Lipoprotein lipase deficiency

Lipoprotein lipase deficiency
Other names: LPLD; familial chylomicronemia syndrome,[1] chylomicronemia,[2]: 533  chylomicronemia syndrome,[3] familial hyperchylomicronemia, familial hyperchylomicronemia syndrome,[4] hyperlipoproteinemia type Ia.[5], type I hyperlipoproteinemia[6]
Lipoprotein lipase deficiency is inherited via autosomal recessive manner
CausesGenetic

Lipoprotein lipase deficiency is a genetic disorder in which a person has a defective gene for lipoprotein lipase, which leads to very high triglycerides, which in turn causes stomach pain and deposits of fat under the skin, and which can lead to problems with the pancreas and liver, which in turn can lead to diabetes. The disorder only occurs if a child acquires the defective gene from both parents (it is autosomal recessive). It is managed by restricting fat in diet to less than 20 g/day.[7]

Signs and symptoms

The disease often presents in infancy with colicky pain, failure to thrive, and other symptoms and signs of the chylomicronemia syndrome. In women the use of estrogens or first pregnancy are also well known trigger factors for initial manifestation of LPLD. At all ages, the most common clinical manifestation is recurrent abdominal pain and acute pancreatitis. The pain may be epigastric, with radiation to the back, or it may be diffuse, with the appearance of an emergent acute abdomen. Other typical symptoms are eruptive xanthomas (in about 50% of patients), lipaemia retinalis and hepatosplenomegaly.

Complications

Patients with LPLD are at high risk of acute pancreatitis, which can be life-threatening, and can lead to chronic pancreatic insufficiency and diabetes.

Cause

The cause for this condition is due to lack of an enzyme called lipoprotein lipase; as a result the body cannot break down fat[6]

Diagnosis

Image of centrifuged blood – plasma appears lipid laden

Lab tests show massive accumulation of chylomicrons in the plasma and corresponding severe hypertriglyceridemia. Typically, the plasma in a fasting blood sample appears creamy (plasma lactescence).

Familial LPL deficiency should be considered in anyone with severe hypertriglyceridemia and the chylomicronemia syndrome. The absence of secondary causes of severe hypertriglyceridemia (like e.g. diabetes, alcohol, estrogen-, glucocorticoid-, antidepressant- or isotretinoin-therapy, certain antihypertensive agents, and paraproteinemic disorders) increases the possibility of LPL deficiency. In this instance besides LPL also other loss-of-function mutations in genes that regulate catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (like e.g. ApoC2, ApoA5, LMF-1, GPIHBP-1 and GPD1) should also be considered

The diagnosis of familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency is finally confirmed by detection of either homozygous or compound heterozygous pathogenic gene variants in LPL with either low or absent lipoprotein lipase enzyme activity.

Lipid measurements

· Milky, lipemic plasma revealing severe hyperchylomicronemia;

· Severely elevated fasting plasma triglycerides (>2000 mg/dL);

LPL enzyme

· Low or absent LPL activity in post-heparin plasma;

· LPL mass level reduced or absent in post-heparin plasma;

Molecular genetic testing

The LPL gene is located on the short (p) arm of chromosome 8 at position 22. More than 220 mutations in the LPL gene have been found to cause familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency so far.

Treatment

Treatment of LPLD has two different objectives: immediate prevention of pancreatitis attacks and long term reduction of cardiovascular disease risk. Treatment is mainly based on medical nutrition therapy to maintain plasma triglyceride concentration below 11,3 mmol/L (1000 mg/dL). Maintenance of triglyceride levels below 22,6 mmol/L (2000 mg/dL) prevents in general from recurrent abdominal pain.

Strict low fat diet and avoidance of simple carbohydrates

Restriction of dietary fat to not more than 20 g/day or 15% of the total energy intake is usually sufficient to reduce plasma triglyceride concentration, although many patients report that to be symptom free a limit of less than 10g/day is optimal. Simple carbohydrates should be avoided as well. Medium-chain triglycerides can be used for cooking, because they are absorbed into the portal vein without becoming incorporated into chylomicrons. Fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K, and minerals should be supplemented in patients with recurrent pancreatitis since they often have deficiencies as a result of malabsorption of fat. However, the diet approach is difficult to sustain for many of the patients.

Lipid lowering drugs

Lipid-lowering agents such as fibrates and omega-3-fatty acids can be used to lower TG levels in LPLD; however, those drugs are very often not effective enough to reach treatment goals in LPLD patients. Statins should be considered to lower elevated non-HDL-Cholesterol. Additional measures are avoidance of agents known to increase endogenous triglyceride levels, such as alcohol, estrogens, diuretics, isotretinoin, antidepressants (e.g. sertraline) and b-adrenergic blocking agents.

Gene therapy

In 2012, the European Commission approved alipogene tiparvovec (Glybera), a gene therapy for adults diagnosed with familial LPLD (confirmed by genetic testing) and suffering from severe or multiple pancreatitis attacks despite dietary fat restrictions. It was the first gene therapy to receive marketing authorization in Europe; it was priced at about $1 million per treatment, and as of 2016, only one person had been treated with it commercially.[8] A total of 31 patients were treated with Glybera, most for free in clinical trials before the drug was taken off the market.[9]

Incidence

The disorder affects about 1 out of 1,000,000 people;[10] however, epidemiological data are limited and there are regional differences due to cofounder effect (e.g. in Canada) or intermarriage.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Santamarina-Fojo, S (1998). "Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency". Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 27 (3): 551–567. doi:10.1016/S0889-8529(05)70025-6. PMID 9785052.
  2. ↑ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6. OCLC 62736861.
  3. ↑ Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1. OCLC 212399895.
  4. ↑ Santamarina-Fojo, S; Brewer HB, Jr (20 February 1991). "The familial hyperchylomicronemia syndrome. New insights into underlying genetic defects". JAMA. 265 (7): 904–8. doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03460070086049. PMID 1992190.
  5. ↑ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA, TYPE I - 238600, updated 03/18/2004. As of October 2012, mention of type Ia no longer appears in the OMIM record.
  6. 1 2 "Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  7. ↑ Burnett, John R.; Hooper, Amanda J.; Hegele, Robert A. (June 22, 2017). "Familial Lipoprotein Lipase Deficiency". In Adam, MP; Ardinger, HH; Pagon, RA; et al. (eds.). GeneReviews. Seattle: University of Washington. PMID 20301485. Archived from the original on June 17, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
  8. ↑ Regalado, Antonio (May 4, 2016). "The World's Most Expensive Medicine Is a Bust". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
  9. ↑ Crowe, Kelly (17 November 2018). "The million-dollar drug". CBCNews. CBC (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation). Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2018. How a Canadian medical breakthrough that was 30 years in the making became the world’s most expensive drug — and then quickly disappeared
  10. ↑ A.D.A.M. Editorial Board (2011-05-29). Dugdale, III, David C.; Zieve, David (eds.). Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency. A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. National Center for Biotechnology Information (published May 29, 2011). Archived from the original on September 25, 2012. Retrieved October 15, 2012.

Further reading

Classification
External resources
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