Lateral corticospinal tract

Lateral corticospinal tract
Lateral corticospinal tract labeled in red at upper left.
Details
Part ofSpinal cord
SystemCentral nervous system
Identifiers
LatinTractus corticospinalis lateralis,
fasciculus cerebrospinalis lateralis
NeuroNames2954
TA98A14.1.02.219
TA26095
FMA72635
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

The lateral corticospinal tract (also called the crossed pyramidal tract or lateral cerebrospinal fasciculus) is the largest part of the corticospinal tract. It extends throughout the entire length of the spinal cord, and on transverse section appears as an oval area in front of the posterior column and medial to the posterior spinocerebellar tract.

Structure

Descending motor pathways carry motor signals from the brain down the spinal cord and to the target muscle or organ. They typically consist of an upper motor neuron and a lower motor neuron. The lateral corticospinal tract is a descending motor pathway that begins in the cerebral cortex, decussates in the pyramids of the lower medulla[1] (also known as the medulla oblongata or the cervicomedullary junction, which is the most posterior division of the brain[2]) and proceeds down the contralateral side of the spinal cord. It is the largest part of the corticospinal tract. It extends throughout the entire length of the medulla spinalis, and on transverse section appears as an oval area in front of the posterior column and medial to the posterior spinocerebellar tract.

Function

Axons in the lateral corticospinal tract weave out of the tract and into the anterior horns of the spinal cord. It controls fine movement of ipsilateral limbs (albeit contralateral to the corresponding motor cortex) as it lies distal to the pyramidal decussation. Control of more central axial and girdle muscles comes from the anterior corticospinal tract.[3]

Damage to different parts of the body will cause deficits, depending on whether the damage is above (rostral) or below (caudal) the pyramidal decussation. Damage to the body above the pyramidal decussation will cause contralateral motor deficits. For example, if there is a lesion at the pre-central gyrus in the right cerebral cortex, then the left side of the body will be affected. Whereas damage below the pyramidal decussation will result in ipsilateral motor deficits. For example, spinal cord damage on the left side of the lateral corticospinal tract at the thoracic level can cause motor deficits to the left side of the body.

Clinical significance

Poliomyelitis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis arise out of complications in the lateral corticospinal tract. Both of these diseases result in muscle atrophy. In poliomyelitis, the poliovirus destroys motor neurons found in the brainstem and anterior horn of the spinal cord. This inhibits the lower motor neurons of the lateral corticospinal tract from travelling to the target muscle or organ and delivering the signal from the brain.

In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, the lateral side of the spinal cord undergoes scarring . The astrocytes found in the spinal cord, which are vital to the healthy functioning of the central nervous system, fail to reabsorb a specific neurotransmitter. This causes the neurotransmitter to reach toxic levels and leads to scarring in the lateral regions of the spinal cord. This also disrupts neural signal transmission.

Additional images

References

Public domain This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 759 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

  1. ↑ Saladin, Kenneth (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 486–488. ISBN 978-0-07-337825-1.
  2. ↑ Pinel, John (2011). Biopsychology. Boston: Pearson Education Inc. ISBN 978-0-205-83256-9.
  3. ↑ Blumenfeld, Neuroanatomy Through Clinical Cases, 2002
This article is issued from Offline. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.