Cranial root of accessory nerves

Cranial root of accessory nerves
Brain stem sagittal section (11 visible near bottom center. Note how in this diagram, root derives entirely from spinal portion, and ascends to cranium.)
Plan of upper portions of glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves.
Details
Identifiers
Latinradix cranialis nervi accessorii, pars vagalis nervi accessorii
TA98A14.2.01.185
TA26353
FMA77543
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

The cranial root of accessory nerve (or part) is the smaller of the two portions of the accessory nerve. It is generally considered as a part of the vagus nerve and not part of the accessory nerve proper because the cranial component rapidly joins the vagus nerve and serves the same function as other vagal nerve fibers.[1] Recently, the concept of a cranial root of the accessory nerve has been challenged by new neuroanatomical studies which found that an unambiguous cranial root was not present in the majority of the cases.[2][3] However, a small study in 2007[4] followed by a substantially larger study published in 2012[5] both confirmed that the cranial root of the accessory nerve is commonly found in humans, matching traditional descriptions.

Path

The cranial root fibers arise from the cells of the nucleus ambiguus and emerge as four or five delicate rootlets from the side of the medulla oblongata, below the roots of the vagus.

It runs lateralward to the jugular foramen, where it may interchange fibers with the spinal portion or even become united to it for a short distance; here it is also connected by one or two filaments with the jugular ganglion of the vagus.

It then passes through the jugular foramen, separates from the spinal portion and is continued over the surface of the ganglion nodosum of the vagus, to the surface of which it is adherent, and is distributed principally to the pharyngeal and superior laryngeal branches of the vagus. Through the pharyngeal branch it probably supplies the Musculus uvulæ and Levator veli palatini. Some few filaments from it are continued into the trunk of the vagus below the ganglion, to be distributed with the recurrent nerve and probably also with the cardiac nerves.

Relationship to vagus

As the fibers from the presumptive cranial root may not join the accessory nerve at all or at best for a very short distance within the jugular foramen, it appears more useful to consider them in general to be part of the cranial roots of the vagal nerve. The accessory nerve would then be a pure motor nerve supplying the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles, with the fibers originating from the spinal segments C1-C5 (the medullary root of the accessory nerve).

References

Public domain This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 913 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

  1. ↑ "Spinal Accessory Nerve". Structure of the Human body, Loyola University Medical Education Network. Retrieved 2007-06-17.
  2. ↑ Anatomical evidence for the absence of a morphologically distinct cranial root of the accessory nerve in man. Lachman N, Acland RD, Rosse C. Clin Anat. 2002 15:4-10.
  3. ↑ Is the cranial accessory nerve really a portion of the accessory nerve? Anatomy of the cranial nerves in the jugular foramen. Ryan S, Blyth P, Duggan N, Wild M, Al-Ali S, Anat Sci Int. 2007, 82:1-7.
  4. ↑ Re-examination of the medullary rootlets of the accessory and vagus nerves. Wiles CC, Wrigley B, Greene JR. Clin Anat. 2007 20:19-22.
  5. ↑ Cranial roots of the accessory nerve exist in the majority of adult humans. Tubbs RS, Benninger B, Loukas M, Cohen-Gadol AA 2012 Clin Anat. doi: 10.1002/ca.22125
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