Menotropin

Menotropin
Names
Trade namesRepronex, Menopur, Meriofert, others
Other namesMenotrophin, menotropins
Clinical data
Drug classFSH and LH[1]
Main usesFunctional anovulation, as part of in vitro fertilization[1]
Side effectsAbdominal pain, headache, pain at site of injection, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome[1]
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External links
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa601002

Menotropin, also called human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG), is a medication used for functional anovulation or as part of fertility treatments such as in vitro fertilization.[1] It may also be used for hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism in males.[2] It is given by injection under the skin or into a muscle.[1][2]

Common side effects include abdominal pain, headache, pain at the site of injection, and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.[1] Other side effects may include blood clots, ARDS, ovarian torsion, multiple pregnancy, and ectopic pregnancy.[1][2] Once pregnancy it should not be used.[1] It is a mixture of gonadotropins, specifically FSH and LH.[1]

Menotropin came into medical use in the 1964.[3] is made from the urine of postmenopausal women.[1] In the United States 5 doses of 75 iu cost about 1,150 USD as of 2021.[4] In the United Kingdom this amount costs the NHS about £90.[1] There is a recombinant DNA version known as follitropin.[3]

Medical use

Urine of postmenopausal women reflects the hypergonadotropic state of menopause -levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are high - and contain a mixture of these gonadotropins.[5][6][7] Other protein substances may be present, including small amounts of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).[8] In 1949 Piero Donini found a relatively simple method to extract gonadotropins from urine of postmenopausal women.[7][9] Menotropins were successfully introduced into clinical use by Bruno Lunenfeld in 1961.[7] While earlier menotropin medications contained FSH and LH at a 1:1 ratio, the recognition that it is FSH that is critical for follicle stimulation has led to development of newer preparations that contain a much higher FSH/LH ratio, Fertinex being an example.[7]

Menotropin preparations are designed for use in selected women where they stimulate the ovaries to mature follicles, thus making them more fertile. They are administered by typically daily injection, intramuscularly or subcutaneously, for about ten days under close supervision to adjust dose and duration of therapy. They can also be used in hypogonadal men to stimulate sperm production.

Human urinary-derived menotropin preparations are exposed to the theoretical risk of infection from menopausal donors of urine. Nevertheless, the failure to irrefutably demonstrate infectivity following intracerebral inoculation with urine from transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE)-infected hosts suggests that the risk associated with products derived from urine is merely theoretical.[10]

Recombinant gonadotropins have to a large degree replaced hMG in fertility treatments. The recombinant process allows for the production of pure FSH or LH not "contaminated" by other proteins that may be present after urinary extraction. While some head-on studies seem not to suggest that "pure FSH" gives better results than hMG,[11] others claim that recombinant FSH is more efficient and reduces costs.[12] A Cochrane Collaboration analysis did not reveal major differences in clinical outcomes when comparing urinary versus recombinant FSH.[13]

The Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine reported:[14] “Compared with earlier crude animal extracts, modern highly purified urinary and recombinant gonadotropin products have clearly superior quality, specific activity, and performance. There are no confirmed differences in safety, purity, or clinical efficacy among the various available urinary or recombinant gonadotropin products.”

List of hMG preparations

  • See also: Gonadotropin preparations

A number of drug companies have and had marketed hMG preparations that include:[15]

  • Gynogen HP (Sanzyme (P) Limited)
Highly purified urinary FSH and LH in 1:1 ratio
  • Humog (Bharat Serums And Vaccines Ltd)
highly purified urinary FSH and LH in 1:1 ratio
  • Humegon (Organon)
  • Menopur (Ferring Pharmaceuticals), 75 IU FSH and 75 IU LH activity
  • Merional, Meriofert (IBSA Institut)
  • Menogon
  • Metrodin (Serono)
highly purified urinary FSH
  • Repronex (Ferring Pharmaceuticals), 75 IU FSH and 75 IU LH
  • Pergonal (Serono),
Pergonal was the major hMG prior to the arrival of recombinant gonadotropins containing 75 IU FSH and 75 IU LH.
  • HMG Massone, 75 IU FSH and 75 IU LH

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Menotropins Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 BNF 81: March-September 2021. BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press. 2021. p. 787. ISBN 978-0857114105.
  3. 1 2 Brinsden, Peter R. (15 April 1999). A Textbook of In Vitro Fertilization and Assisted Reproduction: The Bourn Hall Guide to Clinical and Laboratory Practice, Second Edition. CRC Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-85070-000-5. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  4. ↑ "Price Guide Menopur Print Save Menopur Prices, Coupons and Patient Assistance Programs". Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  5. ↑ Menotropins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
  6. ↑ TheFreeDictionary > Menotropin Archived 2019-08-29 at the Wayback Machine Citing: Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. 2007
  7. 1 2 3 4 Lunenfeld B (2004). "Historical perspectives in gonadotropin therapy". Human Reproduction Update. 10 (6): 453–467. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmh044. PMID 15388674.
  8. ↑ Van De Weijer, B. H.; Mulders, J. W.; Bos, E. S.; Verhaert, P. D.; Van Den Hooven, H. W. (2003). "Compositional analyses of a human menopausal gonadotrophin preparation extracted from urine (menotropin). Identification of some of its major impurities". Reproductive Biomedicine Online. 7 (5): 547–557. doi:10.1016/S1472-6483(10)62071-8. PMID 14680547.
  9. ↑ Unknown. "Serono goes recombinant". Serono Laboratories, 2011. Archived from the original on 2013-12-02. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
  10. ↑ Reichl H, Balen A, Jansen CA (October 2002). "Prion transmission in blood and urine: what are the implications for recombinant and urinary-derived gonadotrophins?". Hum. Reprod. 17 (10): 2501–8. doi:10.1093/humrep/17.10.2501. PMID 12351519.
  11. ↑ Bagratee, J. S.; Lockwood, G.; López Bernal, A.; Barlow, D. H.; Ledger, W. L. (1998). "Comparison of highly purified FSH (metrodin-high purity) with pergonal for IVF superovulation". Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 15 (2): 65–69. doi:10.1007/BF02766827. PMC 3455420. PMID 9513843.
  12. ↑ Daya, S.; Ledger, W.; Auray, J. P.; Duru, G.; Silverberg, K.; Wikland, M.; Bouzayen, R.; Howles, C. M.; Beresniak, A. (2001). "Cost-effectiveness modelling of recombinant FSH versus urinary FSH in assisted reproduction techniques in the UK". Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 16 (12): 2563–2569. doi:10.1093/humrep/16.12.2563. PMID 11726575.
  13. ↑ Van Wely, M.; Kwan, I.; Burt, A. L.; Thomas, J.; Vail, A.; Van Der Veen, F.; Al-Inany, H. G. (2011). Van Wely, Madelon (ed.). "Recombinant versus urinary gonadotrophin for ovarian stimulation in assisted reproductive technology cycles". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD005354. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005354.pub2. PMC 7388278. PMID 21328276.
  14. ↑ Practice Committee Of American Society For Reproductive Medicine, Birmingham (November 2008). "Gonadotropin preparations: past, present, and future perspectives". Fertil. Steril. 90 (5 Suppl): S13–20. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.031. PMID 19007609.
  15. ↑ Fuller, Matthew A.; Martha Sajatovic (2003). Drug Information Handbook for Psychiatry (4 ed.). Lexi-Comp, Inc. p. 711. ISBN 978-1-59195-064-6.
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