percent.[7] Bitches who have a negative serology for CHV should be isolated from other dogs from three weeks before to three weeks after giving birth.[9] Bitches that have lost puppies to the disease may have future litters that survive due to transfer of antibodies in the milk.

Diagnosis, treatment, and control

Diagnosis of the disease in puppies is best accomplished by necropsy. Findings include hemorrhages in the kidneys, liver, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. Treatment of affected puppies is difficult, although injecting antibodies to CHV into the abdomen may help some to survive. Keeping the puppies warm is also important. The virus does not survive well outside of the body and is easily destroyed by most detergents.[5] A vaccine in Europe known as Eurican Herpes 205 (ATCvet code: QI07AA06 (WHO)) has been available since 2003. It is given to the dam (mother) twice: during heat or early pregnancy and one to two weeks before whelping.[4]

Research

Studies of using CHV as a viral vector for gene therapy in dogs and as a basis for recombinant vaccines are ongoing.[11] Its use as a vector in bait-delivered oral vaccines in wild foxes is also being investigated.[12]

References

  1. ↑ "ICTV Taxonomy history: Canid alphaherpesvirus 1". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  2. 1 2 Hoskins, Johnny (May 1, 2005). "Herpesvirus: DVMs must manage infected litters". DVM. Archived from the original on February 17, 2007. Retrieved 2006-11-26.
  3. ↑ Buonavoglia C, Martella V (2007). "Canine respiratory viruses". Vet. Res. 38 (2): 355–73. doi:10.1051/vetres:2006058. PMID 17296161.
  4. 1 2 Carmichael, L. (2004). "Neonatal Viral Infections of Pups: Canine Herpesvirus and Minute Virus of Canines (Canine Parvovirus-1)". Recent Advances in Canine Infectious Diseases. Archived from the original on 2006-08-18. Retrieved 2006-06-25.
  5. 1 2 "Canine Herpesviral Infection: Introduction". The Merck Veterinary Manual. 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-30.
  6. ↑ "Acquired Vascular Disorders". The Merck Veterinary Manual. 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-30.
  7. 1 2 3 Ledbetter E, Riis R, Kern T, Haley N, Schatzberg S (2006). "Corneal ulceration associated with naturally occurring canine herpesvirus-1 infection in two adult dogs". J Am Vet Med Assoc. 229 (3): 376–84. doi:10.2460/javma.229.3.376. PMID 16881829.
  8. 1 2 Carter, G.R.; Flores, E.F.; Wise, D.J. (2006). "Herpesviridae". A Concise Review of Veterinary Virology. Retrieved 2006-06-08.
  9. 1 2 Ettinger, Stephen J.; Feldman, Edward C. (1995). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (4th ed.). W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 978-0-7216-6795-9.
  10. ↑ Miyoshi M, Ishii Y, Takiguchi M, Takada A, Yasuda J, Hashimoto A, Okazaki K, Kida H (1999). "Detection of canine herpesvirus DNA in the ganglionic neurons and the lymph node lymphocytes of latently infected dogs". J Vet Med Sci. 61 (4): 375–9. doi:10.1292/jvms.61.375. PMID 10342288.
  11. ↑ Arii J, Hushur O, Kato K, Kawaguchi Y, Tohya Y, Akashi H (2006). "Construction of an infectious clone of canine herpesvirus genome as a bacterial artificial chromosome". Microbes Infect. 8 (4): 1054–63. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2005.11.004. PMID 16515874.
  12. ↑ Reubel G, Wright J, Pekin J, French N, Strive T (2006). "Suitability of canine herpesvirus as a vector for oral bait vaccination of foxes". Vet Microbiol. 114 (3–4): 225–39. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.12.008. PMC 7126022. PMID 16417978.
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